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Nanomechanics of minerals: understandings and developments through instrumented nanoindentation techniques 矿物的纳米力学:通过仪器纳米压痕技术的理解和发展
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-023-01235-8
Rajiv Mukherjee, Santanu Misra

Understanding the dynamics of the lithosphere relies heavily on the scale-dependent rheology of minerals. While quartz, feldspar, and phyllosilicates are the key phases to govern the rheology of the crust and tectonic margins, olivine and other mafic phases control the same in the upper mantle. Phase transition, solid-state substitution, polymorphism, etc. also affect mineral phase rheology. High pressure–temperature deformation tests with natural, synthetic and analog materials have improved our interpretation of the geodynamic state of the lithosphere. However, deforming and studying a single crystal is not easy, because of the scarcity of specimens and laborious sample preparations. Experimental micro- to nanoindentation at room and/or elevated temperatures has proven to be a convenient method over mesoscale compressive testing. Micro- to nanoindentation technique enables higher precision, faster data acquisition and ultra-high resolution (nanoscale) load and displacement. Hardness, elastic moduli, yield stress, fracture toughness, fracture surface energy and rate-dependent creep of mono- or polycrystalline minerals are evaluated using this technique. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of micro- to nano-mechanics of minerals. We first cover the fundamental theories of instrumented indentation, experimental procedures, pre- and post-indentation interpretations using various existing models followed by a detailed discussion on the application of nanoindentation in understanding the rheology and deformation mechanisms of various minerals commonly occur in the crust and upper mantle. We also address some of the major limitations of indentation tests (e.g., indentation size effect). Finally, we suggest potential future research areas in mineral rheology using instrumented indentation.

了解岩石圈的动力学在很大程度上依赖于矿物的尺度流变性。石英、长石和层状硅酸盐是控制地壳和构造边缘流变的关键相,而橄榄石和其他基性相在上地幔中也起着同样的作用。相变、固态取代、多态等也会影响矿物的相流变。用天然材料、合成材料和模拟材料进行的高压-高温变形试验改进了我们对岩石圈地球动力学状态的解释。然而,变形和研究单晶并不容易,因为样品稀缺和样品制备工作费力。在室温和/或高温下的实验微纳米压痕已被证明是一种比中尺度压缩测试更方便的方法。微到纳米压痕技术可以实现更高的精度,更快的数据采集和超高分辨率(纳米级)负载和位移。硬度,弹性模量,屈服应力,断裂韧性,断裂表面能和速率依赖蠕变的单晶或多晶矿物使用该技术进行评估。在这里,我们提出了一个综合评估的微观到纳米力学的矿物。我们首先介绍了仪器压痕的基本理论、实验过程、利用各种现有模型对压痕前后的解释,然后详细讨论了纳米压痕在理解地壳和上地幔中常见的各种矿物的流变和变形机制中的应用。我们还讨论了压痕测试的一些主要限制(例如,压痕尺寸效应)。最后,我们提出了利用仪器压痕研究矿物流变学的潜在未来研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
Mineralogical characterization of fluorescent grossular garnet var. tsavorite from Merelani Hills, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚Merelani山萤光粗红石榴石变种沙长石的矿物学特征
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-023-01233-w
Alfredo Idini, Celestino Angeli, Franco Frau, Guido Ennas, Stefano Naitza, Giovanni Battista De Giudici, Roberto Argazzi

Tsavorite is the trade name for the green vanadium–chromium variety of grossular occurring in the Precambrian terrains in the areas of Merelani Hills (Tanzania) and Tsavo Park (Kenya) which are by far the most important source of gem grade specimens of tsavorite used for high jewellery. The tsavorite crystals from Merelani Hills exhibit a pink-red and yellow fluorescence when irradiated by common portable UV lamp, an unusual phenomenon among members of the garnet group. The electron density map calculated from the diffraction data and plotted against a grossular standard shows that an excess of negative charge is clearly pinpointed in the crystallographic site occupied by Al3+. The bulk elemental analysis shows that the most represented end-member, besides grossular, is the vanadium-bearing goldmanite garnet (3.82–4.08 mol %). The fluorometry with an excitation beam at 408 nm indicates a complex emission pattern with the most intense emissions at 701 and 716 nm and subordinately at 592 nm. The colour perception is dominated by the emission yellow band at 592 nm while the contribution of the red band modulates the colour ranging from bright orange to pink-red. The attribution of the emission at 592 nm is related to Mn2+ while the emissions at 701 and 716 nm could be related to the chromium content and/or to a possible fraction of vanadium as V2+. Because of the characteristic colour perceived under UV light, the use of a common led lamp can be useful as a diagnostic tool to easily identify tsavorite.

