Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.614
Prof. Dr. Viqar Husain, J. Qureshi, Sajid Ali
Glaciers of the central Karakorum region are the primary source of fresh water and lifeline for downstream inhabitants but changing climatic conditions put serious impacts on glaciers which cause rapid ablation and the creation of glacial lakes. Many natural hazards are associated with glaciers and glacial lakes like Glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). Using Geographic Information System and Remote sensing techniques on Hispar glacier which is part of central Karakorum, the current study applied Landsat (TM, ETM, ETM+, and OLI) and sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Further, mapping to the Hispar glacier is done to know the variations in glacier and supraglacial lakes between 1990 and 2019. According to the results, about 90% of glacial ponds are present in the debris-covered area while only 10% are present in the clean ice and scow area. This study identifies the decreasing trend in the number and the area of glacial lakes. In 1990, about 42 glacial ponds were covering a total area of 0.733km2, whereas, in 2019, 20 glacial lakes were covering an area of 0.18km2. In the last three decades (1990-2019) about 20km2 of clean ice and snow is increased. The findings of climate data revealed that there is a decreasing trend of temperature and an increasing trend of precipitation. Since 1995, about 0.75oC temperature is observed in HRB. The findings of this study somehow support the Karakoram anomaly.
{"title":"Inter-Decadal Dynamics of Glacier Area and Supra-glacial Lakes Over Hispar Glacier, Western Karakoram","authors":"Prof. Dr. Viqar Husain, J. Qureshi, Sajid Ali","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.614","url":null,"abstract":"Glaciers of the central Karakorum region are the primary source of fresh water and lifeline for downstream inhabitants but changing climatic conditions put serious impacts on glaciers which cause rapid ablation and the creation of glacial lakes. Many natural hazards are associated with glaciers and glacial lakes like Glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). Using Geographic Information System and Remote sensing techniques on Hispar glacier which is part of central Karakorum, the current study applied Landsat (TM, ETM, ETM+, and OLI) and sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Further, mapping to the Hispar glacier is done to know the variations in glacier and supraglacial lakes between 1990 and 2019. According to the results, about 90% of glacial ponds are present in the debris-covered area while only 10% are present in the clean ice and scow area. This study identifies the decreasing trend in the number and the area of glacial lakes. In 1990, about 42 glacial ponds were covering a total area of 0.733km2, whereas, in 2019, 20 glacial lakes were covering an area of 0.18km2. In the last three decades (1990-2019) about 20km2 of clean ice and snow is increased. The findings of climate data revealed that there is a decreasing trend of temperature and an increasing trend of precipitation. Since 1995, about 0.75oC temperature is observed in HRB. The findings of this study somehow support the Karakoram anomaly.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"12 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127819270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.624
S. Zia, Saba Yaqoob, A. Hanif, M. N. Minallah, A. Aslam
The problem of exposure to traffic noise pollution is rapidly increasing day by day and is closely associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization process taking place over the glob (Margaritis and Kang, 2016). Nowadays, more than 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by the year 2050 (United Nations, 2018). The special effects of vegetation cover on propagation of sound have been the theme of much debate for a number of years (Bell et al., 2007). There is increasing evidence that this is not always true and a significant reduction of noise may be accomplished through vegetation cover if present in adequate density and depth (Peng et al., 2014). Development in urban transportation is increasing day by day. Transportation of goods from one place to another place has become very easy. Specifically, in urban areas, it is common to move people and goods from one place to another. The use of transportation in terms of vehicles makes noise. The noise of vehicles causes many problems including health issues (Monazzam et al., 2015). Noise pollution is very dangerous for human health (Selander et al., 2009). It is also very harmful to the environment. It adversely affects the quality of the environment. Noise pollution badly affects mental health. It develops aggressiveness in public. It leads to higher blood pressure. It increases the stress level. 65 dB of routine contact can cause hypertension. A level of noise above 75 dB can cause stress. It also causes heart diseases. It can cause hearing loss. The cases of noise pollution complaints are more than other environmental issues (Doygun and Gurun, 2008).
