Yuanxia Wang, Qi Hao, Cun‐Ying Zou, Nan Bai, Qun‐Feng Su, Chen‐Guang Zhang, Yu‐Jiang Wan, Jia‐Qi Shen, Li‐Xin Song, Xian‐Liang Li, Li‐Zhi Liu
Ethylene‐octene copolymer (EOC, three EOCs with different octene content used in this study) and propene‐ethylene copolymer (EPC, three EPCs with different ethylene content used in this study) can have effects on the crystallization dynamics, crystal structure, and foaming properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). For unfoamed EVA/EOC and unfoamed EVA/EPC blends, both EVA/EOC and EVA/EPC blends show phase separation structure. The foam cells in EVA/EOC blends have better uniformity compared to those in EVA/EPC blends, which result from the better compatibility of EVA and EOC than EVA and EPC obtained from the morphology analysis. For the blends with different crystallization ability of EOC or EPC, the blends with lower crystallinity has more uniform cell distribution than blends with higher crystallinity, due to the crystallization zone cause heterogeneous crosslinking and foaming of the blend. Both EOC and EPC can impart higher elasticity to EVA foamed materials. EOC was found to be more suitable for blending with EVA for foamed materials, offering the potential to obtain EVA/EOC foamed materials with excellent performance.HighlightsEthylene‐octene copolymer with higher octene content has better effect on foaming property of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer than ethylene‐propylene copolymer.Ethylene‐propylene copolymer can decrease the foaming temperature of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer.A mechanism of foaming for ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer/semi‐crystallized polymer blends is proposed.Achieved in‐depth understanding of structure–property relationship about ethylene‐vinyl Acetate copolymer/polyolefin elastomer foamed material.
{"title":"Effects of ethylene‐octene copolymer and ethylene‐propylene copolymer on crystallization, morphology, and foaming properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer","authors":"Yuanxia Wang, Qi Hao, Cun‐Ying Zou, Nan Bai, Qun‐Feng Su, Chen‐Guang Zhang, Yu‐Jiang Wan, Jia‐Qi Shen, Li‐Xin Song, Xian‐Liang Li, Li‐Zhi Liu","doi":"10.1002/pen.26904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26904","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Ethylene‐octene copolymer (EOC, three EOCs with different octene content used in this study) and propene‐ethylene copolymer (EPC, three EPCs with different ethylene content used in this study) can have effects on the crystallization dynamics, crystal structure, and foaming properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). For unfoamed EVA/EOC and unfoamed EVA/EPC blends, both EVA/EOC and EVA/EPC blends show phase separation structure. The foam cells in EVA/EOC blends have better uniformity compared to those in EVA/EPC blends, which result from the better compatibility of EVA and EOC than EVA and EPC obtained from the morphology analysis. For the blends with different crystallization ability of EOC or EPC, the blends with lower crystallinity has more uniform cell distribution than blends with higher crystallinity, due to the crystallization zone cause heterogeneous crosslinking and foaming of the blend. Both EOC and EPC can impart higher elasticity to EVA foamed materials. EOC was found to be more suitable for blending with EVA for foamed materials, offering the potential to obtain EVA/EOC foamed materials with excellent performance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Ethylene‐octene copolymer with higher octene content has better effect on foaming property of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer than ethylene‐propylene copolymer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Ethylene‐propylene copolymer can decrease the foaming temperature of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A mechanism of foaming for ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer/semi‐crystallized polymer blends is proposed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Achieved in‐depth understanding of structure–property relationship about ethylene‐vinyl Acetate copolymer/polyolefin elastomer foamed material.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an analysis of the stress evolution of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) at loading, relaxation, and recovery stages in a multi‐relaxation‐recovery (RR) test. The analysis is based on a three‐branch spring‐dashpot model that uses the Eyring's law to govern the viscous behavior. The spring‐dashpot model comprises two viscous branches to represent the short‐ and long‐term time‐dependent stress responses to deformation, and a quasi‐static branch to represent the time‐independent stress response. A fast numerical analysis framework based on genetic algorithms was developed to determine values for the model parameters so that the difference between the simulation and the experimental data could be less than 0.08 MPa. Using this approach, values of the model parameters were determined as functions of deformation and time so that the model can simulate the stress response at loading, relaxation, and recovery stages of the RR test. The simulation also generated 10 sets of model parameter values to examine their consistency. The study concludes that the three‐branch model can serve as a suitable tool for analyzing the mechanical properties of HDPE, and values for the model parameters can potentially be used to characterize the difference among PEs for their mechanical performance.HighlightsDeveloped computer programs to determine parameter values automatically.Explained the unusual stress drop during stress recovery after unloading.Evaluated the statistical range of the parameter values for the good fitting.