Tsavorite是一种绿色的钒铬金属榴石的商品名称,产于Merelani Hills(坦桑尼亚)和Tsavo Park(肯尼亚)地区的前寒武纪地形,是迄今为止用于高级珠宝的Tsavorite宝石级标本的最重要来源。在普通便携式紫外灯照射下,来自Merelani山的沙弗石晶体呈现出粉红色、红色和黄色的荧光,这在石榴石群成员中是一种不寻常的现象。根据衍射数据计算出的电子密度图,并根据总体标准绘制,表明在Al3+占据的晶体位置上明显存在过量的负电荷。体元素分析表明,除粗晶外,最具代表性的端元是含钒金榴石石榴石(3.82 ~ 4.08 mol %)。408 nm激发光束的荧光测量显示出复杂的发射模式,在701和716 nm处发射最强烈,其次是在592 nm处。在592 nm处的黄色波段占主导地位,而红色波段的贡献调节了从亮橙色到粉红色的颜色范围。592 nm处的发射归因与Mn2+有关,而701和716 nm处的发射可能与铬含量和/或钒作为V2+的可能部分有关。由于在紫外光下感知到的特征颜色,使用普通的led灯可以作为一种有用的诊断工具来轻松识别沙沃莱特。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms and conditions of Ti and Cr incorporation in mantle phlogopite: the results of atomistic simulation 地幔辉云母中Ti和Cr掺入的机制和条件:原子模拟的结果
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-023-01232-x
Aleksandra A. Bendeliani, Nikolay N. Eremin, Andrey V. Bobrov

Modeling of eight mechanisms for the incorporation of Ti4+ and Cr3+ impurity components into phlogopite was carried out by a semi-empirical method using the GULP (General Utility Lattice Program) software. The calculation of thermodynamic mixing properties in the range of 1–7 GPa and 373–1573 K and the analysis of the structure geometry for the simulated solid solutions provided the following energy-preferred schemes of isomorphic substitution: VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Si4+) = VI(Ti4+) + 2IV(Al3+) and VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Al3+) = VI(□) + 2IV(Ti4+), VI(Mg2+) + IV(Si4+) = VI(Cr3+) + IV(Al3+), and 3VI(Mg2+) = VI(Al3+) + VI(Cr3+) + VI(□). It is shown the scheme 2VI(Mg2+) = VI(Ti4+) + VI(□) illustrating entrance of Ti with the formation of a vacancy is realized in the case of microconcentrations of Ti only. Accumulation of high-Ti contents associates with the formation of a vacancy in the octahedral site. This provides incorporation of Ti via the schemes VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Al3+) = VI(□) + 2IV(Ti4+) and (Mg, Fe2+) + 2OH = Ti4+  + 2O2− only. It is shown that incorporation of high-Cr concentrations (> 5.5 wt % Cr2O3) is accompanied by an increase in the number of vacancies in the octahedral site with an increase in the proportion of the dioctahedral component K(Al, Cr, □)2AlSi3O10(OH)2.

利用GULP (General Utility Lattice Program)软件,采用半经验方法对8种Ti4+和Cr3+杂质组分掺入云母的机理进行了建模。通过1 - 7gpa和373-1573 K范围内的热力学混合性质计算和模拟固溶体的几何结构分析,得出了以下能量优先的同构取代方案:VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Si4+) = VI(Ti4+) + 2IV(Al3+)和VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Al3+) = VI(□)+ 2IV(Ti4+)、VI(Mg2+) + IV(Si4+) = VI(Cr3+) + IV(Al3+)和3VI(Mg2+) = VI(Al3+) + VI(Cr3+) + VI(□)。结果表明,2VI(Mg2+) = VI(Ti4+) + VI(□)表明,只有在微量浓度的情况下,才实现了Ti的入口与空位的形成。高钛含量的积累与八面体空位的形成有关。这提供了Ti通过方案VI(Mg2+) + 2IV(Al3+) = VI(□)+ 2IV(Ti4+)和(Mg, Fe2+) + 2OH−= Ti4+ + 2O2−。结果表明,高Cr浓度(> 5.5 wt % Cr2O3)的掺入伴随着八面体空位数量的增加和二面体成分K(Al, Cr,□)2AlSi3O10(OH)2比例的增加。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of octahedral site chemistry on the elastic properties of biotite 八面体位化学对黑云母弹性性质的影响
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01230-5
Dillon F. Hanlon, G. Todd Andrews, Roger A. Mason

Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy was used along with detailed composition information obtained from electron probe microanalysis to study the influence of octahedral site chemistry on the elastic properties of natural biotite crystals. Elastic wave velocities for a range of directions in the ac and bc crystallographic planes were obtained for each crystal by application of the well-known Brillouin equation with refractive indices and phonon frequencies obtained from the Becke line test and spectral peak positions, respectively. In general, these velocities increase with decreasing iron content, approaching those of muscovite at low iron concentrations. Twelve of thirteen elastic constants for the full monoclinic symmetry were obtained for each crystal by fitting analytic expressions for the velocities as functions of propagation direction and elastic constants to corresponding experimental data, while the remaining constant was estimated under the approximation of hexagonal symmetry. Elastic constants (C_{11}), (C_{22}), and (C_{66}) are comparable to those of muscovite and show little change with iron concentration due to the strong bonding within layers. In contrast, nearly all of the remaining constants show a pronounced dependence on iron content, a probable consequence of the weak interlayer bonding. Similar behaviour is displayed by the elastic stability, which exhibits a dramatic decrease with increasing iron content, and by the elastic anisotropy within the basal cleavage plane, which decreases as the amount of iron in the crystal is reduced. This systematic dependence on iron content of all measured elastic properties indicates that the elasticity of biotite is a function of octahedral site chemistry and provides a means to estimate the elastic constants and relative elastic stability of most natural biotite compositions if the iron or, equivalently, magnesium, concentration is known. Moreover, the good agreement between the elastic constants of Fe-poor (Mg-rich) biotite and those of phlogopite obtained from first-principles calculation based on density functional theory indicates that the latter approach may be of use in predicting the elastic properties of biotites.

采用布里渊光散射光谱法,结合电子探针显微分析获得的详细成分信息,研究了八面体位化学对天然黑云母晶体弹性性能的影响。利用著名的布里渊方程,分别利用贝克线测试得到的折射率和声子频率以及光谱峰位置,得到了每个晶体在ac和bc晶体平面上的弹性波速。一般来说,这些速度随着铁含量的降低而增加,接近低铁浓度时白云母的速度。通过将速度随传播方向和弹性常数的解析表达式拟合到相应的实验数据中,得到了每个晶体完全单斜对称的13个弹性常数中的12个,其余的常数在六方对称近似下估计。弹性常数(C_{11})、(C_{22})和(C_{66})与白云母相当,且随铁浓度变化不大,这是由于层内的强结合。相反,几乎所有的剩余常数都显示出明显的铁含量依赖性,这可能是层间键合弱的结果。随着铁含量的增加,晶体的弹性稳定性急剧下降;随着铁含量的减少,晶体基解理面内的弹性各向异性也出现了类似的现象。所有测量的弹性性质对铁含量的系统性依赖表明,黑云母的弹性是八面体位化学的函数,并提供了一种方法来估计大多数天然黑云母成分的弹性常数和相对弹性稳定性,如果铁或镁的浓度是已知的。此外,基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算得到的贫铁(富镁)黑云母的弹性常数与云母的弹性常数吻合较好,表明后者可用于预测黑云母的弹性性质。
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引用次数: 0
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy studies of potassium-deficient fluorapophyllite-(K) 缺钾氟磷灰石-(K)的单晶x射线衍射和红外光谱研究
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01229-y
Yurii V. Seryotkin, Igor N. Kupriyanov, Mark A. Ignatov

Three samples of fluorapophyllite-(K) with different cation composition were studied by the X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy methods. The samples (K0.72(NH4)0.20)Σ0.92Na0.08 Ca4[Al0.04Si7.96O20]F·8H2O from Nidym and K0.87Na0.06 Ca4[Si8O20]F·8H2O from Akhaltsykhe localities are characterized by the deficiency of large cations K+ and (NH4)+ in the A site; the chemical composition of Talnakh sample (K0.94(NH4)0.06)Σ1.00 Ca4[Si8O20]F·8H2O is close to the stoichiometric one. The large cations deficiency in the structure of Nidym and Akhaltsykhe samples is compensated by the presence of medium-sized Na+ cations, located 1.12–1.31 Å away from the A position. The planar coordination of Na is formed by four H2O molecules. The occurrence of ammonium ions is found for the Nidym and Talnakh samples and their concentrations are estimated from the IR spectra and structure refinement. Polarized infrared measurements performed for fluorapophyllite-(K) samples oriented along the c-axis reveal pleochroic behavior of the OH absorption bands. The observed pleochroism is explained in terms of absorption from two OH vectors of the H2O molecules in the crystal structure.