暴露于交通噪音污染的问题日益迅速增加，并与全球正在发生的快速工业化和城市化进程密切相关(Margaritis和Kang, 2016)。如今，超过54%的世界人口生活在城市地区，预计到2050年这一比例将增加到66%(联合国，2018年)。多年来，植被覆盖对声音传播的特殊影响一直是备受争议的主题(Bell et al.， 2007)。越来越多的证据表明，这并不总是正确的，如果存在足够的密度和深度，可以通过植被覆盖来显著减少噪音(Peng et al.， 2014)。城市交通的发展日益加快。货物从一个地方运输到另一个地方已经变得很容易了。具体来说，在城市地区，将人员和货物从一个地方转移到另一个地方是很常见的。交通工具的使用会产生噪音。车辆的噪音引起许多问题，包括健康问题(Monazzam et al.， 2015)。噪音污染对人类健康非常危险(Selander et al.， 2009)。它对环境也非常有害。它对环境质量产生不利影响。噪音污染严重影响心理健康。它会在公众面前变得咄咄逼人。它会导致血压升高。它增加了压力水平。常规接触65分贝可引起高血压。超过75分贝的噪音会导致压力。它还会导致心脏病。它会导致听力损失。噪音污染投诉的案例比其他环境问题要多(Doygun和Gurun, 2008)。
{"title":"Relationship Analysis between Vegetation and Traffic Noise Pollution: A Case Study Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"S. Zia, Saba Yaqoob, A. Hanif, M. N. Minallah, A. Aslam","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.624","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of exposure to traffic noise pollution is rapidly increasing day by day and is closely associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization process taking place over the glob (Margaritis and Kang, 2016). Nowadays, more than 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by the year 2050 (United Nations, 2018). The special effects of vegetation cover on propagation of sound have been the theme of much debate for a number of years (Bell et al., 2007). There is increasing evidence that this is not always true and a significant reduction of noise may be accomplished through vegetation cover if present in adequate density and depth (Peng et al., 2014). Development in urban transportation is increasing day by day. Transportation of goods from one place to another place has become very easy. Specifically, in urban areas, it is common to move people and goods from one place to another. The use of transportation in terms of vehicles makes noise. The noise of vehicles causes many problems including health issues (Monazzam et al., 2015). Noise pollution is very dangerous for human health (Selander et al., 2009). It is also very harmful to the environment. It adversely affects the quality of the environment. Noise pollution badly affects mental health. It develops aggressiveness in public. It leads to higher blood pressure. It increases the stress level. 65 dB of routine contact can cause hypertension. A level of noise above 75 dB can cause stress. It also causes heart diseases. It can cause hearing loss. The cases of noise pollution complaints are more than other environmental issues (Doygun and Gurun, 2008).","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132486894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.620
I. Khan, S. Mohsin
Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.
{"title":"Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Areas of Lahore","authors":"I. Khan, S. Mohsin","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.620","url":null,"abstract":"Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129680236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.621
G. Murtaza, A. Raheem, M. A. Baloch, Muhammad Naseem Akhtar, Sakina Riaz
The individual citizen’s preparedness for the impact and mitigation of potentially catastrophic future earthquakes in Ziarat district will depend on their level of understanding of seismic hazards in the region and the collateral damages. It is based on an adequate program of civil defence which includes the measures that must be taken for the protection of people. Present study aims at suggesting mitigation measures to suggest that the respondents’ age, education and occupation are statistically significant with the vulnerability reduction, that is tested on Pearson’s Chi-Square test. For this purpose, a sample of 193 households was surveyed from the four union councils of district Ziarat, with a semi-structured questionnaire using the proportional allocation method. It was found that earthquake hazard mitigation measures were significantly affected by people’s education level and occupation. A number of measures include the need of taking necessary measures in the study area for all age groups of population. Apart from launching essential education and training, awareness dissemination regarding highly hazardous and vulnerable areas/conditions of households at risk is indispensable.