{"title":"Characterization of loading, relaxation, and recovery behaviors of high‐density polyethylene using a three‐branch spring‐dashpot model","authors":"Furui Shi, P.‐Y. Ben Jar","doi":"10.1002/pen.26891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26891","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This paper presents an analysis of the stress evolution of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) at loading, relaxation, and recovery stages in a multi‐relaxation‐recovery (RR) test. The analysis is based on a three‐branch spring‐dashpot model that uses the Eyring's law to govern the viscous behavior. The spring‐dashpot model comprises two viscous branches to represent the short‐ and long‐term time‐dependent stress responses to deformation, and a quasi‐static branch to represent the time‐independent stress response. A fast numerical analysis framework based on genetic algorithms was developed to determine values for the model parameters so that the difference between the simulation and the experimental data could be less than 0.08 MPa. Using this approach, values of the model parameters were determined as functions of deformation and time so that the model can simulate the stress response at loading, relaxation, and recovery stages of the RR test. The simulation also generated 10 sets of model parameter values to examine their consistency. The study concludes that the three‐branch model can serve as a suitable tool for analyzing the mechanical properties of HDPE, and values for the model parameters can potentially be used to characterize the difference among PEs for their mechanical performance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Developed computer programs to determine parameter values automatically.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Explained the unusual stress drop during stress recovery after unloading.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Evaluated the statistical range of the parameter values for the good fitting.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study describes the facile synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and GO/carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG)‐based hydrogel composite. The synthesized GO/CMTKG/PAM hydrogel composite was applied as an adsorbent for the selective sequestration of toxic crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous medium. The impact of various controlling parameters such as contact time, pH, concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature was studied. The experimental data obtained from the isotherm and kinetics modeling showed a good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model, respectively. The optimized concentration of dye was 40 mg L−1 for CV and 20 mg L−1 for MB, and the adsorption capacity (qmax) was calculated to be 111 mg g−1 for CV dye and 25 mg g−1 for MB dye. The synthesized adsorbent exhibits excellent recyclability for dye uptake after six consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the simultaneous adsorption of CV and MB from the binary system was carried out to ascertain the utility of the adsorbent in a wide range of adsorption systems. The adsorbent was also found to act as a proficient adsorbent in various water samples. These results demonstrated that synthesized hydrogel can be successfully applied as an adsorbent for the sequestration of dye effluents in real‐time applications.HighlightsHydrogel composite was successfully synthesized via a free radical mechanism.It is an efficient adsorbent for removing cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.It shows selectivity towards cationic dyes and works in a binary mixture of cationic dyes.It shows good removal efficacy in different water samples, including real wastewater samples.It also shows proficient removal efficacy after six consecutive regeneration cycles.
