Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06917-y
Yichen Xu, Yini Cao, Yazhen Chen, Zhe He, Wende Yan, Jun Wang
Aims
The general aim of the study is to provide insight into the importance of functioning maintenance of forest ecosystems. Specifically, the aim of the study is to assess the response of soil protist diversity, composition and co-occurrence network to varying degree of decomposition of fallen wood when compared to conventional soil.
Methods
A total of 24 samples of soil and fallen wood were collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests in China. Here we use a correlative approach to link the community of soil protists with fallen wood at different decomposition stage and compare with fallen-wood-free soil. The indicators of protists community were assessed using DNA metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA (Illumina sequencing).
Results
The biodiversity of soil protists tended to increase as decomposition advanced and pronounced difference was found between severe and moderate decomposition stages (P < 0.05). The decomposition of fallen wood had a significant effect on the composition of the soil protist community (Adonis: R2 = 0.24, P < 0.01), and enhanced the complexity and stability of the co-occurrence network of soil protists. Soil protists exhibited a stronger association with fallen wood (11 significant linkages), compared to soil (7 significant linkages). Fallen wood decomposition indirectly affected the soil protist community through multiple ways.
Conclusions
Retention of fallen wood helps maintain the richness and interaction of soil protists. Future research directions should focus on specific mechanisms for how fallen wood decomposition affects protists. Our work may contribute to better guide forest management policies in China.
{"title":"Impact of fallen wood on soil protists in the subtropics","authors":"Yichen Xu, Yini Cao, Yazhen Chen, Zhe He, Wende Yan, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06917-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06917-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>The general aim of the study is to provide insight into the importance of functioning maintenance of forest ecosystems. Specifically, the aim of the study is to assess the response of soil protist diversity, composition and co-occurrence network to varying degree of decomposition of fallen wood when compared to conventional soil.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 24 samples of soil and fallen wood were collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests in China. Here we use a correlative approach to link the community of soil protists with fallen wood at different decomposition stage and compare with fallen-wood-free soil. The indicators of protists community were assessed using DNA metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA (Illumina sequencing).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The biodiversity of soil protists tended to increase as decomposition advanced and pronounced difference was found between severe and moderate decomposition stages (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The decomposition of fallen wood had a significant effect on the composition of the soil protist community (Adonis: R<sup>2</sup> = 0.24, <i>P</i> < 0.01), and enhanced the complexity and stability of the co-occurrence network of soil protists. Soil protists exhibited a stronger association with fallen wood (11 significant linkages), compared to soil (7 significant linkages). Fallen wood decomposition indirectly affected the soil protist community through multiple ways.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Retention of fallen wood helps maintain the richness and interaction of soil protists. Future research directions should focus on specific mechanisms for how fallen wood decomposition affects protists. Our work may contribute to better guide forest management policies in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06906-1
P. Gilarte, J. M. Plett, E. Pendall, Y. Carrillo, U. N. Nielsen
Aims
Plant community dynamics are influenced by interspecific interactions. Previous studies have shown that soil organisms play a key role in such interactions, but few studies have quantified soil fauna contributions.
Methods
We investigated the effects of root lesion (RLN) and bacterial feeding (BFN) nematodes on the interaction between seedlings of nitrogen-(N)-fixing tree species of Acacia and non-fixing Banksia from early and late successional stages of a temperate forest in a pot experiment.
Results
Nematodes had consistent, albeit minor, negative effects on both N-fixers and non-fixers in the early successional stage scenario. By contrast, BFNs increased biomass production of both species in late-stage monocultures and in Banksia in mixed cultures. Moreover, RLNs negatively affected late-stage Banksia in monocultures but promoted its biomass production when grown with Acacia. Reduced 15N concentration in Banksia indicates that the switch was driven by transfer of N from Acacia facilitated by RLN.
Conclusions
Soil nematodes thus moderate interspecific interactions differently in early and late successional stages.