{"title":"Earthquake Hazard in District Ziarat, Baluchistan: Mitigation Measures","authors":"G. Murtaza, A. Raheem, M. A. Baloch, Muhammad Naseem Akhtar, Sakina Riaz","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.621","url":null,"abstract":"The individual citizen’s preparedness for the impact and mitigation of potentially catastrophic future earthquakes in Ziarat district will depend on their level of understanding of seismic hazards in the region and the collateral damages. It is based on an adequate program of civil defence which includes the measures that must be taken for the protection of people. Present study aims at suggesting mitigation measures to suggest that the respondents’ age, education and occupation are statistically significant with the vulnerability reduction, that is tested on Pearson’s Chi-Square test. For this purpose, a sample of 193 households was surveyed from the four union councils of district Ziarat, with a semi-structured questionnaire using the proportional allocation method. It was found that earthquake hazard mitigation measures were significantly affected by people’s education level and occupation. A number of measures include the need of taking necessary measures in the study area for all age groups of population. Apart from launching essential education and training, awareness dissemination regarding highly hazardous and vulnerable areas/conditions of households at risk is indispensable.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124744467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.618
S. Alam, Munazah Nazeer, A. Fatima
The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the
{"title":"Sustainability of Urban Regions and Migration in Pakistan: A GIS Analysis","authors":"S. Alam, Munazah Nazeer, A. Fatima","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.618","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132913632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.617
Mujeeb Rehman Khaskheli, Manzoor Ali Panhwar, M. H. Agheem, Ulfat Akram3, Jabir Nazir
The present study is aimed to recognize the structural styles of hydrocarbon exploration and petrophysical properties of the LGF. The 2-D seismic and well log data set is composed of three seismic lines and well log data of Chak 66–1. Five horizons have been marked with the help of well to seismic tie namely tops of Ranikot, Parh, upper Goru, lower Goru, basal and top massive sands, and out of which basal and massive sands are the objective focus of the present study. Based on seismic data, the study area is characterized by normal faults showing NW–SE dipping trend. Horst and graben structural features are prominent on the seismic lines, which indicated the extensional tectonic regime. Time–depth contour maps and 3D surfaces of objective horizons depict their actual spatial distribution in this area. Wireline logging analysis revealed the physical properties of both basal and massive grains of sand, as 17% effective porosity, 25% average volume of shale (Vsh), 40% water and 60% hydrocarbon saturations for basal sands, Whereas, 16% effective porosity, 35% Vsh, 30% water and 70% hydrocarbon saturations are interpreted for massive sands. Cross–plots of Nphi–Dt and Dt–Rhob also identified that both areas of sand are clean, gas–saturated and have the potential to produce hydrocarbons.
{"title":"Structural Styles and their Suitability for Hydrocarbon in Eastern Sindh Monocline, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Mujeeb Rehman Khaskheli, Manzoor Ali Panhwar, M. H. Agheem, Ulfat Akram3, Jabir Nazir","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.617","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is aimed to recognize the structural styles of hydrocarbon exploration and petrophysical properties of the LGF. The 2-D seismic and well log data set is composed of three seismic lines and well log data of Chak 66–1. Five horizons have been marked with the help of well to seismic tie namely tops of Ranikot, Parh, upper Goru, lower Goru, basal and top massive sands, and out of which basal and massive sands are the objective focus of the present study. Based on seismic data, the study area is characterized by normal faults showing NW–SE dipping trend. Horst and graben structural features are prominent on the seismic lines, which indicated the extensional tectonic regime. Time–depth contour maps and 3D surfaces of objective horizons depict their actual spatial distribution in this area. Wireline logging analysis revealed the physical properties of both basal and massive grains of sand, as 17% effective porosity, 25% average volume of shale (Vsh), 40% water and 60% hydrocarbon saturations for basal sands, Whereas, 16% effective porosity, 35% Vsh, 30% water and 70% hydrocarbon saturations are interpreted for massive sands. Cross–plots of Nphi–Dt and Dt–Rhob also identified that both areas of sand are clean, gas–saturated and have the potential to produce hydrocarbons.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120949087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.612
M. Miraj, N. Ahsan, Hamza Tariq, Shan Shahzad, R. F. Saleem
Deformational history of the Hazara basin indicates a primitive collision of the two landmasses that undergoes an episodic deformation with NE-SW structural trend. Panjal Thrust (PT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) demarcate the northern and southern extremities of the basin, respectively. The area bounded between these two thrusts is the core consideration of the present research. Different stratigraphic units juxtapose along the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (HKS), while the strike-slip component is indicated by imbrication due to thrusts. The study is amied to analyze the paleo-stresses along with developed fracture patterns. Field data were collected via Circle Inventory Method from various localities of the Ghumawan dome, Hazara basin. The zones of upper Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates were mainly targeted during the data collection. Win-Tensor was the key software that helps to analyze the paleo-stresses and fracture pattern of the study area. NW-trending fracture pattern was observed with a highly non-symmetric to dense fracture pattern. The local thrust system lead to severely de-shape the study area. N-S oriented σ1 indicated the compressional tectonic conditionthat prevailed during deformation of this area. Some segments also show extensional features i.e. normal faulting.