用x射线衍射和红外光谱方法研究了3种不同阳离子组成的氟磷灰石样品。Nidym地区的样品(K0.72(NH4)0.20)Σ0.92Na0.08 Ca4[Al0.04Si7.96O20]F·8H2O和Akhaltsykhe地区的样品(K0.87Na0.06 Ca4[Si8O20]F·8H2O)在A位缺乏大阳离子K+和(NH4)+;Talnakh样品(K0.94(NH4)0.06)Σ1.00 Ca4[Si8O20]F·8H2O的化学组成与化学计量值接近。Nidym和Akhaltsykhe样品结构中的大阳离子缺失被位于距离A位置1.12-1.31 Å的中等Na+阳离子的存在所补偿。Na的平面配位是由4个H2O分子形成的。在Nidym和Talnakh样品中发现了铵离子的存在,并根据红外光谱和结构精化估计了它们的浓度。对沿c轴取向的氟磷虾-(K)样品进行的偏振红外测量揭示了OH吸收带的多色性。观察到的多色性是用晶体结构中H2O分子的两个OH载体的吸收来解释的。
{"title":"Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy studies of potassium-deficient fluorapophyllite-(K)","authors":"Yurii V. Seryotkin,&nbsp;Igor N. Kupriyanov,&nbsp;Mark A. Ignatov","doi":"10.1007/s00269-022-01229-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-022-01229-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three samples of fluorapophyllite-(K) with different cation composition were studied by the X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy methods. The samples (K<sub>0.72</sub>(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>0.20</sub>)<sub>Σ0.92</sub>Na<sub>0.08</sub> Ca<sub>4</sub>[Al<sub>0.04</sub>Si<sub>7.96</sub>O<sub>20</sub>]F·8H<sub>2</sub>O from Nidym and K<sub>0.87</sub>Na<sub>0.06</sub> Ca<sub>4</sub>[Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub>]F·8H<sub>2</sub>O from Akhaltsykhe localities are characterized by the deficiency of large cations K<sup>+</sup> and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sup>+</sup> in the A site; the chemical composition of Talnakh sample (K<sub>0.94</sub>(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>0.06</sub>)<sub>Σ1.00</sub> Ca<sub>4</sub>[Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub>]F·8H<sub>2</sub>O is close to the stoichiometric one. The large cations deficiency in the structure of Nidym and Akhaltsykhe samples is compensated by the presence of medium-sized Na<sup>+</sup> cations, located 1.12–1.31 Å away from the A position. The planar coordination of Na is formed by four H<sub>2</sub>O molecules. The occurrence of ammonium ions is found for the Nidym and Talnakh samples and their concentrations are estimated from the IR spectra and structure refinement. Polarized infrared measurements performed for fluorapophyllite-(K) samples oriented along the <i>c</i>-axis reveal pleochroic behavior of the OH absorption bands. The observed pleochroism is explained in terms of absorption from two OH vectors of the H<sub>2</sub>O molecules in the crystal structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4208168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Structural variations of amorphous magnesium carbonate during nucleation, crystallization, and decomposition of nesquehonite MgCO3·3H2O 无定形碳酸镁在MgCO3·3H2O成核、结晶和分解过程中的结构变化
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01231-4
Gen-ichiro Yamamoto, Atsushi Kyono, Satoru Okada

Carbonate minerals are major contributors to carbon sequestration in geological deposits; however, their nature and behavior remain unclear. Amorphous magnesium carbonate (AMC) is formed as a precursor to crystalline magnesium carbonates and as a product of thermal decomposition of nesquehonite (NSQ). In this study, the AMCs formed during the crystallization and decomposition of NSQ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) methods. An AMC with a hydromagnesite-like structure (AMC-I) was formed immediately after mixing MgCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions. After 5 min of stirring, no change was observed in the XRD pattern; however, the PDF pattern changed. This suggests that the medium-range ordered structure of AMC-I transformed into an intermediate structure (AMC-II) between AMC-I and NSQ. After 10 min of stirring, the AMC-II crystallized into NSQ. In the case of Rb2CO3, the AMC-II structure was formed immediately after the mixing of solutions and was stable for three days. AMC-II in the Rb2CO3 solution appeared to be in equilibrium with energetic local minima, indicating the existence of polyamorphism in AMC. When Cs2CO3 solution was used, the first precipitate had an AMC-I structure. By stirring for 5 min, the AMC-I was transformed to AMC-II, and after 10 min of stirring, a few quantities crystallized into NSQ. After three days, NSQ dissolved and transformed back into AMC-I. Thus, it is inferred that the crystallization of NSQ is significantly influenced by alkali cations in aqueous solutions. The AMC formed during the thermal decomposition also possesses the AMC-I structure.