{"title":"Soil nematodes modify interactions between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing tree seedlings from late, but not early, successional stages","authors":"P. Gilarte, J. M. Plett, E. Pendall, Y. Carrillo, U. N. Nielsen","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06906-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06906-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Plant community dynamics are influenced by interspecific interactions. Previous studies have shown that soil organisms play a key role in such interactions, but few studies have quantified soil fauna contributions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We investigated the effects of root lesion (RLN) and bacterial feeding (BFN) nematodes on the interaction between seedlings of nitrogen-(N)-fixing tree species of <i>Acacia</i> and non-fixing <i>Banksia</i> from early and late successional stages of a temperate forest in a pot experiment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Nematodes had consistent, albeit minor, negative effects on both N-fixers and non-fixers in the early successional stage scenario. By contrast, BFNs increased biomass production of both species in late-stage monocultures and in <i>Banksia</i> in mixed cultures. Moreover, RLNs negatively affected late-stage <i>Banksia</i> in monocultures but promoted its biomass production when grown with <i>Acacia</i>. Reduced <sup>15</sup>N concentration in <i>Banksia</i> indicates that the switch was driven by transfer of N from <i>Acacia</i> facilitated by RLN.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Soil nematodes thus moderate interspecific interactions differently in early and late successional stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06904-3
Anke Hupe, Franziska Naether, Thorsten Haase, Christian Bruns, Jürgen Heß, Jens Dyckmans, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Florian Wichern
Aims
The current study quantified the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transfer from peas to oats under field conditions to assess the effects of intercropping. The data obtained were compared with previously published pot and field experiments.
Methods
Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Santana) and oat (Avena sativa L. cv Dominik) plants were grown as intercrops for 105 days. Pea plants were labelled with a solution of 2% 13C glucose (99 atom%) and 0.5% 15N urea (95 atom%), using the cotton wick technique.
Results
Pea rhizodeposits reached 540 kg C ha−1 and 17 kg N ha−1. CdfR (C derived from rhizodeposition) and NdfR corresponded to a proportion of 18.2 and 12.7%, respectively, of total pea biomass C and N. In the intercropped oat plants, only 0.6% of the total pea CdfR amount was found, but nearly 30% of the total pea NdfR amount.
Conclusions
CdfR and NdfR as proportion of total pea biomass C and N, respectively, were 2.5 times higher in peas intercropped with oat plants than in sole-cropped pea plants, comparing the current results with those from previously published pot and field experiments. Future studies on intercropping should consider root formation and rhizodeposition more often.
目的 本研究对田间条件下豌豆向燕麦的碳氮转移进行了量化，以评估间作的效果。方法将豌豆（Pisum sativum L. cv. Santana）和燕麦（Avena sativa L. cv Dominik）作为间作作物种植 105 天。采用棉芯技术，用 2% 13C 葡萄糖（99 原子%）和 0.5% 15N 尿素（95 原子%）溶液对豌豆植株进行标记。在间作燕麦的植株中，CdfR（根瘤沉积产生的碳）和 NdfR 分别占豌豆生物量碳和氮总量的 18.2% 和 12.7%。结论与之前发表的盆栽和田间试验结果相比，与燕麦植株间作的豌豆生物量 CdfR 和 NdfR 占豌豆生物量 C 和 N 总量的比例分别是单作豌豆植株的 2.5 倍。今后的间作研究应更多地考虑根的形成和根瘤的沉积。
{"title":"I have the touch – evidence for considerable N transfer from peas to oats by rhizodeposition","authors":"Anke Hupe, Franziska Naether, Thorsten Haase, Christian Bruns, Jürgen Heß, Jens Dyckmans, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Florian Wichern","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06904-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06904-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>The current study quantified the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transfer from peas to oats under field conditions to assess the effects of intercropping. The data obtained were compared with previously published pot and field experiments.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L. cv. Santana) and oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L. cv Dominik) plants were grown as intercrops for 105 days. Pea plants were labelled with a solution of 2% <sup>13</sup>C glucose (99 atom%) and 0.5% <sup>15</sup>N urea (95 atom%), using the cotton wick technique.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Pea rhizodeposits reached 540 kg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and 17 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. CdfR (C derived from rhizodeposition) and NdfR corresponded to a proportion of 18.2 and 12.7%, respectively, of total pea biomass C and N. In the intercropped oat plants, only 0.6% of the total pea CdfR amount was found, but nearly 30% of the total pea NdfR amount.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>CdfR and NdfR as proportion of total pea biomass C and N, respectively, were 2.5 times higher in peas intercropped with oat plants than in sole-cropped pea plants, comparing the current results with those from previously published pot and field experiments. Future studies on intercropping should consider root formation and rhizodeposition more often.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06903-4
Jin L. Wang, Jochem B. Evers, Niels P. R. Anten, Yitong Li, Xiaoyi Yang, Jacob C. Douma, Hannah M. Schneider
Background and aims
Above- and below-ground signals for and responses to competition in mixed-species stands have mostly been studied separately. This leaves unclear if aboveground signals specific to mixed stands have consequences for how plants respond and compete belowground. This study investigated the effect of an aboveground signal, the ratio of red to far-red light (R/FR), on plant biomass allocation and root architecture and morphology when plants grow with different species.
