Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114715
Sadahiko Nakajima
The main objective of this research was to demonstrate food aversion learning in rats with unrestricted access to food and water, using wheel running as the unconditioned stimulus. Experiment 1 showed that the target-running paired training group consumed a statistically smaller amount of the target food (tteok rice cakes) compared to the target/running unpaired control group, but the decrease in consumption over days in the paired group was not fully supported by a statistical test. Experiment 2a improved the methodology by familiarizing rats with tteok before training, which resulted in both a statistically significant group effect and a statistically significant daily decrease in tteok consumption. Experiment 2b demonstrated that tteok aversion could be reacquired after an extinction phase. These experiments indicate that running-based tteok aversion in non-deprived rats is a valid example of Pavlovian conditioning and suggest that wheel running can cause similar effects in unrestricted rats as observed in food- or water-restricted rats. Additionally, daily measurements of kaolin clay ingestion suggested that wheel running induced nausea in the rats of these experiments.
{"title":"Running-based food aversion learning in freely-fed and hydrated rats: Daily monitoring of running-induced nausea by measuring kaolin clay ingestion","authors":"Sadahiko Nakajima","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this research was to demonstrate food aversion learning in rats with unrestricted access to food and water, using wheel running as the unconditioned stimulus. Experiment 1 showed that the target-running paired training group consumed a statistically smaller amount of the target food (tteok rice cakes) compared to the target/running unpaired control group, but the decrease in consumption over days in the paired group was not fully supported by a statistical test. Experiment 2a improved the methodology by familiarizing rats with tteok before training, which resulted in both a statistically significant group effect and a statistically significant daily decrease in tteok consumption. Experiment 2b demonstrated that tteok aversion could be reacquired after an extinction phase. These experiments indicate that running-based tteok aversion in non-deprived rats is a valid example of Pavlovian conditioning and suggest that wheel running can cause similar effects in unrestricted rats as observed in food- or water-restricted rats. Additionally, daily measurements of kaolin clay ingestion suggested that wheel running induced nausea in the rats of these experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaming is a global phenomenon often associated with impaired health and sleep patterns. Although the research activities are growing, the evidence to date is rare due to the various gaming titles and inconsistent study designs. Thus, this study aimed to examine the impact of excessive gaming in the evening on subjective as well as objective sleep parameters by focusing on specific game titles and assessing several evenings/nights using a mixed-methods approach.
Methods
A total of 33 experienced young male adults (23.00 ± 3.53 years old, ranked players in League of Legends or Counter-Strike: Global Offensive) took part. The individuals’ sleep parameters were assessed via diary and actigraphy. In randomized order, one week apart and for a duration of 120 min each, two study evenings were spent gaming, while the other two evenings were spent without digital media and gaming, but instead watching a nature documentary.
Results
No significant difference between the conditions were found (p > 0.05) in either the sleep duration nor the sleep quality. Daytime sleepiness was significantly increased after watching the documentary movie, when compared to gaming (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
These results indicate that, one the one hand, the gaming activity leads to higher arousal and alertness as it requires concentration and dedication. On the other hand, this impact seems only short-term and does not necessarily affect sleep patterns. Future studies are needed to gain deeper insights, especially regarding the long-term health effects of gaming.