{"title":"Development of graphene oxide‐incorporated biopolymer‐carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum‐based hydrogel as an effective adsorbent for the sequestration of dye pollutants","authors":"Priyanka Yadav, Sudhir G. Warkar, Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1002/pen.26883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26883","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The present study describes the facile synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and GO/carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG)‐based hydrogel composite. The synthesized GO/CMTKG/PAM hydrogel composite was applied as an adsorbent for the selective sequestration of toxic crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous medium. The impact of various controlling parameters such as contact time, pH, concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature was studied. The experimental data obtained from the isotherm and kinetics modeling showed a good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model, respectively. The optimized concentration of dye was 40 mg L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for CV and 20 mg L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for MB, and the adsorption capacity (q<jats:sub>max</jats:sub>) was calculated to be 111 mg g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for CV dye and 25 mg g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for MB dye. The synthesized adsorbent exhibits excellent recyclability for dye uptake after six consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the simultaneous adsorption of CV and MB from the binary system was carried out to ascertain the utility of the adsorbent in a wide range of adsorption systems. The adsorbent was also found to act as a proficient adsorbent in various water samples. These results demonstrated that synthesized hydrogel can be successfully applied as an adsorbent for the sequestration of dye effluents in real‐time applications.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Hydrogel composite was successfully synthesized via a free radical mechanism.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>It is an efficient adsorbent for removing cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>It shows selectivity towards cationic dyes and works in a binary mixture of cationic dyes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>It shows good removal efficacy in different water samples, including real wastewater samples.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>It also shows proficient removal efficacy after six consecutive regeneration cycles.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To realize the great potential of silicone rubber in advanced electronics, high dielectric constant and low loss tangent are currently pursued. Adding a third phase to conductive filler/silicone rubber composites may enhance the properties of the composites, but the appropriate particle size of the third phase is an open question. Here, MoS2 was used as the third phase to prepare the Ti3C2Tx MXene/MoS2/methylvinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) ternary composites, and the influence of different sizes of MoS2 (200 nm and 2 μm) on the dielectric performance of the composites was investigated. The dielectric constant of the Ti3C2Tx MXene/VMQ composites with 5 wt% MoS2 nanoparticles shows a 279% enhancement from 2.78 to 7.75 at 103 Hz, better than that of the Ti3C2Tx MXene‐MoS2 hybrid fillers/VMQ composites. Compared with micron MoS2, nano MoS2 can significantly enhance the dielectric performance of conductive filler/polymer composites because of shorter interparticle distances and enhanced interfacial polarization. Meanwhile, the composites exhibit low loss tangent (lower than 0.0015) and good thermal stability (up to 400°C) because of the low filling amounts of Ti3C2Tx MXene and MoS2 nanoparticles. Excellent flexibility with Young's modulus of 285 kPa and elongations break of 446% was also obtained. The design of these ternary composites greatly improves the dielectric and mechanical properties, which means that the dielectric material has a broad application prospect in modern electronics industry.HighlightsHigh dielectric constant was gained in Ti3C2Tx MXene/5n‐MoS2/VMQ composites.The MXene/5n‐MoS2/VMQ composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties.Appropriate filler size can benefit the performance of polymer composites.
{"title":"Significantly enhanced dielectric properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene/MoS2/methylvinyl silicone rubber ternary composites by tuning the particle size of MoS2","authors":"Yu Zeng, Lu Tang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26905","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>To realize the great potential of silicone rubber in advanced electronics, high dielectric constant and low loss tangent are currently pursued. Adding a third phase to conductive filler/silicone rubber composites may enhance the properties of the composites, but the appropriate particle size of the third phase is an open question. Here, MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> was used as the third phase to prepare the Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>T<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> MXene/MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/methylvinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) ternary composites, and the influence of different sizes of MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (200 nm and 2 μm) on the dielectric performance of the composites was investigated. The dielectric constant of the Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>T<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> MXene/VMQ composites with 5 wt% MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles shows a 279% enhancement from 2.78 to 7.75 at 10<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> Hz, better than that of the Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>T<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> MXene‐MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> hybrid fillers/VMQ composites. Compared with micron MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, nano MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> can significantly enhance the dielectric performance of conductive filler/polymer composites because of shorter interparticle distances and enhanced interfacial polarization. Meanwhile, the composites exhibit low loss tangent (lower than 0.0015) and good thermal stability (up to 400°C) because of the low filling amounts of Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>T<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> MXene and MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nanoparticles. Excellent flexibility with Young's modulus of 285 kPa and elongations break of 446% was also obtained. The design of these ternary composites greatly improves the dielectric and mechanical properties, which means that the dielectric material has a broad application prospect in modern electronics industry.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>High dielectric constant was gained in Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>T<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> MXene/5n‐MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/VMQ composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The MXene/5n‐MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/VMQ composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Appropriate filler size can benefit the performance of polymer composites.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the injection molding process, the pressure within the mold cavity is crucial to the quality of the final product. Due to the inability to directly observe the process, sensor technology is required to acquire data. Traditionally, experts interpret and encode pressure curves, but this method has limitations. This study proposes an innovative pressure curve encoding technique to overcome these limitations and achieve automation to obtain more comprehensive pressure information. The study employs mold flow analysis software and autoencoders to capture and encode pressure data, classifying pressure curves into global pressure and local pressure values. Subsequently, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network is used for machine learning to predict multiple qualities. Results indicate that local pressure features perform better in predicting multiple‐quality targets than global pressure features, exhibiting smaller prediction ranges and higher prediction stability. Although domain knowledge‐based indicator features slightly outperform in terms of predictive capability, the low error results of the local pressure feature method validate the effectiveness of the autoencoder approach, demonstrating its potential for digital information extraction and practical quality prediction in the injection molding process.HighlightsDevelops a product quality prediction system for efficient injection molding.Autoencoders extract key features from pressure data without domain knowledge.ML models predict quality indicators, optimizing injection molding processes.Compares pressure features, showing data‐driven methods' prediction accuracy.