Methods
A greenhouse experiment with a mixture of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) and their respective mono stands was carried out in deep pots (22.6 L, 72 cm in depth) for 52 days of growth. Light-emitting diode (LED) lights were used to enrich FR levels (i.e., reduce the R/FR) of the light environment.
Results
Exposure of the shoots to FR-enriched light predominantly affected adventitious roots, with species-specific effects. Especially in species mixtures, increased FR caused wheat to produce more adventitious roots per tiller, while adventitious root mass of faba bean decreased. The influence of FR on rooting depth (D75, i.e. depth of 75% of root biomass) was species specific, with higher FR levels causing a reduction in D75 in wheat, but a greater D75 in faba bean.
Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate the plasticity of adventitious roots; they are highly responsive to the R/FR level to which the shoot is exposed and to whether neighboring plants are of the same or a different species. This highlights the complexity of plants' responses to environmental cues and how they modify interspecific interactions.
{"title":"Far-red light perception by the shoot influences root growth and development in cereal-legume crop mixtures","authors":"Jin L. Wang, Jochem B. Evers, Niels P. R. Anten, Yitong Li, Xiaoyi Yang, Jacob C. Douma, Hannah M. Schneider","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06903-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06903-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Above- and below-ground signals for and responses to competition in mixed-species stands have mostly been studied separately. This leaves unclear if aboveground signals specific to mixed stands have consequences for how plants respond and compete belowground. This study investigated the effect of an aboveground signal, the ratio of red to far-red light (R/FR), on plant biomass allocation and root architecture and morphology when plants grow with different species.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A greenhouse experiment with a mixture of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and faba bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>) and their respective mono stands was carried out in deep pots (22.6 L, 72 cm in depth) for 52 days of growth. Light-emitting diode (LED) lights were used to enrich FR levels (i.e., reduce the R/FR) of the light environment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Exposure of the shoots to FR-enriched light predominantly affected adventitious roots, with species-specific effects. Especially in species mixtures, increased FR caused wheat to produce more adventitious roots per tiller, while adventitious root mass of faba bean decreased. The influence of FR on rooting depth (D75, i.e. depth of 75% of root biomass) was species specific, with higher FR levels causing a reduction in D75 in wheat, but a greater D75 in faba bean.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings demonstrate the plasticity of adventitious roots; they are highly responsive to the R/FR level to which the shoot is exposed and to whether neighboring plants are of the same or a different species. This highlights the complexity of plants' responses to environmental cues and how they modify interspecific interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precipitation changes can affect patterns of biomass allocation by altering species composition. However, how shifts in species with different growth forms under precipitation changes affect above- and belowground biomass allocation and the vertical root distribution remains unclear.
Methods
We conducted a 7-year experiment in a semi-arid grassland in northern China to explore how plant biomass allocation responds to changed precipitation during different periods of the growing season.
Results
The results showed that both decreased precipitation during the late (DLP) and entire (DP) growing season significantly reduced forb ANPP. In contrast, increased precipitation during the early (IEP), late (ILP), and entire (IP) growing season significantly increased forb ANPP. Decreased precipitation during the early (DEP) growing season, DP, IEP, and ILP significantly reduced grass ANPP. Changes in the abundance of grasses and forbs with different growth forms altered biomass allocation patterns. DEP and DP augmented the proportion of BNPP, and DLP had little effect on BNPP. IP decreased the proportion of BNPP, whereas neither IEP nor ILP affected the proportion of BNPP. DP significantly decreased the proportion of BNPP0-20 cm, and IEP and ILP increased the proportion of BNPP0-20 cm.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that precipitation during the early growing season determines the allocation of above- and belowground productivity and the distribution of shallow roots by altering soil moisture, and precipitation during the late growing season with large changes in water availability determines the deep root distribution by shifting the composition of plant species with different root distribution.
