Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1007/s11104-026-08273-5
Pablo Velasco, Rosaura Abilleira, María Díaz-Urbano, Jorge Poveda
Aims Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus beneficial to crops and widely used as biofungicide. Its mechanisms of action as a biological control agent against phytopathogenic fungi include mycoparasitism and the induction of plant defense responses. On the other hand, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important pathogen for Brassica crops, effectively suppressed by Trichoderma . The aim of this work is to determine whether T. hamatum can release elicitors from the cell wall of S. sclerotiorum that activate plant systemic defenses against the pathogen. Methods Liquid fermentation of T. hamatum on S. sclerotiorum mycelium was performed. In the resulting fungal filtrates, chitinase and β-endoglucanase activities were quantified, along with the amounts of glucosamine and glucan oligomers produced. These filtrates were subsequently applied to the roots of broccoli plants ( Brassica oleracea var. italica ), which were later foliar-infected with the pathogen. Lesions produced were measured and different systemic defensive responses were evaluated through hormonomics, glucosinolate profiling and non-targeted metabolomics. Results In fungal filtrates of T. hamatum cultured on S. sclerotiorum , chitinase (7.56–8.32 units/mL) and β-endoglucanase (3.45 units/mL) activity was determined. These filtrates also contained the highest amounts of glucosamine (0.75 g/L) and glucan oligomers (43.8 g/L). When applied to broccoli plants, the filtrates triggered a systemic defense response that was effective against the pathogen. This response was mediated by the hormones jasmonic acid, isopentenyladenine and ethylene, leading to the accumulation of antifungal compounds in the leaves, including glucobrassicin, niacin and several fatty acids. This defensive induction was not observed with glucosamine oligomers. Conclusions Therefore, T. hamatum releases glucan oligomers from the cell wall of S. sclerotionum which may act as potential elicitors of systemic plant defenses. Highlights • T. hamatum releases oligomers from the S. sclerotiorum cell wall by enzymatic action. • Glucan oligomers, but not glucosamine oligomers, induce systemic plant resistance. • Systemic resistance is mediated by ethylene/jasmonic acid, a response to necrotrophs. • Reduced S. sclerotiorum -foliar infection is due to an accumulation of glucobrassicin and niacin. • Trichoderma is able to release plant defense elicitors from the pathogen cell wall.
目的木霉是一种对作物有益的丝状真菌，被广泛用作生物杀菌剂。其作为植物病原真菌生物防治剂的作用机制包括真菌寄生和诱导植物防御反应。另一方面，菌核菌是芸苔属作物的重要病原菌，木霉能有效抑制菌核菌的生长。本研究的目的是确定hamatum是否能从菌核菌细胞壁释放激发子，激活植物对病原菌的系统防御。方法以菌丝体为培养基，对发酵液进行发酵。在得到的真菌滤液中，几丁质酶和β-内切葡聚糖酶活性被量化，同时葡萄糖胺和葡聚糖低聚物的产量也被量化。这些滤液随后被施用于西兰花植物（Brassica oleracea var. italica）的根部，这些植物随后被病原菌感染。测量了产生的病变，并通过激素组学、硫代葡萄糖苷谱和非靶向代谢组学评估了不同的全身防御反应。结果在菌核菌上培养的红霉病菌滤液中检测到几丁质酶（7.56 ~ 8.32单位/mL）和β-内切葡聚糖酶（3.45单位/mL）活性。这些滤液还含有最高量的葡萄糖胺（0.75 g/L）和葡聚糖低聚物（43.8 g/L）。当应用于西兰花植物时，滤液引发了对病原体有效的系统防御反应。这种反应是由茉莉酸、异戊烯腺嘌呤和乙烯等激素介导的，导致抗真菌化合物在叶片中积累，包括葡萄花青素、烟酸和几种脂肪酸。这种防御性诱导在氨基葡萄糖低聚物中没有观察到。因此，毒霉从菌核菌细胞壁释放葡聚糖低聚物，可能是植物系统防御的潜在促子。•T. hamatum通过酶促作用从S. sclerotiorum细胞壁释放低聚物。•葡聚糖低聚物，而不是氨基葡萄糖低聚物，诱导植物系统性抗性。•系统性耐药是由乙烯/茉莉酸介导的，这是对坏死细胞的反应。减少菌丝体叶面感染是由于葡萄花青素和烟酸的积累。•木霉能够从病原体细胞壁释放植物防御激发子。
{"title":"A novel mechanism of plant defense induction by Trichoderma hamatum via cell wall-derived elicitors from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","authors":"Pablo Velasco, Rosaura Abilleira, María Díaz-Urbano, Jorge Poveda","doi":"10.1007/s11104-026-08273-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08273-5","url":null,"abstract":"Aims <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic> is a filamentous fungus beneficial to crops and widely used as biofungicide. Its mechanisms of action as a biological control agent against phytopathogenic fungi include mycoparasitism and the induction of plant defense responses. On the other hand, <jats:italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</jats:italic> is an important pathogen for <jats:italic>Brassica</jats:italic> crops, effectively suppressed by <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic> . The aim of this work is to determine whether <jats:italic>T. hamatum</jats:italic> can release elicitors from the cell wall of <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum</jats:italic> that activate plant systemic defenses against the pathogen. Methods Liquid fermentation of <jats:italic>T. hamatum</jats:italic> on <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum</jats:italic> mycelium was performed. In the resulting fungal filtrates, chitinase and β-endoglucanase activities were quantified, along with the amounts of