Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a protective coating system on mild steel panel incorporating epoxidized natural rubber with acrylic polyol resin. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a novel attempt is made to develop binder coatings using epoxidized natural rubber-based material and an organic resin (acrylic resin) for corrosion protection on metal substrate. Seven different samples of multifunctional coatings are developed by varying the compositions of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and acrylic resin. The properties of the developed coatings have been characterized using analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS has been carried out for 30 days to evaluate the corrosion resistance after immersing into 3.5 wt.% of sodium chloride. Cross hatch cut tester (CHT) has been used to study the adhesive properties. UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis) was also used to assess changes in the coating-film transparency of the natural rubber-based coating systems in this study. Findings The developed coatings have formed uniform layer on the substrate. CHT results show excellent adhesion of the coatings. Higher concentrations of ENR have higher transparency level, which reduces when the acrylic concentration increases. FTIR analysis confirms the crosslinking that occurred between the components of the coatings. Based on the impedance data from EIS, the incorporation of natural rubber can be an additive for the corrosion protection, which has the coating resistance values well above 108Ω even after 30 days of immersion. Practical implications The blending method provides a simple and practical solution to improve the strength and adhesion properties of acrylic polyol resin with epoxidized natural rubber. There is still improvement needed for long-term applications. Originality/value The work has been conducted in our laboratory. The combination of natural rubber-based materials and organic resins is a new approach in coating research.
{"title":"Development of protective coating system using natural rubber – acrylic polyol resin for mild steel","authors":"Monapriya Naidu Kerinasamy Naidu, Iling Aema Wonnie Ma, Sachin Sharma Ashok Kumar, Vengadaesvaran Balakrishnan, Ramesh Subramaniam, Ramesh Kasi","doi":"10.1108/prt-06-2023-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-06-2023-0055","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a protective coating system on mild steel panel incorporating epoxidized natural rubber with acrylic polyol resin. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a novel attempt is made to develop binder coatings using epoxidized natural rubber-based material and an organic resin (acrylic resin) for corrosion protection on metal substrate. Seven different samples of multifunctional coatings are developed by varying the compositions of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and acrylic resin. The properties of the developed coatings have been characterized using analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS has been carried out for 30 days to evaluate the corrosion resistance after immersing into 3.5 wt.% of sodium chloride. Cross hatch cut tester (CHT) has been used to study the adhesive properties. UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis) was also used to assess changes in the coating-film transparency of the natural rubber-based coating systems in this study. Findings The developed coatings have formed uniform layer on the substrate. CHT results show excellent adhesion of the coatings. Higher concentrations of ENR have higher transparency level, which reduces when the acrylic concentration increases. FTIR analysis confirms the crosslinking that occurred between the components of the coatings. Based on the impedance data from EIS, the incorporation of natural rubber can be an additive for the corrosion protection, which has the coating resistance values well above 108Ω even after 30 days of immersion. Practical implications The blending method provides a simple and practical solution to improve the strength and adhesion properties of acrylic polyol resin with epoxidized natural rubber. There is still improvement needed for long-term applications. Originality/value The work has been conducted in our laboratory. The combination of natural rubber-based materials and organic resins is a new approach in coating research.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1108/prt-01-2023-0005
Ali A. Ali, M. Abass, S.A. El-Molla, Shimaa Abdel Halim, EL-Shimaa Ibrahim
Graphical abstract Purpose This study aims to synthesize new disperse dyes based on novel pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives EQ1 and EQ2 and evaluate their characteristics after dyeing them on a polyester fabric. Design/methodology/approach New dispersed dyes based on pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives were prepared and confirmed by different analyses, such as infrared spectroscopy, elemental microanalysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They were dyed on a polyester fabric. The characteristics of dyed polyester were determined by color measurements such as a*, b*, L*, C*, E, Ho, R% and color strength. The electronic structures of EQ1 and EQ2 in gaseous state were investigated using density functional theory/B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level of theory. Findings The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for dyeing on polyester fabrics has been investigated. The study was concerned with comparing the contrasting depth of shade and levelness. The study was concerned mainly with dye uptake and color measurements at two different temperatures. The results showed that the exhaustion values of dyes inside the polyester at 130°C were higher than those obtained at conventional dyeing temperature (100°C). The exhaustion values of EQ2 were greater than those of EQ1 at 130°C with 2.2%, while the brightness of EQ2 was higher than that of EQ1 at the two investigated temperatures. The results of molecular orbital calculations show that the studied compounds are planar. In addition, the ionization potential of EQ1 was lower than that of EQ2 . The results of the theoretical study helped in understanding the dyeing behavior of the investigated azo dyes. Originality/value The prepared disperse dyes based on pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives could be used in textile dyeing of polyester on an industrial scale.