{"title":"Responses of plant biomass allocation to changed precipitation timing in a semi-arid steppe","authors":"Huiru Jin, Chunkun Fan, Hongyan Zhu, Yuxian Zhang, Rui Xiao, Zhongling Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06928-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06928-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Precipitation changes can affect patterns of biomass allocation by altering species composition. However, how shifts in species with different growth forms under precipitation changes affect above- and belowground biomass allocation and the vertical root distribution remains unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conducted a 7-year experiment in a semi-arid grassland in northern China to explore how plant biomass allocation responds to changed precipitation during different periods of the growing season.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results showed that both decreased precipitation during the late (DLP) and entire (DP) growing season significantly reduced forb ANPP. In contrast, increased precipitation during the early (IEP), late (ILP), and entire (IP) growing season significantly increased forb ANPP. Decreased precipitation during the early (DEP) growing season, DP, IEP, and ILP significantly reduced grass ANPP. Changes in the abundance of grasses and forbs with different growth forms altered biomass allocation patterns. DEP and DP augmented the proportion of BNPP, and DLP had little effect on BNPP. IP decreased the proportion of BNPP, whereas neither IEP nor ILP affected the proportion of BNPP. DP significantly decreased the proportion of BNPP<sub>0-20 cm</sub>, and IEP and ILP increased the proportion of BNPP<sub>0-20 cm</sub>.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings indicate that precipitation during the early growing season determines the allocation of above- and belowground productivity and the distribution of shallow roots by altering soil moisture, and precipitation during the late growing season with large changes in water availability determines the deep root distribution by shifting the composition of plant species with different root distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06911-4
Jing Li, Zhuwen Xu, Wenbo Zhang, Xiaojiang Yang, Paul C. Struik, Shenyi Jiang, Zhen Wang, Ke Jin
Background and aims
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) can form symbiotic relationships with host plants, and this enhances nutrient uptake and plant performance of host plants. However, how AMF and NFB influence the complementarity and facilitation dynamics between grasses and legumes in grasslands is still not well understood.
Methods
We conducted a greenhouse experiment to assess effects of different grass: legume ratios (GLRs) and microbial symbionts on plant production comprising two native C3 species from a semiarid steppe in northern China (grass (G): Leymus chinensis; legume (L): Medicago ruthenica). Different GLRs (G4L0: 4:0, G3L1: 3:1, G2L2: 2:2, G1L3: 1:3, G0L4: 0:4) were compared with or without AMF or NFB inoculation.
Results
Grass–legume mixtures, especially G1L3, produced significantly higher biomass than monocultures via altering the community structure of soil microorganisms. AMF inoculation increased the availability of nutrients (mainly soil available P (SAP) and/or NO3−–N), which increased plant community productivity due to increased biomass in both grass and legume. Co-occurrence networks revealed that keystone genera (e.g., Arenimonas, Dominikia, Claroideoglomus and Scutellospora) were the primary factors influencing plant community productivity among grass–legume mixtures. Structural equation model showed that GLRs and inoculation types consistently produced overyielding directly and indirectly via affecting SAP and NO3−–N concentrations.
Conclusion
Our findings highlight that suitable grass: legume mixture ratios (e.g., 1:3) positively affect productivity, and soil microorganisms that improve soil resource acquisition (SAP and NO3−–N), especially AMF, play an important role in grass: legume mixtures in this process.