{"title":"Does gaming keep subjects awake?: Subjective and objective sleep parameters following gaming in comparison to a passive control","authors":"Kristina Klier , André Alesi , Benedict Herhaus , Marius Keller , Jochen Hardt , Klara Brixius , Ingo Froböse , Matthias Wagner , Katja Petrowski","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Gaming is a global phenomenon often associated with impaired health and sleep patterns. Although the research activities are growing, the evidence to date is rare due to the various gaming titles and inconsistent study designs. Thus, this study aimed to examine the impact of excessive gaming in the evening on subjective as well as objective sleep parameters by focusing on specific game titles and assessing several evenings/nights using a mixed-methods approach.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 33 experienced young male adults (23.00 ± 3.53 years old, ranked players in League of Legends or Counter-Strike: Global Offensive) took part. The individuals’ sleep parameters were assessed via diary and actigraphy. In randomized order, one week apart and for a duration of 120 min each, two study evenings were spent gaming, while the other two evenings were spent without digital media and gaming, but instead watching a nature documentary.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant difference between the conditions were found (<em>p</em> > 0.05) in either the sleep duration nor the sleep quality. Daytime sleepiness was significantly increased after watching the documentary movie, when compared to gaming (<em>p</em> < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results indicate that, one the one hand, the gaming activity leads to higher arousal and alertness as it requires concentration and dedication. On the other hand, this impact seems only short-term and does not necessarily affect sleep patterns. Future studies are needed to gain deeper insights, especially regarding the long-term health effects of gaming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114713
Lilia Díaz , Carmen Cortes , Araceli Ugarte , Angélica Trujillo , Jose R Eguibar
The novel object recognition (NOR) test is an efficient way to measure nonspatial memory in rodents. The NOR performance of female and male rats is sexually dimorphic because memory performance is better in the former than in the latter. In females, maternal experience enhances spatial memory. We used the NOR test to evaluate short- and long-term recognition memory in both sexes in the high- and low-yawning sublines of rats (HY and LY, respectively), which were generated via a strict inbreeding process from the Sprague‒Dawley (SD) strain for more than ninety generations. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of maternal experience using nulliparous, primiparous, biparous, and multiparous HY, LY and SD dams. Our results revealed that LY rats presented less thigmotaxis, with lower central square crosses and more vertical exploration in the open-field arena, suggesting that they experienced anxiety. Additionally, LY males performed significantly better than LY females in short- and long-term NOR memory, and LY males performed significantly better than SD rats did. Among females, two maternal experiences negatively affected short-term memory in the LY and HY sublines with respect to primiparous dams, and HY dams had better memory performance in the NOR test than did SD dams. Our findings suggest that the yawning sublines are suitable for studying the neurobiological basis of different memory processes under different endocrine conditions in highly inbred groups of rats.
新物体识别（NOR）测试是测量啮齿类动物非空间记忆的有效方法。雌鼠和雄鼠的 NOR 表现具有性别二态性，因为前者的记忆表现优于后者。在雌性大鼠中，母性经验会增强空间记忆。我们使用 NOR 测试评估了高打哈欠亚系和低打哈欠亚系大鼠（分别为 HY 和 LY）的短期和长期识别记忆。此外，我们还利用 HY、LY 和 SD 母鼠的单胎、初产、双胎和多胎经验评估了母体经验的影响。我们的结果显示，LY大鼠在开阔场地中表现出较低的前倾性、较低的中央方格交叉和更多的垂直探索，这表明它们经历过焦虑。此外，LY雄性大鼠的短期和长期NOR记忆表现明显优于LY雌性大鼠，LY雄性大鼠的表现明显优于SD大鼠。在雌性大鼠中，与初产母鼠相比，两种母性经历对 LY 和 HY 亚系的短期记忆产生了负面影响，而 HY 母鼠在 NOR 测试中的记忆表现要优于 SD 母鼠。我们的研究结果表明，打哈欠亚系适合用于研究高度近交系大鼠群体在不同内分泌条件下不同记忆过程的神经生物学基础。
{"title":"Differences in memory performance: The effects of sex and reproductive experience on object recognition memory in high- and low-yawning Sprague‒Dawley rats","authors":"Lilia Díaz , Carmen Cortes , Araceli Ugarte , Angélica Trujillo , Jose R Eguibar","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The novel object recognition (NOR) test is an efficient way to measure nonspatial memory in rodents. The NOR performance of female and male rats is sexually dimorphic because memory performance is better in the former than in the latter. In females, maternal experience enhances spatial memory. We used the NOR test to evaluate short- and long-term recognition memory in both sexes in the high- and low-yawning sublines of rats (HY and LY, respectively), which were generated via a strict inbreeding process from the Sprague‒Dawley (SD) strain for more than ninety generations. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of maternal experience using nulliparous, primiparous, biparous, and multiparous HY, LY and SD dams. Our results revealed that LY rats presented less thigmotaxis, with lower central square crosses and more vertical exploration in the open-field arena, suggesting that they experienced anxiety. Additionally, LY males performed significantly better than LY females in short- and long-term NOR memory, and LY males performed significantly better than SD rats did. Among females, two maternal experiences negatively affected short-term memory in the LY and HY sublines with respect to primiparous dams, and HY dams had better memory performance in the NOR test than did SD dams. Our findings suggest that the yawning sublines are suitable for studying the neurobiological basis of different memory processes under different endocrine conditions in highly inbred groups of rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114711