{"title":"Synthesis of novel pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives and their physicochemical applications on polyester","authors":"Ali A. Ali, M. Abass, S.A. El-Molla, Shimaa Abdel Halim, EL-Shimaa Ibrahim","doi":"10.1108/prt-01-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Graphical abstract Purpose This study aims to synthesize new disperse dyes based on novel pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives EQ1 and EQ2 and evaluate their characteristics after dyeing them on a polyester fabric. Design/methodology/approach New dispersed dyes based on pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives were prepared and confirmed by different analyses, such as infrared spectroscopy, elemental microanalysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They were dyed on a polyester fabric. The characteristics of dyed polyester were determined by color measurements such as a*, b*, L*, C*, E, Ho, R% and color strength. The electronic structures of EQ1 and EQ2 in gaseous state were investigated using density functional theory/B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level of theory. Findings The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for dyeing on polyester fabrics has been investigated. The study was concerned with comparing the contrasting depth of shade and levelness. The study was concerned mainly with dye uptake and color measurements at two different temperatures. The results showed that the exhaustion values of dyes inside the polyester at 130°C were higher than those obtained at conventional dyeing temperature (100°C). The exhaustion values of EQ2 were greater than those of EQ1 at 130°C with 2.2%, while the brightness of EQ2 was higher than that of EQ1 at the two investigated temperatures. The results of molecular orbital calculations show that the studied compounds are planar. In addition, the ionization potential of EQ1 was lower than that of EQ2 . The results of the theoretical study helped in understanding the dyeing behavior of the investigated azo dyes. Originality/value The prepared disperse dyes based on pyrazolyl quinolinone derivatives could be used in textile dyeing of polyester on an industrial scale.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135963457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The manufacture of polymer composites with a lower environmental footprint requires incorporation of sustainably sourced components. In addition, the incorporation of novel components should not compromise the material properties. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a synthetic amine functional toluidine acetaldehyde condensate (AFTAC) as a modifier for fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. One of the fiber components was sourced from agricultural byproducts, and glass fiber was used as the fiber component for comparison. Design/methodology/approach The AFTAC condensate was synthesized via an acid-catalyzed reaction between o -toluidine and acetaldehyde. To demonstrate its efficacy as a toughening agent for diglycidyl ether bisphenol A resin composites and for the comparison of reinforcing materials of interest, composites were fabricated using a natural fiber (mat stick) and a synthetic glass fiber as the reinforcing material. A matched metal die technique was used to fabricate the composites. Composites were prepared and their mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Findings The inclusion of AFTAC led to an improvement in the mechanical strengths of these composites without any significant deterioration of the thermal stability. It was also observed that the fracture strengths for mat stick fiber-reinforced composites were lower than that of glass fiber-reinforced composites. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the use of the AFTAC modifier as well as incorporation of mat stick fibers in epoxy composites has not been demonstrated previously.
