Hong Lu, Meiyan Ren, Rongbin Lin, Kangming Jin, Chuanzao Mao
Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient, is crucial for plant growth and development. However, available inorganic phosphate (Pi) is often scarce in soil, and its limited mobility exacerbates P deficiency in plants. Plants have developed complex mechanisms to adapt to Pi-limited soils. The root, the primary interface of the plant with soil, plays an essential role in plant adaptation to Pi-limited soil environments. Root system architecture significantly influences Pi acquisition via the dynamic modulation of primary root and/or crown root length, lateral root proliferation and length, root hair development, and root growth angle in response to Pi availability. This review focuses on the physiological, anatomical, and molecular mechanisms underpinning changes in root development in response to Pi starvation in cereals, mainly focusing on the model monocot plant rice (Oryza sativa). We also review recent efforts to modify root architecture to enhance P uptake efficiency in crops and propose future research directions aimed at the genetic improvement of Pi uptake and use efficiency in crops based on root system architecture.
磷（P）是一种必需的宏量营养元素，对植物的生长和发育至关重要。然而，土壤中可利用的无机磷酸盐（Pi）通常很少，其有限的流动性加剧了植物的缺磷状况。植物已经发展出复杂的机制来适应缺磷的土壤。根系是植物与土壤的主要界面，在植物适应 Pi- 有限的土壤环境中起着至关重要的作用。根系结构通过动态调节主根和/或冠根的长度、侧根的增殖和长度、根毛的发育以及根的生长角度来响应π的可用性，从而对π的获取产生重大影响。本综述将重点关注谷物根系发育对 Pi 饥饿响应变化的生理、解剖和分子机制，主要侧重于模式单子叶植物水稻（Oryza sativa）。我们还回顾了最近在改变根系结构以提高作物对钾的吸收效率方面所做的努力，并提出了未来的研究方向，旨在基于根系结构遗传改良作物对钾的吸收和利用效率。
{"title":"Developmental responses of roots to limited phosphate availability: research progress and application in cereals","authors":"Hong Lu, Meiyan Ren, Rongbin Lin, Kangming Jin, Chuanzao Mao","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae495","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient, is crucial for plant growth and development. However, available inorganic phosphate (Pi) is often scarce in soil, and its limited mobility exacerbates P deficiency in plants. Plants have developed complex mechanisms to adapt to Pi-limited soils. The root, the primary interface of the plant with soil, plays an essential role in plant adaptation to Pi-limited soil environments. Root system architecture significantly influences Pi acquisition via the dynamic modulation of primary root and/or crown root length, lateral root proliferation and length, root hair development, and root growth angle in response to Pi availability. This review focuses on the physiological, anatomical, and molecular mechanisms underpinning changes in root development in response to Pi starvation in cereals, mainly focusing on the model monocot plant rice (Oryza sativa). We also review recent efforts to modify root architecture to enhance P uptake efficiency in crops and propose future research directions aimed at the genetic improvement of Pi uptake and use efficiency in crops based on root system architecture.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siwei Zhang, Rui Deng, Jianwei Liu, Dan Luo, Miaomiao Hu, Shuhua Huang, Meng Jiang, Jia Du, Tong Jin, Dehai Liu, Yuchao Li, Maqsood Khan, Shufen Wang, Xiaofeng Wang
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are well known for their important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Plants with deficiency in BR signaling show delayed plant development and exhibit late flowering phenotypes. However, the precise mechanisms involved in this process require investigation. In this study, we cloned homologs of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (SlBIN2), the GSK3-like protein kinase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We characterized growth-related processes and phenotypic changes in the transgenic lines and found that SlBIN2s transgenic lines have delayed development and slow growing phenotypes. SlBIN2s work redundantly to negatively regulate BR signaling in tomato. Furthermore, the transcription factor SlBIN2.1-INTERACTING MYB-LIKE 1 (SlBIML1) was identified as a downstream substrate of SlBIN2s that SlBIN2s interact with and phosphorylate to synergistically regulate tomato developmental processes. Specifically, SlBIN2s modulated protein stability of SlBIML1 by phosphorylating multiple amino acid residues, including the sites Thr266 and Thr280. This study reveals a branch of the BR signaling pathway that regulates the vegetative growth phase and delays floral transition in tomato without the feedback affecting BR signaling. This information enriches our understanding of the downstream transduction pathway of BR signaling and provides potential targets for adjusting tomato flowering time.