Meredith E. Burns , Fernanda Medeiros Contini , Julie M. Michaud , Caitlin T. Waring , John C. Price , Alexander T. McFarland , Samantha G. Burke , Cloey A. Murphy , Grace E. Guindon , Merideth K. Krevosky , Joseph A. Seggio
Exposure to artificial light during the night is known to promote disruption to the biological clock, which can lead to impaired mood and metabolism. Metabolic hormone secretion is modulated by the circadian pacemaker and recent research has shown that hormones such as insulin and leptin can also directly affect behavioral outcomes and the circadian clock. In turn, obesity itself is known to modulate the circadian rhythm and alter emotionality. This study investigated the behavioral and metabolic effects of constant light exposure in two models of obesity – a leptin null mutant (OB) and diet-induced obesity via high-fat diet. For both experiments, mice were placed into either a standard Light:Dark cycle (LD) or constant light (LL) and their circadian locomotor rhythms were continuously monitored. After 10 weeks of exposure to their respective lighting conditions, all mice were subjected to an open field assay to assess their explorative behaviors. Their metabolic hormone levels and inflammation levels were also measured. Behaviorally, exposure to constant light led to increased period lengthening and open field activity in the lean mice compared to both obesity models. Metabolically, LL led to increased cytokine levels and poorer metabolic outcomes in both lean and obese mice, sometimes exacerbating the metabolic issues in the obese mice, independent of weight gain. This study illustrates that LL can produce altered behavioral and physiological outcomes, even in lean mice. These results also indicate that obesity induced by different reasons can lead to shortened circadian rhythmicity and exploratory activity when exposed to chronic light.
{"title":"Obesity alters circadian and behavioral responses to constant light in male mice","authors":"Meredith E. Burns , Fernanda Medeiros Contini , Julie M. Michaud , Caitlin T. Waring , John C. Price , Alexander T. McFarland , Samantha G. Burke , Cloey A. Murphy , Grace E. Guindon , Merideth K. Krevosky , Joseph A. Seggio","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to artificial light during the night is known to promote disruption to the biological clock, which can lead to impaired mood and metabolism. Metabolic hormone secretion is modulated by the circadian pacemaker and recent research has shown that hormones such as insulin and leptin can also directly affect behavioral outcomes and the circadian clock. In turn, obesity itself is known to modulate the circadian rhythm and alter emotionality. This study investigated the behavioral and metabolic effects of constant light exposure in two models of obesity – a leptin null mutant (OB) and diet-induced obesity via high-fat diet. For both experiments, mice were placed into either a standard Light:Dark cycle (LD) or constant light (LL) and their circadian locomotor rhythms were continuously monitored. After 10 weeks of exposure to their respective lighting conditions, all mice were subjected to an open field assay to assess their explorative behaviors. Their metabolic hormone levels and inflammation levels were also measured. Behaviorally, exposure to constant light led to increased period lengthening and open field activity in the lean mice compared to both obesity models. Metabolically, LL led to increased cytokine levels and poorer metabolic outcomes in both lean and obese mice, sometimes exacerbating the metabolic issues in the obese mice, independent of weight gain. This study illustrates that LL can produce altered behavioral and physiological outcomes, even in lean mice. These results also indicate that obesity induced by different reasons can lead to shortened circadian rhythmicity and exploratory activity when exposed to chronic light.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In clinical practice, the use of exogenous progesterone (Pro) is often required in assisted reproduction programs due to reduced levels of the hormone and the risk of miscarriage. Exposure to the hormone reduces anxiety in rodents, but the long-term effects of prenatal exposure in adult offspring are unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of prenatal Pro treatment on anxiety- and depression-like behavior and the effect on plasma, hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) and hippocampal progesterone receptor (PR) in young adult male and female rat offspring. The behavioral responses of offspring of both sexes were tested in the open field, and the elevated plus maze tests, and for depressive-like behavior in the sucrose preference test, the forced swimming test and the splash test. CORT levels and PR expression were measured by ELISA. The results indicate that prenatal Pro exposure at low and high doses (10 and 50 mg kg-1, s.c. during G0-G10) induces anxiogenic and depressive-like effects compared to vehicle-treated controls, which are associated with high plasma and hippocampal CORT levels and upregulated hippocampal PR in male and female adult offspring. Our results demonstrate that prenatal Pro exposure has detrimental effects on the emotional status of male and female adult offspring, which may be associated with long-term changes in hormonal homeostasis.