{"title":"Effect of an amine-aldehyde condensate modifier on the thermal and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites","authors":"Goutam Kumar Jana, Sumit Bera, Ribhu Maity, Tithi Maity, Arjun Mahato, Shibayan Roy, Hemakesh Mohapatra, Bidhan Chandra Samanta","doi":"10.1108/prt-01-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The manufacture of polymer composites with a lower environmental footprint requires incorporation of sustainably sourced components. In addition, the incorporation of novel components should not compromise the material properties. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a synthetic amine functional toluidine acetaldehyde condensate (AFTAC) as a modifier for fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. One of the fiber components was sourced from agricultural byproducts, and glass fiber was used as the fiber component for comparison. Design/methodology/approach The AFTAC condensate was synthesized via an acid-catalyzed reaction between o -toluidine and acetaldehyde. To demonstrate its efficacy as a toughening agent for diglycidyl ether bisphenol A resin composites and for the comparison of reinforcing materials of interest, composites were fabricated using a natural fiber (mat stick) and a synthetic glass fiber as the reinforcing material. A matched metal die technique was used to fabricate the composites. Composites were prepared and their mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Findings The inclusion of AFTAC led to an improvement in the mechanical strengths of these composites without any significant deterioration of the thermal stability. It was also observed that the fracture strengths for mat stick fiber-reinforced composites were lower than that of glass fiber-reinforced composites. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the use of the AFTAC modifier as well as incorporation of mat stick fibers in epoxy composites has not been demonstrated previously.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135043410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1108/prt-07-2023-0058
Junjian Lu, Hongbin Zhong, Fei Luo
Purpose The purpose of this research is as follows: DPP-BOH-PVA has been synthesized from 1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl-5'-boronic acid (DPP-OH) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The afterglow lifetime of DPP-BOH-PVA was studied by changing contents of DPP-OH (1, 2 and 4 Wt.%). These films were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction as structural analysis and DSC as thermal analysis. Afterglow lifetimes were evaluated as time-resolved emission decay profile analysis. Fiber films of DPP-BOH-PVA-2-E have been prepared by electrospinning method with the diameter of 5 μm and afterglow life time of 2.1 s (@ 535 nm) under ambient conditions. Stimulus responsive properties with afterglow emission for fiber film were investigated. Design/methodology/approach During the synthesis of the polymer, modification was carried out using DPP-OH/PVA with a molar ratio of 1/4, under an alkalinity medium with ammonium hydroxide and with a temperature of 80°C. Findings XRD results indicate that DPP-BOH-PVA film had high crystallinity, which is crucial for preparing organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials. Research limitations/implications The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the rapid evaporation of ammonium hydroxide. Practical implications This study provides technical information for the synthesis of multidimensional stimulation response RTP micron fiber thin film. The electrospinning technology may also promote the applications of the large areas of RTP films. Social implications This resin will be used for the multidimensional stimulation response RTP fiber thin film. Originality/value The diameter of fiber film of PP-BOH-PVA-2-E by electrospinning method was in the range of 5 μm, and its afterglow lifetime decayed to be 2.1 s.