{"title":"Phosphorylation of the transcription factor SlBIML1 by SlBIN2 kinases delays flowering in tomato","authors":"Siwei Zhang, Rui Deng, Jianwei Liu, Dan Luo, Miaomiao Hu, Shuhua Huang, Meng Jiang, Jia Du, Tong Jin, Dehai Liu, Yuchao Li, Maqsood Khan, Shufen Wang, Xiaofeng Wang","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae489","url":null,"abstract":"Brassinosteroids (BRs) are well known for their important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Plants with deficiency in BR signaling show delayed plant development and exhibit late flowering phenotypes. However, the precise mechanisms involved in this process require investigation. In this study, we cloned homologs of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (SlBIN2), the GSK3-like protein kinase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We characterized growth-related processes and phenotypic changes in the transgenic lines and found that SlBIN2s transgenic lines have delayed development and slow growing phenotypes. SlBIN2s work redundantly to negatively regulate BR signaling in tomato. Furthermore, the transcription factor SlBIN2.1-INTERACTING MYB-LIKE 1 (SlBIML1) was identified as a downstream substrate of SlBIN2s that SlBIN2s interact with and phosphorylate to synergistically regulate tomato developmental processes. Specifically, SlBIN2s modulated protein stability of SlBIML1 by phosphorylating multiple amino acid residues, including the sites Thr266 and Thr280. This study reveals a branch of the BR signaling pathway that regulates the vegetative growth phase and delays floral transition in tomato without the feedback affecting BR signaling. This information enriches our understanding of the downstream transduction pathway of BR signaling and provides potential targets for adjusting tomato flowering time.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant roots navigate the soil ecosystem with each cell type uniquely responding to environmental stimuli. Below ground, the plant's response to its surroundings is orchestrated at the cellular level, including morphological and molecular adaptations that shape root system architecture as well as tissue and organ functionality. Our understanding of the transcriptional responses at cell type resolution has been profoundly enhanced by studies of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, both a comprehensive view of the transcriptional basis of these cellular responses to single and combinatorial environmental cues in diverse plant species remains elusive. In this review, we highlight the ability of root cell types to undergo specific anatomical or morphological changes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses or cues and how they collectively contribute to the plant's overall physiology. We further explore interconnections between stress and the temporal nature of developmental pathways and discuss examples of how this transcriptional reprogramming influences cell type identity and function. Finally, we highlight the power of single-cell and spatial transcriptomic approaches to refine our understanding of how environmental factors fine tune root spatiotemporal development. These complex root system responses underscore the importance of spatiotemporal transcriptional mapping, with significant implications for enhanced agricultural resilience.
{"title":"The transcriptional integration of environmental cues with root cell type development","authors":"Mona Gouran, Siobhan M Brady","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae425","url":null,"abstract":"Plant roots navigate the soil ecosystem with each cell type uniquely responding to environmental stimuli. Below ground, the plant's response to its surroundings is orchestrated at the cellular level, including morphological and molecular adaptations that shape root system architecture as well as tissue and organ functionality. Our understanding of the transcriptional responses at cell type resolution has been profoundly enhanced by studies of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, both a comprehensive view of the transcriptional basis of these cellular responses to single and combinatorial environmental cues in diverse plant species remains elusive. In this review, we highlight the ability of root cell types to undergo specific anatomical or morphological changes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses or cues and how they collectively contribute to the plant's overall physiology. We further explore interconnections between stress and the temporal nature of developmental pathways and discuss examples of how this transcriptional reprogramming influences cell type identity and function. Finally, we highlight the power of single-cell and spatial transcriptomic approaches to refine our understanding of how environmental factors fine tune root spatiotemporal development. These complex root system responses underscore the importance of spatiotemporal transcriptional mapping, with significant implications for enhanced agricultural resilience.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xu Zhang, Yu-Jin Kim, Qian Tan, Ki-Hong Jung, Wanqi Liang
Apertures in pollen grains exhibit species-specific patterns and provide an ideal model for studying cell-surface patterning. Pollen apertures are critical for cereal crop fertility, and while DEFECTIVE IN APERTURE FORMATION1 (OsDAF1) and INAPERTURATE POLLEN1 (OsINP1) have been documented to participate in pollen aperture formation in rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular transduction pathway regulating aperture formation is largely unknown. Here, we report that a leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), AM1, plays a key role in rice pollen aperture formation. Mutations of OsAM1 lead to complete sterility due to disappearance of the pollen aperture and failure in pollen tube germination. OsAM1 encodes a LRR-RLK that belongs to the STRUBBELIG-receptor family. Similar to other reported aperture regulators, OsAM1 assembles to future aperture sites on tetrads after meiosis to regulate aperture formation. The extracellular and intracellular domain of OsAM1 interacts with OsINP1 and OsDAF1, respectively. However, despite their interaction and the absence of aperture formation in osam1 pollen grains, OsINP1 and OsDAF1 localize to future aperture sites at the tetrad stage. Mutation of OsINP1, however, disrupts normal localization of OsAM1, indicating that OsAM1 acts downstream of OsINP1. Our findings reveal the role of a LRR-RLK protein in pollen aperture formation and shed light on the regulatory network of pollen aperture formation.