碳酸盐矿物是地质矿床固碳的主要贡献者;然而,它们的性质和行为尚不清楚。无定形碳酸镁(AMC)是结晶碳酸镁的前体,是无定形碳酸镁石(NSQ)热分解的产物。本研究采用x射线衍射(XRD)和原子对分布函数(PDF)方法研究了NSQ在结晶和分解过程中形成的amc。在MgCl2和Na2CO3溶液混合后,立即形成具有氢氧化镁样结构的AMC (AMC- i)。搅拌5 min后,XRD谱图没有变化;然而,PDF模式改变了。这表明AMC-I的中程有序结构转变为介于AMC-I和NSQ之间的中间结构(AMC-II)。搅拌10 min后,AMC-II结晶成NSQ。以Rb2CO3为例,溶液混合后立即形成AMC-II结构,并稳定3天。在Rb2CO3溶液中,AMC- ii处于平衡状态,存在能量局部极小值,表明AMC存在多变质作用。当使用Cs2CO3溶液时,第一个沉淀具有AMC-I结构。搅拌5min后,AMC-I转化为AMC-II,搅拌10min后少量结晶成NSQ。3天后,NSQ溶解并重新转化为AMC-I。由此推断,水溶液中碱阳离子对NSQ的结晶影响较大。热分解过程中形成的AMC也具有AMC- i结构。
{"title":"Structural variations of amorphous magnesium carbonate during nucleation, crystallization, and decomposition of nesquehonite MgCO3·3H2O","authors":"Gen-ichiro Yamamoto,&nbsp;Atsushi Kyono,&nbsp;Satoru Okada","doi":"10.1007/s00269-022-01231-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-022-01231-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbonate minerals are major contributors to carbon sequestration in geological deposits; however, their nature and behavior remain unclear. Amorphous magnesium carbonate (AMC) is formed as a precursor to crystalline magnesium carbonates and as a product of thermal decomposition of nesquehonite (NSQ). In this study, the AMCs formed during the crystallization and decomposition of NSQ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) methods. An AMC with a hydromagnesite-like structure (AMC-I) was formed immediately after mixing MgCl<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> solutions. After 5 min of stirring, no change was observed in the XRD pattern; however, the PDF pattern changed. This suggests that the medium-range ordered structure of AMC-I transformed into an intermediate structure (AMC-II) between AMC-I and NSQ. After 10 min of stirring, the AMC-II crystallized into NSQ. In the case of Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, the AMC-II structure was formed immediately after the mixing of solutions and was stable for three days. AMC-II in the Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> solution appeared to be in equilibrium with energetic local minima, indicating the existence of polyamorphism in AMC. When Cs<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> solution was used, the first precipitate had an AMC-I structure. By stirring for 5 min, the AMC-I was transformed to AMC-II, and after 10 min of stirring, a few quantities crystallized into NSQ. After three days, NSQ dissolved and transformed back into AMC-I. Thus, it is inferred that the crystallization of NSQ is significantly influenced by alkali cations in aqueous solutions. The AMC formed during the thermal decomposition also possesses the AMC-I structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5145461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pressure-induced phase transition of CO32−-bearing scapolite by in situ X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy 用原位x射线衍射和振动光谱研究含CO32−的方石的压力诱导相变
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01226-1
Cheng Qian, Yungui Liu, Xiang Li, Yudong Zhu, Haipeng Song, Xiang Wu

Scapolite Na2.25Ca1.43K0.30Fe0.02[Al4.23Si7.77O24]Cl0.72(SO4)0.1(CO3)0.18 has been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy combined with diamond anvil cells (DAC) up to 19.6 GPa at room temperature, to understand its phase stability and the behaviors of CO32−. The experimental results show that a phase transition from the tetragonal phase (P42/n) to the triclinic phase occurs at 10.7 GPa, which is attributed to the pressure-induced rotation of tetrahedra around the bridging O atoms. The pressure–volume data were fitted to the second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, yielding V0 = 1102.6(8) Å3 and K0 = 70.3(9) GPa for the tetragonal phase and V0 = 1188.2(16) Å3 and K0 = 33.0(3) GPa for the triclinic phase. In the triclinic phase, the larger compressibility is due to the increased degree of freedom in the crystal structure, and the anisotropy of the axial compressibility may be related to the ionic radius of the anionic group. From the Infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy data, we speculate that CO32− is extruded by the four-membered rings at the (001) plane during the whole pressure range. The high-pressure behavior of CO32− in scapolite provides a possibility that carbon exists in the Earth’s interior as CO32− coupled to silicates.