{"title":"Multidimensional stimulation response RTP micron fiber thin film","authors":"Junjian Lu, Hongbin Zhong, Fei Luo","doi":"10.1108/prt-07-2023-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2023-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The purpose of this research is as follows: DPP-BOH-PVA has been synthesized from 1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl-5'-boronic acid (DPP-OH) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The afterglow lifetime of DPP-BOH-PVA was studied by changing contents of DPP-OH (1, 2 and 4 Wt.%). These films were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction as structural analysis and DSC as thermal analysis. Afterglow lifetimes were evaluated as time-resolved emission decay profile analysis. Fiber films of DPP-BOH-PVA-2-E have been prepared by electrospinning method with the diameter of 5 μm and afterglow life time of 2.1 s (@ 535 nm) under ambient conditions. Stimulus responsive properties with afterglow emission for fiber film were investigated. Design/methodology/approach During the synthesis of the polymer, modification was carried out using DPP-OH/PVA with a molar ratio of 1/4, under an alkalinity medium with ammonium hydroxide and with a temperature of 80°C. Findings XRD results indicate that DPP-BOH-PVA film had high crystallinity, which is crucial for preparing organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials. Research limitations/implications The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the rapid evaporation of ammonium hydroxide. Practical implications This study provides technical information for the synthesis of multidimensional stimulation response RTP micron fiber thin film. The electrospinning technology may also promote the applications of the large areas of RTP films. Social implications This resin will be used for the multidimensional stimulation response RTP fiber thin film. Originality/value The diameter of fiber film of PP-BOH-PVA-2-E by electrospinning method was in the range of 5 μm, and its afterglow lifetime decayed to be 2.1 s.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135200158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1108/prt-05-2023-0039
Siddhesh Umesh Mestry, Vardhan B. Satalkar, S.T. Mhaske
Purpose This study aims to describe the design and synthesis of two novel azo and imine chromophores-based dyes derived from two different aldehydes with intramolecular colour matching that are pH sensitive. Design/methodology/approach The visible absorption wavelength (λ max ) was extended when azo chromophore was included in imine-based systems. The dyed patterns created sophisticated colour-changing paper packaging sensors with pH-sensitive chromophores using alum as a mediator or mordant. Due to the tight adhesive bonding, the dyes on paper’s cellulose fibres could not be removed by ordinary water even at extremely high or low pH, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The dyed patterns demonstrated an evident, sensitive and fast colour-changing mechanism with varying pH, from pale yellow to red for Dye-I and from pale yellow to brown-violet for Dye-II. Findings The λ max for colour changing was recorded from 400 to 490 nm for Dye-I, whereas from 400 to 520 for Dye-II. The freshness judgement of food was checked using actual experiments with cooked crab spoilage, where the cooked crab was incubated at 37 o C for 6 h to see the noticeable colour change from yellow to brown-violet with Dye-II. The colour-changing mechanism was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra at different pH, and thin layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and FTIR spectroscopy studied the desired structure formation of the dyes. Potential uses for smart packaging sensors include quickly detecting food freshness during transportation or right before consumption. Originality/value 1. Two novel azo-imine dyes have been synthesized with a pH-responsive effect. 2. The pH-responsive mechanism was studied. 3. The study was supported by computational chemistry using density functional theory. 4. The obtained dyes were used to make pH-responsive sensors for seafood packaging to judge the freshness.
{"title":"Development of imine-azo-dyes derived from vanillin and salicylaldehyde for pH-sensing in smart packaging","authors":"Siddhesh Umesh Mestry, Vardhan B. Satalkar, S.T. Mhaske","doi":"10.1108/prt-05-2023-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2023-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose This study aims to describe the design and synthesis of two novel azo and imine chromophores-based dyes derived from two different aldehydes with intramolecular colour matching that are pH sensitive. Design/methodology/approach The visible absorption wavelength (λ max ) was extended when azo chromophore was included in imine-based systems. The dyed patterns created sophisticated colour-changing paper packaging sensors with pH-sensitive chromophores using alum as a mediator or mordant. Due to the tight adhesive bonding, the dyes on paper’s cellulose fibres could not be removed by ordinary water even at extremely high or low pH, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The dyed patterns demonstrated an evident, sensitive and fast colour-changing mechanism with varying pH, from pale yellow to red for Dye-I and from pale yellow to brown-violet for Dye-II. Findings The λ max for colour changing was recorded from 400 to 490 nm for Dye-I, whereas from 400 to 520 for Dye-II. The freshness judgement of food was checked using actual experiments with cooked crab spoilage, where the cooked crab was incubated at 37 o C for 6 h to see the noticeable colour change from yellow to brown-violet with Dye-II. The colour-changing mechanism was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra at different pH, and thin layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and FTIR spectroscopy studied the desired structure formation of the dyes. Potential uses for smart packaging sensors include quickly detecting food freshness during transportation or right before consumption. Originality/value 1. Two novel azo-imine dyes have been synthesized with a pH-responsive effect. 