{"title":"A leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase regulates pollen aperture formation in rice","authors":"Xu Zhang, Yu-Jin Kim, Qian Tan, Ki-Hong Jung, Wanqi Liang","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae466","url":null,"abstract":"Apertures in pollen grains exhibit species-specific patterns and provide an ideal model for studying cell-surface patterning. Pollen apertures are critical for cereal crop fertility, and while DEFECTIVE IN APERTURE FORMATION1 (OsDAF1) and INAPERTURATE POLLEN1 (OsINP1) have been documented to participate in pollen aperture formation in rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular transduction pathway regulating aperture formation is largely unknown. Here, we report that a leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), AM1, plays a key role in rice pollen aperture formation. Mutations of OsAM1 lead to complete sterility due to disappearance of the pollen aperture and failure in pollen tube germination. OsAM1 encodes a LRR-RLK that belongs to the STRUBBELIG-receptor family. Similar to other reported aperture regulators, OsAM1 assembles to future aperture sites on tetrads after meiosis to regulate aperture formation. The extracellular and intracellular domain of OsAM1 interacts with OsINP1 and OsDAF1, respectively. However, despite their interaction and the absence of aperture formation in osam1 pollen grains, OsINP1 and OsDAF1 localize to future aperture sites at the tetrad stage. Mutation of OsINP1, however, disrupts normal localization of OsAM1, indicating that OsAM1 acts downstream of OsINP1. Our findings reveal the role of a LRR-RLK protein in pollen aperture formation and shed light on the regulatory network of pollen aperture formation.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In agronomically important C4 grasses, efficient CO2 delivery to Rubisco is facilitated by NADP-malic enzyme (C4NADP-ME), which decarboxylates malate in bundle sheath cells. However, understanding the molecular regulation of the C4NADP-ME gene in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is hindered by its complex genetic background. Enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that decarboxylation in sugarcane Saccharum spontaneum predominantly relies on the NADP-ME pathway, similar to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays). Comparative genomics analysis revealed the recruitment of eight core C4 shuttle genes, including C4NADP-ME (SsC4NADP-ME2), in the C4 pathway of sugarcane. Contrasting to sorghum and maize, the expression of SsC4NADP-ME2 in sugarcane is regulated by different transcription factors (TFs). We propose a gene regulatory network for SsC4NADP-ME2, involving candidate TFs identified through gene co-expression analysis and yeast one-hybrid experiment. Among these, ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) was validated as the predominant regulator of SsC4NADP-ME2 expression, binding to a G-box within its promoter region. Interestingly, the core element ACGT within the regulatory G-box was conserved in sugarcane, sorghum, maize, and rice (Oryza sativa), suggesting an ancient regulatory code utilized in C4 photosynthesis. This study offers insights into SsC4NADP-ME2 regulation, crucial for optimizing sugarcane as a bioenergy crop.