{"title":"Detrimental effect of prenatal progesterone exposure on anxiety and depressive-like responses in adult male and female rat offspring: Role of plasma, hippocampal corticosterone and hippocampal progesterone receptors","authors":"Zlatina Nenchovska , Milena Atanasova , Tsveta Stoynova , Gergana Toteva , Jana Tchekalarova","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In clinical practice, the use of exogenous progesterone (Pro) is often required in assisted reproduction programs due to reduced levels of the hormone and the risk of miscarriage. Exposure to the hormone reduces anxiety in rodents, but the long-term effects of prenatal exposure in adult offspring are unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of prenatal Pro treatment on anxiety- and depression-like behavior and the effect on plasma, hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) and hippocampal progesterone receptor (PR) in young adult male and female rat offspring. The behavioral responses of offspring of both sexes were tested in the open field, and the elevated plus maze tests, and for depressive-like behavior in the sucrose preference test, the forced swimming test and the splash test. CORT levels and PR expression were measured by ELISA. The results indicate that prenatal Pro exposure at low and high doses (10 and 50 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, s.c. during G0-G10) induces anxiogenic and depressive-like effects compared to vehicle-treated controls, which are associated with high plasma and hippocampal CORT levels and upregulated hippocampal PR in male and female adult offspring. Our results demonstrate that prenatal Pro exposure has detrimental effects on the emotional status of male and female adult offspring, which may be associated with long-term changes in hormonal homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Females of various species exhibit mounting behavior toward other mature females, i.e., female–female (f–f) mounting. Cows exhibit f–f mounting, which is commonly considered a sexual behavior based on a few similarities with male sexual mounting. Here, we hypothesized that the degree of f–f mounting exhibited by cows in estrus would increase when they are sexually motivated by sexually relevant stimuli. To test this hypothesis, two groups of four cows each were prepared. First, estrus was induced in one of the cows in each group by injecting estradiol in the presence of a non-sexually active male steer as a stimulus animal (steer-stimulus condition), and all f–f mounts were recorded. Estrus induction was repeated until induced in all cows. We then changed the stimulus animal from the steer to a sexually active bull (bull-stimulus condition), and the estrus induction procedures were repeated as before. We confirmed that estrus was induced successfully in cows injected with estradiol and that they were sexually motivated by switching the stimulus animal from steer to bull, as they spent relatively more time with the stimulus animal in the bull-stimulus than in the steer-stimulus condition and when not in estrus. However, f–f mounting frequency in the bull-stimulus condition showed no significant difference to that in the steer-stimulus condition. We observed that six of the eight subjects exhibited f–f mounting when not in estrus, which accounted for 44.6 % of f–f mounting we observed (n = 668). These findings suggest that f–f mounting in cows is not associated with sexual motivation.
{"title":"Mounting exhibited between cows is not associated with sexual motivation","authors":"Satoru Suzuki , Hideki Ogasawara , Reina Fujimoto , Yasushi Kiyokawa , Yukari Takeuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Females of various species exhibit mounting behavior toward other mature females, i.e., female–female (f–f) mounting. Cows exhibit f–f mounting, which is commonly considered a sexual behavior based on a few similarities with male sexual mounting. Here, we hypothesized that the degree of f–f mounting exhibited by cows in estrus would increase when they are sexually motivated by sexually relevant stimuli. To test this hypothesis, two groups of four cows each were prepared. First, estrus was induced in one of the cows in each group by injecting estradiol in the presence of a non-sexually active male steer as a stimulus animal (<em>steer</em>-stimulus condition), and all f–f mounts were recorded. Estrus induction was repeated until induced in all cows. We then changed the stimulus animal from the steer to a sexually active bull (<em>bull</em>-stimulus condition), and the estrus induction procedures were repeated as before. We confirmed that estrus was induced successfully in cows injected with estradiol and that they were sexually motivated by switching the stimulus animal from steer to bull, as they spent relatively more time with the stimulus animal in the <em>bull</em>-stimulus than in the <em>steer</em>-stimulus condition and when not in estrus. However, f–f mounting frequency in the <em>bull</em>-stimulus condition showed no significant difference to that in the <em>steer</em>-stimulus condition. We observed that six of the eight subjects exhibited f–f mounting when not in estrus, which accounted for 44.6 % of f–f mounting we observed (n = 668). These findings suggest that f–f mounting in cows is not associated with sexual motivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114709
Adam O'Riordan , Aisling M. Costello
Objective
The current study aims to (1) examine the association between measures of trait anger (i.e., anger temperament and anger reaction) and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress, and (2) to identify if anger expression styles moderate the association between trait anger and cardiovascular reactivity.