{"title":"Soil microbiome mediates plant community productivity in grass–legume mixtures","authors":"Jing Li, Zhuwen Xu, Wenbo Zhang, Xiaojiang Yang, Paul C. Struik, Shenyi Jiang, Zhen Wang, Ke Jin","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06911-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06911-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) can form symbiotic relationships with host plants, and this enhances nutrient uptake and plant performance of host plants. However, how AMF and NFB influence the complementarity and facilitation dynamics between grasses and legumes in grasslands is still not well understood.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conducted a greenhouse experiment to assess effects of different grass: legume ratios (GLRs) and microbial symbionts on plant production comprising two native C<sub>3</sub> species from a semiarid steppe in northern China (grass (G): <i>Leymus chinensis</i>; legume (L): <i>Medicago ruthenica</i>). Different GLRs (G4L0: 4:0, G3L1: 3:1, G2L2: 2:2, G1L3: 1:3, G0L4: 0:4) were compared with or without AMF or NFB inoculation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Grass–legume mixtures, especially G1L3, produced significantly higher biomass than monocultures via altering the community structure of soil microorganisms. AMF inoculation increased the availability of nutrients (mainly soil available P (SAP) and/or NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>–N), which increased plant community productivity due to increased biomass in both grass and legume. Co-occurrence networks revealed that keystone genera (e.g., <i>Arenimonas, Dominikia, Claroideoglomus</i> and <i>Scutellospora</i>) were the primary factors influencing plant community productivity among grass–legume mixtures. Structural equation model showed that GLRs and inoculation types consistently produced overyielding directly and indirectly via affecting SAP and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>–N concentrations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings highlight that suitable grass: legume mixture ratios (e.g., 1:3) positively affect productivity, and soil microorganisms that improve soil resource acquisition (SAP and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>–N), especially AMF, play an important role in grass: legume mixtures in this process.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To maximize the effectiveness of local phosphorus (P) application, it is necessary to determine the local P supply conditions that improve plant growth and to clarify when, where, and how each root type responds to the conditions and contributes to the overall plasticity of the root system.
Methods
We grew wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Norin 61’) in transparent rhizoboxes with soil P content varying between patches, but with the same total P in all treatments. We scanned the base of the boxes, segmented the roots in the images using a deep learning–based software, manually traced seminal and nodal roots, and analyzed the spatio-temporal response (root intensity) of each root type (seminal, nodal, and lateral roots) on the surface of the rhizobox to local P supply.
Results
P uptake and shoot growth improved significantly only in treatments with large differences in P distribution. Among root types, only lateral root intensity significantly increased in P-rich patches but decreased in P-poor patches, despite no difference in total root intensity per plant. The lateral root responses were strongly controlled by local soil available P content shortly after emergence. These responses of lateral roots increased P acquisition efficiency.
Conclusion
The response of lateral root distribution to local available P content immediately after emergence promoted P uptake and shoot growth only when available P distribution had large differences.
背景和目的为了最大限度地提高局部施磷（P）的效果，有必要确定能改善植物生长的局部磷供应条件，并明确每种根系类型在何时、何地以及如何对这些条件做出响应，并对根系的整体可塑性做出贡献。方法我们在透明根瘤菌箱中种植小麦植株（Triticum aestivum L. 'Norin 61'），不同箱块的土壤磷含量不同，但所有处理的总磷含量相同。我们扫描了根瘤箱的底部，使用基于深度学习的软件分割了图像中的根系，人工追踪了精根和节根，并分析了根瘤箱表面每种根系（精根、节根和侧根）的时空响应（根系强度）。在根系类型中，尽管每株植物的总根系强度没有差异，但只有侧根强度在富含钾的斑块中显著增加，而在钾贫乏的斑块中则有所减少。出苗后不久，侧根的反应受到当地土壤可用钾含量的强烈控制。侧根的这些反应提高了钾的吸收效率。结论只有当可利用钾的分布差异较大时，出苗后侧根分布对当地可利用钾含量的反应才会促进钾的吸收和芽的生长。
{"title":"How do wheat roots improve shoot growth under different local phosphorus supply conditions?","authors":"Masaaki Hashimoto, Hiromitsu Aoki, Shun Murakami, Takuya Koyama","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06931-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06931-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>To maximize the effectiveness of local phosphorus (P) application, it is necessary to determine the local P supply conditions that improve plant growth and to clarify when, where, and how each root type responds to the conditions and contributes to the overall plasticity of the root system.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We grew wheat plants (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. ‘Norin 61’) in transparent rhizoboxes with soil P content varying between patches, but with the same total P in all treatments. We scanned the base of the boxes, segmented the roots in the images using a deep learning–based software, manually traced seminal and nodal roots, and analyzed the spatio-temporal response (root intensity) of each root type (seminal, nodal, and lateral roots) on the surface of the rhizobox to local P supply.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>P uptake and shoot growth improved significantly only in treatments with large differences in P distribution. Among root types, only lateral root intensity significantly increased in P-rich patches but decreased in P-poor patches, despite no difference in total root intensity per plant. The lateral root responses were strongly controlled by local soil available P content shortly after emergence. These responses of lateral roots increased P acquisition efficiency.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The response of lateral root distribution to local available P content immediately after emergence promoted P uptake and shoot growth only when available P distribution had large differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06894-2
Rafael Olmos-Ruiz, María Hurtado-Navarro, Jose Antonio Pascual, Micaela Carvajal
Aims
The lemon cultivation methods and techniques are crucial to ensure maximum productivity in the face of climate change. Mulching with plastic is commonly used in citrus production for saving water, but some side effects need to be investigated. In our study, we investigated different plastic and biological mulching on lemon trees determining growth and physiological parameters in relation to soil chemical and biological composition.