{"title":"Regulatory Network of the Late-Recruited Primary Decarboxylase C4NADP-ME in Sugarcane","authors":"Xiuting Hua, Huihong Shi, Gui Zhuang, Yuhong Lan, Shaoli Zhou, Dongxu Zhao, Ming-Ju Amy Lyu, Sehrish Akbar, Jia Liu, Yuan Yuan, Zhen Li, Qing Jiang, Kaixin Huang, Yating Zhang, Qing Zhang, Gang Wang, Yu Wang, Xiaomin Yu, Pinghua Li, Xingtan Zhang, Jianping Wang, Shenghua Xiao, Wei Yao, Ray Ming, Xinguang Zhu, MuQing Zhang, Haibao Tang, Jisen Zhang","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae455","url":null,"abstract":"In agronomically important C4 grasses, efficient CO2 delivery to Rubisco is facilitated by NADP-malic enzyme (C4NADP-ME), which decarboxylates malate in bundle sheath cells. However, understanding the molecular regulation of the C4NADP-ME gene in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is hindered by its complex genetic background. Enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that decarboxylation in sugarcane Saccharum spontaneum predominantly relies on the NADP-ME pathway, similar to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays). Comparative genomics analysis revealed the recruitment of eight core C4 shuttle genes, including C4NADP-ME (SsC4NADP-ME2), in the C4 pathway of sugarcane. Contrasting to sorghum and maize, the expression of SsC4NADP-ME2 in sugarcane is regulated by different transcription factors (TFs). We propose a gene regulatory network for SsC4NADP-ME2, involving candidate TFs identified through gene co-expression analysis and yeast one-hybrid experiment. Among these, ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) was validated as the predominant regulator of SsC4NADP-ME2 expression, binding to a G-box within its promoter region. Interestingly, the core element ACGT within the regulatory G-box was conserved in sugarcane, sorghum, maize, and rice (Oryza sativa), suggesting an ancient regulatory code utilized in C4 photosynthesis. This study offers insights into SsC4NADP-ME2 regulation, crucial for optimizing sugarcane as a bioenergy crop.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) is one of the most destructive diseases in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Histone acetylation plays critical roles in plant development and adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the relevance of histone acetylation in cotton VW resistance remains largely unclear. Here, we identified Histone Deacetylase 5 (GhHDA5) from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), as a negative regulator of VW resistance. GhHDA5 expression was responsive to V. dahliae infection. Silencing GhHDA5 in upland cotton led to improved resistance to V. dahliae, while heterologous expression of GhHDA5 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) compromised V. dahliae tolerance. GhHDA5 repressed the expression of several lignin biosynthesis-related genes, such as 4-coumarate: CoA ligase gene Gh4CL3 and ferulate 5-hydroxylase gene GhF5H, through reducing the acetylation level of Histone H3 Lysine 9 and 14 (H3K9K14ac) at their promoter regions, thereby resulting in an increased deposition of lignin, especially S monomers, in the GhHDA5-silenced cotton plants. The silencing of GhF5H impaired cotton VW tolerance. Additionally, the silencing of GhHDA5 also promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated the expression of several pathogenesis-related genes (PRs), and altered the content and signaling of the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and strigolactones (SLs) after V. dahliae infection. Taken together, our findings suggest that GhHDA5 negatively regulates cotton VW resistance through modulating disease-induced lignification and the ROS- and phytohormone-mediated defense response.