Methods
A sample of 669 participants completed a standardized cardiovascular reactivity protocol consisting of resting baseline and stressor phase (mental arithmetic and Stroop), with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) monitored throughout. Participants also completed measures of trait anger including anger temperament and anger reaction, as well as measures assessing anger expression styles including anger-in, anger-out and anger control.
Results
Anger temperament was significantly associated with blunted cardiovascular reactivity, as well as increased levels of subjective stress. Moreover, the association between anger temperament and cardiovascular reactivity was significantly moderated by anger-in, with associations observed only amongst those who reported an increased tendency to suppress their anger. The association between anger reaction and cardiovascular reactivity was moderated by both anger-out and anger control.
Conclusion
While blunted cardiovascular responses may be a mechanism linking facets of trait anger to adverse health outcomes, the current findings accentuate the importance of considering expression styles when examining the association between anger experience and cardiovascular reactivity.
{"title":"Examining the moderating effects of anger expression style on the association between facets of trait anger and cardiovascular responses to acute psychological stress","authors":"Adam O'Riordan , Aisling M. Costello","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The current study aims to (1) examine the association between measures of trait anger (i.e., anger temperament and anger reaction) and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress, and (2) to identify if anger expression styles moderate the association between trait anger and cardiovascular reactivity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sample of 669 participants completed a standardized cardiovascular reactivity protocol consisting of resting baseline and stressor phase (mental arithmetic and Stroop), with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) monitored throughout. Participants also completed measures of trait anger including anger temperament and anger reaction, as well as measures assessing anger expression styles including anger-in, anger-out and anger control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Anger temperament was significantly associated with blunted cardiovascular reactivity, as well as increased levels of subjective stress. Moreover, the association between anger temperament and cardiovascular reactivity was significantly moderated by anger-in, with associations observed only amongst those who reported an increased tendency to suppress their anger. The association between anger reaction and cardiovascular reactivity was moderated by both anger-out and anger control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While blunted cardiovascular responses may be a mechanism linking facets of trait anger to adverse health outcomes, the current findings accentuate the importance of considering expression styles when examining the association between anger experience and cardiovascular reactivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114708
Nicolas Van Zele , Thomas Nicot , Thierry Lengagne , Rémi Ksas , Olivier Lourdais
To minimize predation risk and the cost of confronting predators, prey have developed a range of defensive strategies and warning signals. Although advantageous, defensive warnings may also induce physiological and energy costs to the emitter. Ventilatory sounds (hissing) are the most distributed warning sound in vertebrates. Because they involve the respiratory apparatus, defensive hissing may substantially increase evaporative water loss. Herein, we examined the determinants of hissing as well as its physiological costs in a medium-sized venomous snake, the long-nosed viper (Vipera ammodytes). We first used a neutral arena and applied standardized stimulation to measure the occurrence and acoustic characteristics of warning hissing. Then, we used open-flow respirometry to quantify changes in respiratory gas exchanges (oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss) during defensive responses. We demonstrated that males are more likely to engage in sound warnings when stimulated. Expirations generated the strongest signals compared to inspiration but did not differ between sexes. We found that defensive hissing dramatically increased average metabolic rate and evaporative water loss during the 10-minute stimulation period, and this effect was more pronounced in males. Metabolic rates and evaporative water loss were closely related to the duration of hissing. Overall, our results indicate that respiratory-based warning sounds induce significant physiological costs and may alter water balance. The higher responsiveness in males than females likely reflects sexually selective pressure (higher mobility for mate acquisition) and enhanced risk exposure.