Methods
The experiment was divided into four different lines with ten trees per treatment, the effect of mulching with white and black plastic film, dry pruning mulching respect to a non-mulched treatment of lemon tree orchard during a crop season. The impact of these treatments on vegetative growth, stomatal gas exchange and mineral nutrition on plant and soil bacterial communities were evaluated.
Results
Our results showed that the type of mulching significantly influenced in the parameters studied. All mulching treatments increased temperature and soil moisture levels; plastic mulching treatments had significantly higher values in terms of intrinsic water use efficiency; while mulching with dry pruning showed higher soil microbial activity, leading to increased water use efficiency and productivity.
Conclusion
The results showed that different methods of mulching affected the physiology of lemon trees interacting in a complex way to determine their growth. Specifically, mulching using dry pruning improved the exchange of gases in the plant and plant nutrition which was related to the biological soil health.
{"title":"Mulching techniques impact on soil chemical and biological characteristics affecting physiology of lemon trees","authors":"Rafael Olmos-Ruiz, María Hurtado-Navarro, Jose Antonio Pascual, Micaela Carvajal","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06894-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06894-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>The lemon cultivation methods and techniques are crucial to ensure maximum productivity in the face of climate change. Mulching with plastic is commonly used in citrus production for saving water, but some side effects need to be investigated. In our study, we investigated different plastic and biological mulching on lemon trees determining growth and physiological parameters in relation to soil chemical and biological composition.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The experiment was divided into four different lines with ten trees per treatment, the effect of mulching with white and black plastic film, dry pruning mulching respect to a non-mulched treatment of lemon tree orchard during a crop season. The impact of these treatments on vegetative growth, stomatal gas exchange and mineral nutrition on plant and soil bacterial communities were evaluated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Our results showed that the type of mulching significantly influenced in the parameters studied. All mulching treatments increased temperature and soil moisture levels; plastic mulching treatments had significantly higher values in terms of intrinsic water use efficiency; while mulching with dry pruning showed higher soil microbial activity, leading to increased water use efficiency and productivity.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The results showed that different methods of mulching affected the physiology of lemon trees interacting in a complex way to determine their growth. Specifically, mulching using dry pruning improved the exchange of gases in the plant and plant nutrition which was related to the biological soil health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06899-x
P. H. Rathod, S. M. Bhoyar, S. D. Jadhao, B. A. Sonune, D. V. Mali, N. M. Konde, R. H. Wanjari
Background and Aims
Long-term fertilizer experiments in various agroecological regions of India investigate different aspects of carbon budgeting and carbon pools in relation to crop productivity.
Methods
The LTFE has been in operation in Akola since 1988–89, with a sorghum-wheat cropping sequence on a Vertisol of Central India to study changes in soil quality and crop productivity. This study examined C inputs from sorghum and wheat in relation to SOC pools and indices. Seven treatments, 50% NPK, 75% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM) at a rate of 5 and 10 t ha−1, and control were replicated three times in randomized complete block design.
Results
The yield and sustainable yield index (SYI) of sorghum and wheat was increased significantly with the application of 100% NPK + FYM. SOC pools were increased significantly with the application of FYM alone and 100% NPK + FYM. The magnitude of contribution follows the sequential order of non labile > labile > very labile > less labile. The application of 100% NPK + FYM resulted in increased SOC stock, carbon buildup, buildup rate, stabilisation rate, and carbon sequestration. The SOC pool indices were higher with 100% NPK + FYM. The higher carbon input with critical carbon input values of 1.72, 0.46, and 2.18 Mg C ha−1 year−1 was estimated for sorghum, wheat and sorghum + wheat, respectively.