{"title":"Histone deacetylase GhHDA5 negatively regulates Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton","authors":"Chunyan Wei, Chaofan Wang, Xin Zhang, Weiyi Huang, Minghui Xing, Chunyan Han, Cangbao Lei, Youpeng Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Kai Cheng, Xiao Zhang","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae490","url":null,"abstract":"Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) is one of the most destructive diseases in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Histone acetylation plays critical roles in plant development and adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the relevance of histone acetylation in cotton VW resistance remains largely unclear. Here, we identified Histone Deacetylase 5 (GhHDA5) from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), as a negative regulator of VW resistance. GhHDA5 expression was responsive to V. dahliae infection. Silencing GhHDA5 in upland cotton led to improved resistance to V. dahliae, while heterologous expression of GhHDA5 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) compromised V. dahliae tolerance. GhHDA5 repressed the expression of several lignin biosynthesis-related genes, such as 4-coumarate: CoA ligase gene Gh4CL3 and ferulate 5-hydroxylase gene GhF5H, through reducing the acetylation level of Histone H3 Lysine 9 and 14 (H3K9K14ac) at their promoter regions, thereby resulting in an increased deposition of lignin, especially S monomers, in the GhHDA5-silenced cotton plants. The silencing of GhF5H impaired cotton VW tolerance. Additionally, the silencing of GhHDA5 also promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated the expression of several pathogenesis-related genes (PRs), and altered the content and signaling of the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and strigolactones (SLs) after V. dahliae infection. Taken together, our findings suggest that GhHDA5 negatively regulates cotton VW resistance through modulating disease-induced lignification and the ROS- and phytohormone-mediated defense response.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Jiang, Fenglin Deng, Mohammad Babla, Chen Chen, Dongmei Yang, Tao Tong, Yuan Qin, Guang Chen, Blaine Marchant, Pamela Soltis, Douglas Edward Soltis, Fanrong Zeng, Zhong-Hua Chen
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) system allows precise and easy editing of genes in many plant species. However, this system has not yet been applied to any fern species through gametophytes due to the complex characteristics of fern genomes, genetics, and physiology. Here, we established a protocol for gametophyte-based screening of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with high efficiency for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in a model fern species, Ceratopteris richardii. We utilized the C. richardii ACTIN promoter to drive sgRNA expression and the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter to drive the expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in this CRISPR-mediated editing system, which was employed to successfully edit a few genes, such as Nucleotidase/phosphatase 1 (CrSAL1) and Phytoene Desaturase (CrPDS), which resulted in an albino phenotype in C. richardii. Knockout of CrSAL1 resulted in significantly (P<0.05) reduced stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), guard cell length, and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in guard cells. Moreover, CrSAL1 overexpressing plants showed significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (A), gs, and E as well as most of the stomatal traits and ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Taken together, our optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system provides a useful tool for functional genomics in a model fern species, allowing the exploration of fern gene functions for evolutionary biology, herbal medicine discovery, and agricultural applications.
{"title":"Efficient gene editing of a model fern species through gametophyte-based transformation","authors":"Wei Jiang, Fenglin Deng, Mohammad Babla, Chen Chen, Dongmei Yang, Tao Tong, Yuan Qin, Guang Chen, Blaine Marchant, Pamela Soltis, Douglas Edward Soltis, Fanrong Zeng, Zhong-Hua Chen","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae473","url":null,"abstract":"The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) system allows precise and easy editing of genes in many plant species. However, this system has not yet been applied to any fern species through gametophytes due to the complex characteristics of fern genomes, genetics, and physiology. Here, we established a protocol for gametophyte-based screening of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with high efficiency for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in a model fern species, Ceratopteris richardii. We utilized the C. richardii ACTIN promoter to drive sgRNA expression and the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter to drive the expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in this CRISPR-mediated editing system, which was employed to successfully edit a few genes, such as Nucleotidase/phosphatase 1 (CrSAL1) and Phytoene Desaturase (CrPDS), which resulted in an albino phenotype in C. richardii. Knockout of CrSAL1 resulted in significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), guard cell length, and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in guard cells. Moreover, CrSAL1 overexpressing plants showed significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (A), gs, and E as well as most of the stomatal traits and ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Taken together, our optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system provides a useful tool for functional genomics in a model fern species, allowing the exploration of fern gene functions for evolutionary biology, herbal medicine discovery, and agricultural applications.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, appropriate regulation of the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of the arbuscule are essential for plants and fungi. In this study, we identified a Cysteine-2/Histidine-2 zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP)-encoding gene in Lotus japonicus named Regulator of Symbiosome Differentiation-Like (LjRSDL) that is required for arbuscule degeneration. Evolutionary analysis showed that homologs of LjRSDL exist in mycorrhizal flowering plants. We obtained ProLjRSDL::GUS transgenic hairy roots and showed that LjRSDL was strongly upregulated upon AM colonization, particularly at 18 days post AM fungi inoculation and specifically expressed in arbuscular-containing cells. The mycorrhization rate increased in the ljrsdl mutant but decreased in LjRSDL overexpressed L. japonicus. Interestingly, we observed higher proportions of large arbuscule in the ljrsdl mutant but lower proportions of larger arbuscule in LjRSDL overexpressing plants. Transcriptome analyses indicated that genes involved in arbuscule degeneration were significantly changed upon the dysregulation of LjRSDL and that LjRSDL-dependent regulation in AM symbiosis is mainly via the hormone signal transduction pathway. LjRSDL, therefore, represents a C2H2-ZFP that negatively regulates AM symbiosis. Our study provides insight into understanding plant-AM fungal communication and AM symbiosis development.