2. The pH-responsive mechanism was studied. 3. The study was supported by computational chemistry using density functional theory. 4. The obtained dyes were used to make pH-responsive sensors for seafood packaging to judge the freshness.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135476843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The purpose of this study is to prepare thermal transfer ribbons with good alcohol resistance. Design/methodology/approach A variety of alcohol-resistant thermal transfer inks were prepared using different polyester resins. The printing temperature, printing effect, adhesion and alcohol resistance of the inks on the label were studied to determine the feasibility of using the ink for manufacturing thermal transfer ribbons. The ink formulations were prepared by a simple and stable grinding technology, and then use mature coating technology to make the ink into a thermal transfer ribbon. Findings The results show that the thermal transfer ink has good scratch resistance, good alcohol resistance and low printing temperature when the three resins coexist. Notably, the performance of the ribbon produced by 500 mesh anilox roller was better than that of other meshes. Specifically, the ink on the matte silver polyethylene terephthalate (PET) label surface was wiped with a cotton cloth soaked in isopropyl alcohol under 500 g of pressure. After 50 wiping cycles, the ink remained intact. Originality/value The proposed method not only ensures good alcohol resistance but also has lower printing temperature and wider label applicability. Therefore, it can effectively reduce the loss of printhead and reduce production costs, because of the low printing temperature.
{"title":"Preparation of alcohol-resistant ink using polyester resin for thermal transfer ribbon","authors":"Yuanhao Yang, Guangyu Chen, Zhuo Luo, Liuqing Huang, Chentong Zhang, Xuetao Luo, Haixiang Luo, Weiwei Yu","doi":"10.1108/prt-12-2022-0142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2022-0142","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The purpose of this study is to prepare thermal transfer ribbons with good alcohol resistance. Design/methodology/approach A variety of alcohol-resistant thermal transfer inks were prepared using different polyester resins. The printing temperature, printing effect, adhesion and alcohol resistance of the inks on the label were studied to determine the feasibility of using the ink for manufacturing thermal transfer ribbons. The ink formulations were prepared by a simple and stable grinding technology, and then use mature coating technology to make the ink into a thermal transfer ribbon. Findings The results show that the thermal transfer ink has good scratch resistance, good alcohol resistance and low printing temperature when the three resins coexist. Notably, the performance of the ribbon produced by 500 mesh anilox roller was better than that of other meshes. Specifically, the ink on the matte silver polyethylene terephthalate (PET) label surface was wiped with a cotton cloth soaked in isopropyl alcohol under 500 g of pressure. After 50 wiping cycles, the ink remained intact. Originality/value The proposed method not only ensures good alcohol resistance but also has lower printing temperature and wider label applicability. Therefore, it can effectively reduce the loss of printhead and reduce production costs, because of the low printing temperature.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135477810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1108/prt-05-2023-0047
Aying Zhang, Ziyu Xing, Haibao Lu
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanochemical effect and self-growth mechanism of double-network (DN) gel and to provide a quasiperiodic model for rubber elasticity. Design/methodology/approach The chemical reaction kinetics is used to identify the mechanochemical transition probability of host brittle network and to explore the mechanical behavior of endosymbiont ductile network. A quasiperiodic model is proposed to characterize the cooperative coupling of host–endosymbiont networks using the Penrose tiling of a 2 × 2 matrix. Moreover, a free-energy model is formulated to explore the constitutive stress–strain relationship for the DN gel based on the rubber elasticity theory and Gent model. Findings In this study, a quasiperiodic graph model has been developed to describe the cooperative interaction between brittle and ductile networks, which undergo the mechanochemical coupling and mechanical stretching behaviors, respectively. The quasiperiodic Penrose tiling determines the mechanochemistry and self-growth effect of DNs. Originality/value It is expected to formulate a quasiperiodic graph model of host–guest interaction between two networks to explore the working principle of mechanical and self-growing behavior in DN hydrogels, undergoing complex mechanochemical effect. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified using both finite element analysis and experimental results of DN gels reported in literature.