Conclusion
Thus, the use of FYM alone and 100% NPK + FYM had a positive effect on carbon stability, carbon pools, and carbon pools indices, resulting in increased crop productivity.
{"title":"Effect of 32 years of manuring and fertilization on carbon budgeting and carbon pools under sorghum-wheat cropping sequence in Vertisol of Central India","authors":"P. H. Rathod, S. M. Bhoyar, S. D. Jadhao, B. A. Sonune, D. V. Mali, N. M. Konde, R. H. Wanjari","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06899-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06899-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and Aims</h3><p>Long-term fertilizer experiments in various agroecological regions of India investigate different aspects of carbon budgeting and carbon pools in relation to crop productivity.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The LTFE has been in operation in Akola since 1988–89, with a sorghum-wheat cropping sequence on a Vertisol of Central India to study changes in soil quality and crop productivity. This study examined C inputs from sorghum and wheat in relation to SOC pools and indices. Seven treatments, 50% NPK, 75% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM) at a rate of 5 and 10 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, and control were replicated three times in randomized complete block design.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The yield and sustainable yield index (SYI) of sorghum and wheat was increased significantly with the application of 100% NPK + FYM. SOC pools were increased significantly with the application of FYM alone and 100% NPK + FYM. The magnitude of contribution follows the sequential order of non labile > labile > very labile > less labile. The application of 100% NPK + FYM resulted in increased SOC stock, carbon buildup, buildup rate, stabilisation rate, and carbon sequestration. The SOC pool indices were higher with 100% NPK + FYM. The higher carbon input with critical carbon input values of 1.72, 0.46, and 2.18 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> was estimated for sorghum, wheat and sorghum + wheat, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Thus, the use of FYM alone and 100% NPK + FYM had a positive effect on carbon stability, carbon pools, and carbon pools indices, resulting in increased crop productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06925-y
Yalin Liu, Thomas W. Kuyper, Lin Zhang, Chunjie Li
Aims
Cereal/legume intercropping has advantages in yield and nutrient uptake. However, how common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a role in those benefits has not been fully clarified. This study aimed to explore how CMNs initiated by different host plants affected plant performance and nutrient acquisition in a maize/soybean mixture.
Methods
Microcosms with three compartments were used; these were separated by 30-µm nylon mesh. Two compartments were root compartments (RCs), and the third compartment was a hyphal compartment (HC). One RC was inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and the plant in this compartment was referred to as CMNs donor, and the plant in the other RC compartment as CMNs receiver.
Results
Maize biomass was twice that of soybean. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content of both maize and soybean were higher in the presence of CMNs compared with the treatment without AMF. When maize was the CMNs donor, shoot biomass, N and P content of the maize/soybean mixture were higher than the expected biomass, N and P content based on monocultures, suggesting overyielding. However, the overyielding was not observed when soybean was the CMNs donor.
Conclusion
Overyielding in a maize/soybean mixture depends on the initiator of CMNs. With maize as CMNs donor, both species in the mixture benefited from CMNs compared with monocultures.
{"title":"Partner quality matters—overyielding in a maize/soybean mixture depends on the initiator of common mycorrhizal networks","authors":"Yalin Liu, Thomas W. Kuyper, Lin Zhang, Chunjie Li","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06925-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06925-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Cereal/legume intercropping has advantages in yield and nutrient uptake. However, how common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a role in those benefits has not been fully clarified. This study aimed to explore how CMNs initiated by different host plants affected plant performance and nutrient acquisition in a maize/soybean mixture.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Microcosms with three compartments were used; these were separated by 30-µm nylon mesh. Two compartments were root compartments (RCs), and the third compartment was a hyphal compartment (HC). One RC was inoculated with the AMF <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> and the plant in this compartment was referred to as CMNs donor, and the plant in the other RC compartment as CMNs receiver.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Maize biomass was twice that of soybean. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content of both maize and soybean were higher in the presence of CMNs compared with the treatment without AMF. When maize was the CMNs donor, shoot biomass, N and P content of the maize/soybean mixture were higher than the expected biomass, N and P content based on monocultures, suggesting overyielding. However, the overyielding was not observed when soybean was the CMNs donor.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Overyielding in a maize/soybean mixture depends on the initiator of CMNs. With maize as CMNs donor, both species in the mixture benefited from CMNs compared with monocultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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