在丛枝菌根（AM）共生中，适当调节丛枝的形成、维持和退化对植物和真菌都至关重要。在这项研究中，我们在日本莲（Lotus japonicus）中发现了一个半胱氨酸-2/组氨酸-2锌指蛋白（C2H2-ZFP）编码基因，名为共生体分化调节器（Regulator of Symbiosome Differentiation-Like，LjRSDL），它是假根退化所必需的。进化分析表明，LjRSDL 的同源基因存在于菌根有花植物中。我们获得了ProLjRSDL::GUS转基因毛根，结果表明LjRSDL在AM定殖后强烈上调，尤其是在AM真菌接种后18天，并在含假根细胞中特异表达。ljrsdl突变体的菌根化率增加了，但过表达LjRSDL的日本鹅膏蕈的菌根化率却降低了。有趣的是，我们在ljrsdl突变体中观察到大型假根的比例较高，但在LjRSDL过表达植株中大型假根的比例较低。转录组分析表明，LjRSDL调控失调后，参与假根退化的基因发生了显著变化，在AM共生中，LjRSDL依赖性调控主要通过激素信号转导途径进行。因此，LjRSDL代表了一种负向调控AM共生的C2H2-ZFP。我们的研究为了解植物与AM真菌的交流和AM共生的发展提供了深入的见解。
{"title":"Zinc finger protein LjRSDL regulates arbuscule degeneration of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Lotus japonicus","authors":"Yunjian Xu, Fang Liu, Fulang Wu, Ruifan Zou, Manli Zhao, Jianping Wu, Beijiu Cheng, Xiaoyu Li","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae487","url":null,"abstract":"In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, appropriate regulation of the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of the arbuscule are essential for plants and fungi. In this study, we identified a Cysteine-2/Histidine-2 zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP)-encoding gene in Lotus japonicus named Regulator of Symbiosome Differentiation-Like (LjRSDL) that is required for arbuscule degeneration. Evolutionary analysis showed that homologs of LjRSDL exist in mycorrhizal flowering plants. We obtained ProLjRSDL::GUS transgenic hairy roots and showed that LjRSDL was strongly upregulated upon AM colonization, particularly at 18 days post AM fungi inoculation and specifically expressed in arbuscular-containing cells. The mycorrhization rate increased in the ljrsdl mutant but decreased in LjRSDL overexpressed L. japonicus. Interestingly, we observed higher proportions of large arbuscule in the ljrsdl mutant but lower proportions of larger arbuscule in LjRSDL overexpressing plants. Transcriptome analyses indicated that genes involved in arbuscule degeneration were significantly changed upon the dysregulation of LjRSDL and that LjRSDL-dependent regulation in AM symbiosis is mainly via the hormone signal transduction pathway. LjRSDL, therefore, represents a C2H2-ZFP that negatively regulates AM symbiosis. Our study provides insight into understanding plant-AM fungal communication and AM symbiosis development.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growth and survival of woody plant species is mainly driven by evolutionary and environmental factors. However, little is known about the hydraulic mechanisms that respond to growth limitation and enable desert shrub survival in arid habitats. To shed light on these hydraulic mechanisms, 9-, 31-, and 56-year-old Caragana korshinskii plants that had been grown under different soil water conditions at the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia, China were used in this study. The growth of C. korshinskii was mainly limited by soil water rather than shrub age in non-watered habitats, which indicated the importance of maintaining shrub survival prior to growth under drought. Meanwhile, higher vessel density, narrower vessels and lower xylem hydraulic conductivity indicated that shrubs enhanced hydraulic safety and reduced their hydraulic efficiency in arid conditions. Importantly, xylem hydraulic conductivity mediated by variation in xylem hydraulic architecture regulated photosynthetic carbon assimilation and growth of C. korshinskii. Our study highlights that the synergistic variation in xylem hydraulic safety and hydraulic efficiency is the hydraulic mechanism limiting growth and maintaining survival of C. korshinskii under drought, providing insights into the strategies for growth and survival of desert shrubs in arid habitats.