采用单晶x射线衍射、红外和拉曼光谱结合金刚石砧细胞(DAC),在室温下对高达19.6 GPa的Scapolite Na2.25Ca1.43K0.30Fe0.02[Al4.23Si7.77O24]Cl0.72(SO4)0.1(CO3)0.18进行了研究,了解其相稳定性和CO32−的行为。实验结果表明,在10.7 GPa时,由于四面体在桥接O原子周围的压力诱导旋转,发生了从四方相(P42/n)到三斜相的相变。压力-体积数据拟合二阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程,得到四边形相的V0 = 1102.6(8) Å3和K0 = 70.3(9) GPa,三斜相的V0 = 1188.2(16) Å3和K0 = 33.0(3) GPa。在三斜相中,较大的可压缩性是由于晶体结构自由度的增加,轴向可压缩性的各向异性可能与阴离子基的离子半径有关。根据红外吸收和拉曼光谱数据,我们推测在整个压力范围内,CO32−在(001)平面上被四元环挤压。CO32−在方石中的高压行为提供了碳以CO32−与硅酸盐偶联的形式存在于地球内部的可能性。
{"title":"Pressure-induced phase transition of CO32−-bearing scapolite by in situ X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy","authors":"Cheng Qian,&nbsp;Yungui Liu,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Yudong Zhu,&nbsp;Haipeng Song,&nbsp;Xiang Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00269-022-01226-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-022-01226-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scapolite Na<sub>2.25</sub>Ca<sub>1.43</sub>K<sub>0.30</sub>Fe<sub>0.02</sub>[Al<sub>4.23</sub>Si<sub>7.77</sub>O<sub>24</sub>]Cl<sub>0.72</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>0.1</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>0.18</sub> has been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy combined with diamond anvil cells (DAC) up to 19.6 GPa at room temperature, to understand its phase stability and the behaviors of CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>. The experimental results show that a phase transition from the tetragonal phase (<i>P</i>4<sub>2</sub>/<i>n</i>) to the triclinic phase occurs at 10.7 GPa, which is attributed to the pressure-induced rotation of tetrahedra around the bridging O atoms. The pressure–volume data were fitted to the second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, yielding <i>V</i><sub>0</sub> = 1102.6(8) Å<sup>3</sup> and <i>K</i><sub>0</sub> = 70.3(9) GPa for the tetragonal phase and <i>V</i><sub>0</sub> = 1188.2(16) Å<sup>3</sup> and <i>K</i><sub>0</sub> = 33.0(3) GPa for the triclinic phase. In the triclinic phase, the larger compressibility is due to the increased degree of freedom in the crystal structure, and the anisotropy of the axial compressibility may be related to the ionic radius of the anionic group. From the Infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy data, we speculate that CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> is extruded by the four-membered rings at the (001) plane during the whole pressure range. The high-pressure behavior of CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> in scapolite provides a possibility that carbon exists in the Earth’s interior as CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> coupled to silicates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4643920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Features of the defect-impurity composition of diamonds from the northern Istok and Mayat placers (Yakutia) according to EPR, IR, and luminescence data 根据EPR, IR和发光数据分析北部Istok和Mayat砂矿(雅库特)钻石的缺陷-杂质组成特征
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01227-0
V. A. Nadolinny, O. P. Yurjeva, M. I. Rakhmanova, A. Yu. Komarovskikh, V. S. Shatsky