glucosamine and glucan oligomers produced. These filtrates were subsequently applied to the roots of broccoli plants ( <jats:italic>Brassica oleracea</jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>italica</jats:italic> ), which were later foliar-infected with the pathogen. Lesions produced were measured and different systemic defensive responses were evaluated through hormonomics, glucosinolate profiling and non-targeted metabolomics. Results In fungal filtrates of <jats:italic>T. hamatum</jats:italic> cultured on <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum</jats:italic> , chitinase (7.56–8.32 units/mL) and β-endoglucanase (3.45 units/mL) activity was determined. These filtrates also contained the highest amounts of glucosamine (0.75 g/L) and glucan oligomers (43.8 g/L). When applied to broccoli plants, the filtrates triggered a systemic defense response that was effective against the pathogen. This response was mediated by the hormones jasmonic acid, isopentenyladenine and ethylene, leading to the accumulation of antifungal compounds in the leaves, including glucobrassicin, niacin and several fatty acids. This defensive induction was not observed with glucosamine oligomers. Conclusions Therefore, <jats:italic>T. hamatum</jats:italic> releases glucan oligomers from the cell wall of <jats:italic>S. sclerotionum</jats:italic> which may act as potential elicitors of systemic plant defenses. Highlights <jats:italic>• T. hamatum</jats:italic> releases oligomers from the <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum</jats:italic> cell wall by enzymatic action. <jats:italic>•</jats:italic> Glucan oligomers, but not glucosamine oligomers, induce systemic plant resistance. <jats:italic>•</jats:italic> Systemic resistance is mediated by ethylene/jasmonic acid, a response to necrotrophs. <jats:italic>•</jats:italic> Reduced <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum</jats:italic> -foliar infection is due to an accumulation of glucobrassicin and niacin. <jats:italic>• Trichoderma</jats:italic> is able to release plant defense elicitors from the pathogen cell wall.","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"178 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s11104-026-08281-5
Qian Wang, Beibei Su, Xiaoyun Niu, Shuo Huang, Jingwei Zhang, Yumeng Wu, Yunfan Ji, Dazhuang Huang
{"title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals urea promoting Salix matsudana growth and enhancing its phytoremediation potential for heavy metals","authors":"Qian Wang, Beibei Su, Xiaoyun Niu, Shuo Huang, Jingwei Zhang, Yumeng Wu, Yunfan Ji, Dazhuang Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-026-08281-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08281-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s11104-025-08238-0
He Zhu, Haijian Bing, Yanhong Wu, Jun Zhou
{"title":"The sources and mobilization processes of rhizosphere bioavailable phosphorus in the subalpine forest of eastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"He Zhu, Haijian Bing, Yanhong Wu, Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-08238-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08238-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s11104-026-08297-x
Hui Guo, Yun Zhao, Bangxiao Zheng, Yin Huang, Xiaoqing Chen, Lei Wang
{"title":"Shifts in plant nutrient acquisition strategies under nitrogen addition: a global meta-analysis","authors":"Hui Guo, Yun Zhao, Bangxiao Zheng, Yin Huang, Xiaoqing Chen, Lei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-026-08297-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08297-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s11104-025-08144-5
Thibaud Legros, Justine Viros, Caroline Lecareux, Catherine Fernandez, Elena Ormeno
{"title":"Contrasting emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds from soil in a Mediterranean evergreen forest under natural and amplified long-term rain scarcity","authors":"Thibaud Legros, Justine Viros, Caroline Lecareux, Catherine Fernandez, Elena Ormeno","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-08144-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08144-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s11104-026-08288-y
Yuxi Wang, Chunmei Wang, Minghua Song, Guiqiang Wang, Xiaomin Dou, Ziyi Ma, Tianyu Wang, Mai Han
{"title":"Effects of grazing intensity on photosynthetic carbon allocation and transport in the typical grassland of Inner Mongolia","authors":"Yuxi Wang, Chunmei Wang, Minghua Song, Guiqiang Wang, Xiaomin Dou, Ziyi Ma, Tianyu Wang, Mai Han","doi":"10.1007/s11104-026-08288-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08288-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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