{"title":"Hydraulic mechanism of limiting growth and maintaining survival of desert shrubs in arid habitats","authors":"Jianqiang Huo, Chengyi Li, Yang Zhao, Gaoling Han, Xinrong Li, Zhishan Zhang","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae471","url":null,"abstract":"The growth and survival of woody plant species is mainly driven by evolutionary and environmental factors. However, little is known about the hydraulic mechanisms that respond to growth limitation and enable desert shrub survival in arid habitats. To shed light on these hydraulic mechanisms, 9-, 31-, and 56-year-old Caragana korshinskii plants that had been grown under different soil water conditions at the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia, China were used in this study. The growth of C. korshinskii was mainly limited by soil water rather than shrub age in non-watered habitats, which indicated the importance of maintaining shrub survival prior to growth under drought. Meanwhile, higher vessel density, narrower vessels and lower xylem hydraulic conductivity indicated that shrubs enhanced hydraulic safety and reduced their hydraulic efficiency in arid conditions. Importantly, xylem hydraulic conductivity mediated by variation in xylem hydraulic architecture regulated photosynthetic carbon assimilation and growth of C. korshinskii. Our study highlights that the synergistic variation in xylem hydraulic safety and hydraulic efficiency is the hydraulic mechanism limiting growth and maintaining survival of C. korshinskii under drought, providing insights into the strategies for growth and survival of desert shrubs in arid habitats.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dwarf or semi-dwarf plant structures are well-suited for intensive farming, maximizing yield, and minimizing labor costs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is classified as an annual vine plant with elongated internodes, yet the mechanism governing watermelon dwarfing remains unclear. In this study, a compact watermelon mutant dwarf, induced by the insertion of T-DNA, was discovered. Through re-sequencing, a gene named domain of unknown function 21 (ClDUF21), located downstream of the T-DNA insertion site, was identified as the candidate gene for the dwarf mutant, and its functionality was subsequently confirmed. Watermelon mutants generated through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ClDUF21 revealed that homozygous mutants displayed a pronounced dwarfing phenotype, and protein-protein interaction analysis confirmed the direct interaction between ClDUF21 and ClDWF1. Subsequently, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to precisely modify the homologous gene CsDUF21 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and performed protein interaction validation between CsDUF21 and CsDWF1, thereby demonstrating that the CsDUF21 gene also exhibits analogous functionality in plant dwarfing. These findings demonstrate that ClDUF21 governs plant dwarfism by modulating the brassinosteroid synthesis pathway via ClDWF1.
{"title":"A DUF21 domain-containing protein regulates plant dwarfing in watermelon","authors":"Piaoyun Sun, Hongjiao Zhao, Lihong Cao, Tian Zhang, Helong Zhang, Tongwen Yang, Bosi Zhao, Yanxin Jiang, Junyang Dong, Tianrui Chen, Biao Jiang, Zheng Li, Junjun Shen","doi":"10.1093/plphys/kiae486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae486","url":null,"abstract":"Dwarf or semi-dwarf plant structures are well-suited for intensive farming, maximizing yield, and minimizing labor costs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is classified as an annual vine plant with elongated internodes, yet the mechanism governing watermelon dwarfing remains unclear. In this study, a compact watermelon mutant dwarf, induced by the insertion of T-DNA, was discovered. Through re-sequencing, a gene named domain of unknown function 21 (ClDUF21), located downstream of the T-DNA insertion site, was identified as the candidate gene for the dwarf mutant, and its functionality was subsequently confirmed. Watermelon mutants generated through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ClDUF21 revealed that homozygous mutants displayed a pronounced dwarfing phenotype, and protein-protein interaction analysis confirmed the direct interaction between ClDUF21 and ClDWF1. Subsequently, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to precisely modify the homologous gene CsDUF21 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and performed protein interaction validation between CsDUF21 and CsDWF1, thereby demonstrating that the CsDUF21 gene also exhibits analogous functionality in plant dwarfing. These findings demonstrate that ClDUF21 governs plant dwarfism by modulating the brassinosteroid synthesis pathway via ClDWF1.","PeriodicalId":20101,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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