Diamonds from placers in the northern provinces of the Siberian Platform attract attention not only due to the unsolved problem of their sources but also due to the variety of properties they exhibit. In this work, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), infrared (IR), and photoluminescence (PL) methods were used to study cuboid diamonds from Istok (25 diamonds of Ib-IaA type) and dodecahedron diamonds from Mayat (21 diamonds of IaAB type) placers. The main impurity defects in the crystals studied are nitrogen, nitrogen-titanium, and oxygen-containing centers. The total amount of nitrogen in the form of C (P1 in EPR nomenclature), A, and B centers ranges from 34 to 903 ppm. For 19 out of 25 crystals from the Istok placer, the N3 titanium-related center is observed in the EPR spectra, but only one optical system with zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 635.7 nm is detected in the PL spectra in most cases. It can be assumed that the absence of an accompanying system with ZPL at 440.3 nm is due to its quenching by other centers in these crystals. For 12 out of 21 crystals from the Mayat placer, photoluminescence of oxygen-containing centers in the region of 600–800 nm in the form of a series of equidistant bands with an interval of ~ 31 meV was revealed. A comparison of the EPR and PL data has shown that this red broad band is not correlated with titanium-nitrogen paramagnetic centers OK1 and N3. Thus, the results obtained for diamond crystals from the Istok and Mayat placers show no connection between the N3 and OK1 paramagnetic centers and band in the 600–800 nm region, which questions the presence of oxygen in the structure of the N3 and OK1 centers. The nickel-nitrogen centers were found in crystals from the Mayat placer testifying about the peridotitic paragenesis of these diamonds.

来自西伯利亚地台北部省份的砂矿的钻石吸引了人们的注意,不仅是因为它们的来源问题尚未解决,而且还因为它们表现出的各种特性。本文采用电子顺磁共振(EPR)、红外(IR)和光致发光(PL)等方法研究了来自Istok砂矿的长方体钻石(25颗Ib-IaA型钻石)和来自Mayat砂矿的十二面体钻石(21颗IaAB型钻石)。所研究的晶体中主要的杂质缺陷是氮、氮钛和含氧中心。以C (EPR命名法中的P1)、A和B中心形式存在的氮总量在34 - 903 ppm之间。在Istok砂矿的25个晶体中,有19个在EPR光谱中观察到N3钛相关中心,但在大多数情况下,在PL光谱中只检测到一个在635.7 nm处具有零声子线(ZPL)的光学系统。可以认为,在440.3 nm处没有伴随ZPL的体系是由于ZPL被晶体中的其他中心猝灭所致。在玛雅特砂矿的21个晶体中,有12个晶体在600 ~ 800 nm区域以一系列间隔为~ 31 meV的等距带的形式出现了含氧中心的光致发光。EPR和PL数据的比较表明,该红色宽带与钛-氮顺磁中心OK1和N3无关。因此,从Istok和Mayat砂矿中获得的金刚石晶体的结果表明,在600-800 nm区域内,N3和OK1顺磁中心和带之间没有联系,这就质疑了N3和OK1中心结构中是否存在氧。在玛雅特砂矿的晶体中发现了镍氮中心,证明了这些钻石的橄榄岩共生。
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引用次数: 1
Spectral variability of the uranyl silicates uranophane-α and uranophane-β: polymorphism and luminescence 铀酰硅酸铀-α和铀-β的光谱变异性:多态性和发光
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01225-2
Martin Stark, Markus Noller

The luminescence of the uranyl cation UO22+ depends on the local crystalline environment and is sensitive to structural influences. Steady-state photoluminescence emission spectra of the related uranyl silicates uranophane-α, uranophane-β, sklodowskite and haiweeite from various locations are presented and discussed in the light of structure–property relation. The four mineral species were chosen for their close relationships: uranophane-α and uranophane-β are polymorphs and share the underlaying topology with sklodowskite. Haiweeite, with different topology, shares the composing elements Ca, U, Si, O with uranophane, while in sklodowskite Mg replaces Ca. All species show some variability in their spectra, parameterized as a variation of the centroid wavelength. Those variations are linked to defects and structural disorder, relevant in studies of uranyl speciation and migration. We present empiric spectra of the four mineral species with the least influence of structural disorder. As an unexpected feature, a prominent—partly dominating—double peak structure occurs in the case of uranophane-α only, while it is absent in the spectra of the other species. Considering a model of luminescent transitions in the uranyl ion in more detail, this observation is discussed in the light of the polymorphism of uranophane. We show evidence that variable amounts of uranophane-β phase embedded in uranophane-α are possibly at the origin of this spectral signature. Growth of those uranophane-β clusters might be induced by defects in the uranophane-α lattice and further promoted by the polymorphism of uranophane.