{"title":"Quasiperiodic graph model of rubber elasticity in double-network gels undergoing mechanochemical coupling","authors":"Aying Zhang, Ziyu Xing, Haibao Lu","doi":"10.1108/prt-05-2023-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2023-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanochemical effect and self-growth mechanism of double-network (DN) gel and to provide a quasiperiodic model for rubber elasticity. Design/methodology/approach The chemical reaction kinetics is used to identify the mechanochemical transition probability of host brittle network and to explore the mechanical behavior of endosymbiont ductile network. A quasiperiodic model is proposed to characterize the cooperative coupling of host–endosymbiont networks using the Penrose tiling of a 2 × 2 matrix. Moreover, a free-energy model is formulated to explore the constitutive stress–strain relationship for the DN gel based on the rubber elasticity theory and Gent model. Findings In this study, a quasiperiodic graph model has been developed to describe the cooperative interaction between brittle and ductile networks, which undergo the mechanochemical coupling and mechanical stretching behaviors, respectively. The quasiperiodic Penrose tiling determines the mechanochemistry and self-growth effect of DNs. Originality/value It is expected to formulate a quasiperiodic graph model of host–guest interaction between two networks to explore the working principle of mechanical and self-growing behavior in DN hydrogels, undergoing complex mechanochemical effect. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified using both finite element analysis and experimental results of DN gels reported in literature.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136011385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose In this study, solid formaldehyde, benzoguanamine and butanol were used to synthesize butylated benzo-amino resin by one-step-two-stage method. Design/methodology/approach This research first examined the influence of solid formaldehyde content on the hydroxymethylation phase. Subsequently, the effects of butanol content, etherification time and hydrochloric acid content on the formation of benzo-amino resin during the etherification stage were studied in detail. In addition, the reaction process was further analyzed through interval sampling withdrawing during the hydroxymethylation and etherification stages. Finally, the synthesized benzo-amino resins were used in the production of high solid content polyester and acrylic coatings and the properties of that were also evaluated. Findings Based on the experimental findings, the authors have successfully determined the optimal process conditions for the one-step-two-stage method in this study. The hydroxymethylation stage demonstrated the most favorable outcomes at a reaction temperature of 60°C and a pH of 8.5. Similarly, for the etherification stage, the optimal conditions were achieved at a temperature of 45°C and a pH of 4.5. Furthermore, the investigation revealed that a ratio of benzoguanamine to solid formaldehyde to n-butanol, specifically at 1:5.2:15, produced the best results. The performance of the resulting etherified benzo-amino resin was thoroughly evaluated in high solid content coatings, and it exhibited promising characteristics. Notably, there was a significant enhancement in the water resistance, solvent resistance and glossiness of canned iron printing varnish coatings. Originality/value Amino resin, a versatile chemical compound widely used in various industries, presents challenges in terms of sustainability and operational efficiency when synthesized using conventional methods, primarily relying on a 37% formaldehyde solution. To address these challenges, the authors propose a novel approach in this study that combines the advantages of the solid formaldehyde with a two-stage catalytic one-step synthesis process. The primary objective of this research is to minimize the environmental impact associated with amino resin synthesis, optimize resource utilization and enhance the economic feasibility for its industrial implementation. By adopting this alternative approach, the authors aim to contribute toward a more sustainable and efficient production of amino resin.