{"title":"Physiological costs of warning: Defensive hissing increases metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in a venomous snake","authors":"Nicolas Van Zele , Thomas Nicot , Thierry Lengagne , Rémi Ksas , Olivier Lourdais","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To minimize predation risk and the cost of confronting predators, prey have developed a range of defensive strategies and warning signals. Although advantageous, defensive warnings may also induce physiological and energy costs to the emitter. Ventilatory sounds (hissing) are the most distributed warning sound in vertebrates. Because they involve the respiratory apparatus, defensive hissing may substantially increase evaporative water loss. Herein, we examined the determinants of hissing as well as its physiological costs in a medium-sized venomous snake, the long-nosed viper (<em>Vipera ammodytes</em>). We first used a neutral arena and applied standardized stimulation to measure the occurrence and acoustic characteristics of warning hissing. Then, we used open-flow respirometry to quantify changes in respiratory gas exchanges (oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss) during defensive responses. We demonstrated that males are more likely to engage in sound warnings when stimulated. Expirations generated the strongest signals compared to inspiration but did not differ between sexes. We found that defensive hissing dramatically increased average metabolic rate and evaporative water loss during the 10-minute stimulation period, and this effect was more pronounced in males. Metabolic rates and evaporative water loss were closely related to the duration of hissing. Overall, our results indicate that respiratory-based warning sounds induce significant physiological costs and may alter water balance. The higher responsiveness in males than females likely reflects sexually selective pressure (higher mobility for mate acquisition) and enhanced risk exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 114708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114704
Yong Liu , Xuemeng Zhang , Yazhi Pang , Jia Zhao , Jinfeng Han , Yuanluo Jing , Hong Chen
Restrained eaters are individuals who consciously follow a limited food intake diet to lose or maintain body weight. With the rising numbers of obesity cases, retrained eating has became more prevalent as more people adopt it to cope with obesity. The dual conflict theory states that restrained eaters often encounter conflicting choices of food pleasure and weight management. The present study investigated the difference in food choice regarding different presentations of the weight management goal. The study hypothesized difference in successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters’ food choice when presented with the conflicting food/weight maintenance stimuli. A total of 49 college students participated in the study and the N2, P3 and LPP event-related potentials (ERPs) were investigated during a food choice task. Results showed that the reaction time in unsuccessful restrained eaters (UREs) were greater than successful restrained eaters (SREs). The ERP results showed that SREs exhibited smaller N2 and greater P3 amplitudes than UREs, however, we did not find a difference in LPP amplitudes between the two groups. The findings suggest that the UREs demonstrated greater sensitivity and smaller inhibition to food cues, while we do not have supports for a difference in motivational and emotional salience. This is the first study that investigated the food choice of SREs and UREs when faced with different presentations of conflicting goals, which enriches the theoretical model and provides neural correlates evidence for future studies.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114707
Silvia Papalini
People use various behaviors to cope with stressful events. These behaviors are mostly adaptive, as they allow a successful release of stress without impacting other aspects of life: How nice is it to have a break with a few spoons of that favorite ice cream during a hectic working day? However, when excessive consumption of high-sugar/salt ultra-processed food becomes the gateway to find relief from stress, eating loses this adaptive function and may escalate to binge eating, lead to obesity, and other medical conditions linked to overweight.
Several etiological models attempt to explain stress-induced eating and excessive overeating behaviors characterizing these clinical conditions. The popular Emotional Eating Theory proposes that stress-related (over-)eating, a major predictor of obesity and diagnosed binge eating disorders, develops based on negative reinforcement learning since food consumption regulates the negative affective state associated with stressful circumstances. Differently, the prominent Incentive Sensitization Theory explains overeating, binge eating disorders (including bulimia), and obesity in terms of excessive amplification of reward ‘wanting’, which is thought to emerge from overexposure to obesogenic (food)cues. The several studies oriented by these theories have paved the way to better understand stress-related (over-)eating and its clinical excesses. However, a deep mechanistic understanding of how and why stress-induced (over-)eating can escalate till clinical forms of overeating remain elusive. A well-funded connection of the mechanisms proposed by the Emotional Eating Theory and the Incentive Sensitization Theory might address this etiological open question. To avoid erroneous arguments, it is however essential to first address the internal theoretical and methodological shortcomings of each theory and connected studies. These shortcomings stem from conceptual fallacies and poorly implemented designs, which might partially explain the ‘high variability and low replicability’ problem of empirical findings. Next, the formulation of a new integrative model could provide fresh insight into the deep learning and biological mechanisms of this escalation. A successful formalization of this model could then create the much-needed impact in clinical and preventive research since excessive overeating is a behavior hard to change once established.
In this opinion paper, I propose to apply recent insights we gathered on the role of relief from the field of safety learning to stress (over-)eating. I will present a new relief-based model that, as a starting point, has the potential to connect the Emotional Eating Theory with the Incentive Sensitization Theory, setting the base for more integrative science.
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