铀酰阳离子UO22+的发光取决于局部晶体环境,对结构的影响很敏感。本文给出了不同产地的相关铀酰硅酸盐(铀酰-α、铀酰-β、sklodowskite和haiweeite)的稳态光致发光光谱,并从构效关系的角度进行了讨论。选择这四种矿物是由于它们之间的密切关系:天王星-α和天王星-β是多晶型矿物,与sklodowski矿具有相同的下伏拓扑结构。不同拓扑结构的海威石与铀芬石共有Ca、U、Si、O组成元素,而sklodowskite中的Mg取代了Ca。所有物种的光谱都表现出一定的变异性,参数化为质心波长的变化。这些变异与缺陷和结构紊乱有关,与铀酰形成和迁移的研究有关。我们给出了结构紊乱影响最小的四种矿物的经验光谱。作为一个意想不到的特征,一个突出的-部分主导-双峰结构出现在天王星-α的情况下,而它在其他物种的光谱中不存在。考虑到铀酰离子中发光跃迁的一个更详细的模型,这一观察结果在铀酰的多态性的光进行了讨论。我们发现证据表明,在天王星-α中嵌入的不同数量的天王星-β相可能是这个光谱特征的起源。这些天王星-β簇的生长可能是由天王星-α晶格缺陷诱导的,并进一步受到天王星多态性的促进。
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引用次数: 0
Compressibilities along the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution 磁铁矿-镁铁素体固溶体的可压缩性
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01217-2
C. Melai, T. Boffa Ballaran, L. Uenver-Thiele, A. Kurnosov, A. I. Chumakov, D. Bessas, D. J. Frost

To calculate the thermodynamic properties of recently discovered high-pressure mixed valence iron oxides in the system Fe–Mg–O, information on the equation of state of precursor inverse spinel phases along the magnetite–magnesioferrite join is needed. The existing equation of state data, particularly for magnesioferrite, are in poor agreement and no data exist for intermediate compositions. In this study, the compressibility of nearly pure magnesioferrite as well as of an intermediate ({{mathrm{Mg}}_{0.5}}^{vphantom{2+}}mathrm{Fe}_{0.5}^{2+}{mathrm{Fe}}_{2}^{3+}{mathrm{O}}_{4}^{vphantom{2+}}) sample have been investigated for the first time up to approximately 19 and 13 GPa, respectively, using single-crystal X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. Samples were produced in high-pressure synthesis experiments to promote a high level of cation ordering, with the obtained inversion parameters larger than 0.83. The room pressure unit cell volumes, V0, and bulk moduli, KT0, could be adequately constrained using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, which yields V0 = 588.97 (8) Å3 and KT0 = 178.4 (5) GPa for magnesioferrite and V0 = 590.21 (5) Å3 and KT0 = 188.0 (6) GPa for the intermediate composition. As magnetite has KT0 = 180 (1) GPa (Gatta et al. in Phys Chem Min 34:627–635, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-007-0177-3), this means the variation in KT0 across the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution is significantly non-linear, in contrast to several other Fe–Mg spinels. The larger incompressibility of the intermediate composition compared to the two end-members may be a peculiarity of the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution caused by an interruption of Fe2+–Fe3+ electron hopping by Mg cations substituting in the octahedral site.

为了计算Fe-Mg-O体系中新发现的高压混合价铁氧化物的热力学性质,需要磁铁矿-镁铁素体连接处前驱体反尖晶石相的状态方程信息。现有的状态方程数据,特别是氧化镁铁素体的状态方程数据不太一致,没有中间成分的数据。在这项研究中,利用金刚石砧细胞中的单晶x射线衍射,首次研究了近纯镁铁素体以及中间({{mathrm{Mg}}_{0.5}}^{vphantom{2+}}mathrm{Fe}_{0.5}^{2+}{mathrm{Fe}}_{2}^{3+}{mathrm{O}}_{4}^{vphantom{2+}})样品的可压缩性分别高达约19和13 GPa。在高压合成实验中制备了样品,以促进高水平的阳离子有序,得到的反演参数大于0.83。用二阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程可以充分约束室压单元胞体积V0和体积模量KT0,其中氧化镁铁素体的V0 = 588.97 (8) Å3和KT0 = 178.4 (5) GPa,中间组分的V0 = 590.21 (5) Å3和KT0 = 188.0 (6) GPa。As磁铁矿的KT0 = 180 (1) GPa (Gatta et al.,物理化学学报,34:627-635,2007)。https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-007-0177-3),这意味着KT0在磁铁矿-镁铁素体固溶体中的变化是明显的非线性的,与其他几种铁镁尖晶石相反。中间组分的不可压缩性比两个端元更大,这可能是磁铁矿-镁铁素体固溶体的特性,这是由于镁离子在八面体位置取代导致Fe2+ -Fe3 +电子跳变中断所致。
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引用次数: 0
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Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
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