{"title":"Synthesis of butylated benzo-amino resin by solid formaldehyde one-step-two-stage method and its application in high solid content coatings","authors":"Xingbing Yang, Xinye Wang, Shuang Huang, Xin Liu, Xiang Huang, Ting Lei","doi":"10.1108/prt-05-2023-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2023-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose In this study, solid formaldehyde, benzoguanamine and butanol were used to synthesize butylated benzo-amino resin by one-step-two-stage method. Design/methodology/approach This research first examined the influence of solid formaldehyde content on the hydroxymethylation phase. Subsequently, the effects of butanol content, etherification time and hydrochloric acid content on the formation of benzo-amino resin during the etherification stage were studied in detail. In addition, the reaction process was further analyzed through interval sampling withdrawing during the hydroxymethylation and etherification stages. Finally, the synthesized benzo-amino resins were used in the production of high solid content polyester and acrylic coatings and the properties of that were also evaluated. Findings Based on the experimental findings, the authors have successfully determined the optimal process conditions for the one-step-two-stage method in this study. The hydroxymethylation stage demonstrated the most favorable outcomes at a reaction temperature of 60°C and a pH of 8.5. Similarly, for the etherification stage, the optimal conditions were achieved at a temperature of 45°C and a pH of 4.5. Furthermore, the investigation revealed that a ratio of benzoguanamine to solid formaldehyde to n-butanol, specifically at 1:5.2:15, produced the best results. The performance of the resulting etherified benzo-amino resin was thoroughly evaluated in high solid content coatings, and it exhibited promising characteristics. Notably, there was a significant enhancement in the water resistance, solvent resistance and glossiness of canned iron printing varnish coatings. Originality/value Amino resin, a versatile chemical compound widely used in various industries, presents challenges in terms of sustainability and operational efficiency when synthesized using conventional methods, primarily relying on a 37% formaldehyde solution. To address these challenges, the authors propose a novel approach in this study that combines the advantages of the solid formaldehyde with a two-stage catalytic one-step synthesis process. The primary objective of this research is to minimize the environmental impact associated with amino resin synthesis, optimize resource utilization and enhance the economic feasibility for its industrial implementation. By adopting this alternative approach, the authors aim to contribute toward a more sustainable and efficient production of amino resin.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135011563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1108/prt-07-2023-0065
Payman Sahbah Ahmed
Purpose Epoxy resins are widely used in a variety of engineering applications, including composite wind turbine blades used in the renewable energy industry, highly complex structural components for aircraft, paints, coatings, industrial tooling, biomedical systems, adhesives, electronics and automotive. Epoxies' low fracture toughness is one of the key obstacles preventing its adoption in a wider range of applications. To address epoxy's low fracture toughness, this paper aims to examine the roles of intra-ply hybridization and nano reinforcing. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. A bending test is used to calculate the composites elastic parameters, and a notched sample three-point bending test is used to show crack behavior in addition to using materials characterization methods to reveal the effect of the MWCNT on structure, bonding, glass transition temperature (Tg) and dispersion of MWCNT in the matrix. Furthermore, this paper suggests using the finite element method to overcome the difficulty in calculating the crack extension. Findings Intra-ply hybridization and MWCNT reinforcement decrease the crack extension of epoxy with time. The inclusion of high-strength carbon fiber increased the fracture toughness of glass composite. Furthermore, the existence of MWCNT in the surrounding area of the notch in epoxy composites hinders crack propagation and provides stiffness at the interface by bridging the crack and eventually enhancing its fracture toughness. Originality/value Studying the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of MWCNT nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. Additionally, this research recommends using the finite element method to overcome the challenge of computing the crack extension.