{"title":"Fracture Pattern Analysis of the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene Carbonates along with the Ghumawan Dome, Hazara Basin","authors":"M. Miraj, N. Ahsan, Hamza Tariq, Shan Shahzad, R. F. Saleem","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.612","url":null,"abstract":"Deformational history of the Hazara basin indicates a primitive collision of the two landmasses that undergoes an episodic deformation with NE-SW structural trend. Panjal Thrust (PT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) demarcate the northern and southern extremities of the basin, respectively. The area bounded between these two thrusts is the core consideration of the present research. Different stratigraphic units juxtapose along the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (HKS), while the strike-slip component is indicated by imbrication due to thrusts. The study is amied to analyze the paleo-stresses along with developed fracture patterns. Field data were collected via Circle Inventory Method from various localities of the Ghumawan dome, Hazara basin. The zones of upper Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates were mainly targeted during the data collection. Win-Tensor was the key software that helps to analyze the paleo-stresses and fracture pattern of the study area. NW-trending fracture pattern was observed with a highly non-symmetric to dense fracture pattern. The local thrust system lead to severely de-shape the study area. N-S oriented σ1 indicated the compressional tectonic conditionthat prevailed during deformation of this area. Some segments also show extensional features i.e. normal faulting.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132811293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultrasonic pulse velocity and slake durability index are the indirect techniques used widely for rock strength determination. Various experimental studies like slake durability apparatus, ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer have been conducted on dolomitic limestone. The correlation of Schmidt hammer rebound number has been developed with these properties. The uniaxial compressive strength has been determined using the correlated rebound number. Statistical analyses were conducted and the most suitable models were recommended. The linear model was suited in correlation of Schmidt hammer and durability while exponential model appeared best fit with pulse velocity. Most of the tested samples show pulse velocity in the range of 1800-3800m/s. The mean value of pulse velocity was 2751 m/s while the rebound hammer value was 45. Using the correlations from literature the compressive strength calculated by rebound hammer and pulse velocity was 146MPa and 66MPa respectively.
{"title":"18 c Correlation of Schmidt Hammer Rebound Numbers with Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Slake Durability Index of Dolomitic Limestone of Khyber, North Pakistan","authors":"Naeem Abbas, Javed Akhter Qureshi, Zahid Mir, Asghar Khan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The ultrasonic pulse velocity and slake durability index are the indirect techniques used widely for rock strength determination. Various experimental studies like slake durability apparatus, ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer have been conducted on dolomitic limestone. The correlation of Schmidt hammer rebound number has been developed with these properties. The uniaxial compressive strength has been determined using the correlated rebound number. Statistical analyses were conducted and the most suitable models were recommended. The linear model was suited in correlation of Schmidt hammer and durability while exponential model appeared best fit with pulse velocity. Most of the tested samples show pulse velocity in the range of 1800-3800m/s. The mean value of pulse velocity was 2751 m/s while the rebound hammer value was 45. Using the correlations from literature the compressive strength calculated by rebound hammer and pulse velocity was 146MPa and 66MPa respectively.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128938086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.589
Saif ullah Khan, Surriya Shahab, M. Fani, A. Wahid, Mahmood-ul Hassan, Aslam Khan
The study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather conditiontaking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure,evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers thatbring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, naturalvegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that arearid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of theprovince receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winterseason. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season(hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the areafamiliarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areaswhile 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and sevenmonths in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has beenclassified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index,2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to theongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue.
{"title":"Climate and Weather Condition of Balochistan Province, Pakistan","authors":"Saif ullah Khan, Surriya Shahab, M. Fani, A. Wahid, Mahmood-ul Hassan, Aslam Khan","doi":"10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.589","url":null,"abstract":"The study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather conditiontaking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure,evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers thatbring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, naturalvegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that arearid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of theprovince receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winterseason. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season(hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the areafamiliarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areaswhile 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and sevenmonths in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has beenclassified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index,2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to theongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126796701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.585
Muhammad Soomar Samtio, A. A. Hakro, Khadim Hussain raper, A. S. Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, R. A. Lashari
The study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwatersamples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the watersamples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located inthe study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg showthat 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, andNO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed adominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3 ->SO4 -2>NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poorcategory, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were foundunsuitable for drinking purpose.
{"title":"Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater of Taluka Chachro, Thar Parker, district, Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Soomar Samtio, A. A. Hakro, Khadim Hussain raper, A. S. Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, R. A. Lashari","doi":"10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/IJEEG.VOL12.ISS2.2021.585","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwatersamples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the watersamples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located inthe study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg showthat 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, andNO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed adominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3 ->SO4 -2>NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poorcategory, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were foundunsuitable for drinking purpose.","PeriodicalId":200727,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123274095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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