{"title":"Role of intra-ply hybridization and nano reinforcement on crack growth of epoxy","authors":"Payman Sahbah Ahmed","doi":"10.1108/prt-07-2023-0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2023-0065","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose Epoxy resins are widely used in a variety of engineering applications, including composite wind turbine blades used in the renewable energy industry, highly complex structural components for aircraft, paints, coatings, industrial tooling, biomedical systems, adhesives, electronics and automotive. Epoxies' low fracture toughness is one of the key obstacles preventing its adoption in a wider range of applications. To address epoxy's low fracture toughness, this paper aims to examine the roles of intra-ply hybridization and nano reinforcing. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. A bending test is used to calculate the composites elastic parameters, and a notched sample three-point bending test is used to show crack behavior in addition to using materials characterization methods to reveal the effect of the MWCNT on structure, bonding, glass transition temperature (Tg) and dispersion of MWCNT in the matrix. Furthermore, this paper suggests using the finite element method to overcome the difficulty in calculating the crack extension. Findings Intra-ply hybridization and MWCNT reinforcement decrease the crack extension of epoxy with time. The inclusion of high-strength carbon fiber increased the fracture toughness of glass composite. Furthermore, the existence of MWCNT in the surrounding area of the notch in epoxy composites hinders crack propagation and provides stiffness at the interface by bridging the crack and eventually enhancing its fracture toughness. Originality/value Studying the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of MWCNT nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. Additionally, this research recommends using the finite element method to overcome the challenge of computing the crack extension.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135354196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1108/prt-02-2023-0017
Amirul Syafiq, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, Syukri Ali, Mohd Arif
Purpose The paper aims to design the optimum formulation of the nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) hydrophilic coating system using the synthetic polypropylene glycol (PPG), which can create the reflection and absorption property. Design/methodology/approach TiO2 nanoparticles are used as fillers, and PPG has been blended at the proper ratio of 1PPG: 0.2TiO2. The prepared resin has been applied onto the glass substrate at different numbers of glass immersions during the dip-coating fabrication process. One-time glass immersion is labeled as T1 coating, two-time glass immersion is labeled as T2 coating and three-time glass immersion is labeled as T3 coating. All the prepared coating systems were left dry at ambient temperature. Findings T3 coating showed the lowest reading of WCA value at 40.50°, due to higher surface energy at 61.73 mN/m. The T3 coating also shows the greatest absorbance property among the prepared coating systems among the prepared coating. In terms of reflectance property, the T2 coating system has great reflectance in UV region and near-infrared region, which is 16.47% and 2.77 and 2.73%, respectively. The T2 coating also has great optical transmission about 75.00% at the visible region. Research limitations/implications The development of thermal insulation coating by studying the relationship between convection heat and reflectance at different wavelengths of incident light. Practical implications The developed coating shows high potential for glass window application. Originality/value The application of the hydrophilic coating on light absorption, reflectance and transmission at different wavelengths.
{"title":"Study of transmission and reflection of hydrophilic transparent nano-titanium dioxide coating","authors":"Amirul Syafiq, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, Syukri Ali, Mohd Arif","doi":"10.1108/prt-02-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-02-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The paper aims to design the optimum formulation of the nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) hydrophilic coating system using the synthetic polypropylene glycol (PPG), which can create the reflection and absorption property. Design/methodology/approach TiO2 nanoparticles are used as fillers, and PPG has been blended at the proper ratio of 1PPG: 0.2TiO2. The prepared resin has been applied onto the glass substrate at different numbers of glass immersions during the dip-coating fabrication process. One-time glass immersion is labeled as T1 coating, two-time glass immersion is labeled as T2 coating and three-time glass immersion is labeled as T3 coating. All the prepared coating systems were left dry at ambient temperature. Findings T3 coating showed the lowest reading of WCA value at 40.50°, due to higher surface energy at 61.73 mN/m. The T3 coating also shows the greatest absorbance property among the prepared coating systems among the prepared coating. In terms of reflectance property, the T2 coating system has great reflectance in UV region and near-infrared region, which is 16.47% and 2.77 and 2.73%, respectively. The T2 coating also has great optical transmission about 75.00% at the visible region. Research limitations/implications The development of thermal insulation coating by studying the relationship between convection heat and reflectance at different wavelengths of incident light. Practical implications The developed coating shows high potential for glass window application. Originality/value The application of the hydrophilic coating on light absorption, reflectance and transmission at different wavelengths.","PeriodicalId":20214,"journal":{"name":"Pigment & Resin Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134990996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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