{"title":"Data‐driven quality prediction in injection molding: An autoencoder and machine learning approach","authors":"Kun‐Cheng Ke, Jui‐Chih Wang, Shih‐Chih Nian","doi":"10.1002/pen.26866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26866","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In the injection molding process, the pressure within the mold cavity is crucial to the quality of the final product. Due to the inability to directly observe the process, sensor technology is required to acquire data. Traditionally, experts interpret and encode pressure curves, but this method has limitations. This study proposes an innovative pressure curve encoding technique to overcome these limitations and achieve automation to obtain more comprehensive pressure information. The study employs mold flow analysis software and autoencoders to capture and encode pressure data, classifying pressure curves into global pressure and local pressure values. Subsequently, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network is used for machine learning to predict multiple qualities. Results indicate that local pressure features perform better in predicting multiple‐quality targets than global pressure features, exhibiting smaller prediction ranges and higher prediction stability. Although domain knowledge‐based indicator features slightly outperform in terms of predictive capability, the low error results of the local pressure feature method validate the effectiveness of the autoencoder approach, demonstrating its potential for digital information extraction and practical quality prediction in the injection molding process.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Develops a product quality prediction system for efficient injection molding.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Autoencoders extract key features from pressure data without domain knowledge.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>ML models predict quality indicators, optimizing injection molding processes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Compares pressure features, showing data‐driven methods' prediction accuracy.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A high‐efficiency bio‐based P/N synergistic flame retardant (PVFD) is synthesized by combining furfurylamine and vanillin. The compound incorporates two different valence states of phosphorus as flame retardant structures, namely phenylphosphoryl dichloride (PPDC) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐ phosphophenyl‐10‐oxide (DOPO). PVFD and epoxy resin (EP) can cure into a cross‐linked network, thus not only improving the mechanical properties of EP but also achieving P/N synergistic flame retardant effects. Experimental results demonstrate that EP/PVFD‐5 obtained by adding 5 wt% of PVFD to EP passes the UL‐94 test and achieves V‐0 grade, whose limiting oxygen index (LOI) is up to 38.0%. EP/PVFD‐5 exhibits a decrease of 10.14% in peak heat release rate (PHRR), 16.90% in total heat release (THR), and 10.0% in total smoke release (TSP), while the residual carbon content increases by 8.5%. Additionally, the bending strength, bending modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of EP/PVFD‐5 increase by 3.9%, 4.9%, 45.1%, and 26.3%, respectively.HighlightsThe bio‐based raw materials we used are eco‐friendly and readily available.PVFD, an efficient P‐N synergistic compound, was synthesized.PVFD promotes the char formation of EP and dilutes the O2 concentration.PVFD does not cause the degradation of mechanical properties of EP.
{"title":"A bio‐based reactive P/N synergistic flame retardant for improving the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin","authors":"Chenchen Wang, Bin Ren, Rui Ma, Xiuyun Li","doi":"10.1002/pen.26877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26877","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>A high‐efficiency bio‐based P/N synergistic flame retardant (PVFD) is synthesized by combining furfurylamine and vanillin. The compound incorporates two different valence states of phosphorus as flame retardant structures, namely phenylphosphoryl dichloride (PPDC) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐ phosphophenyl‐10‐oxide (DOPO). PVFD and epoxy resin (EP) can cure into a cross‐linked network, thus not only improving the mechanical properties of EP but also achieving P/N synergistic flame retardant effects. Experimental results demonstrate that EP/PVFD‐5 obtained by adding 5 wt% of PVFD to EP passes the UL‐94 test and achieves V‐0 grade, whose limiting oxygen index (LOI) is up to 38.0%. EP/PVFD‐5 exhibits a decrease of 10.14% in peak heat release rate (PHRR), 16.90% in total heat release (THR), and 10.0% in total smoke release (TSP), while the residual carbon content increases by 8.5%. Additionally, the bending strength, bending modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of EP/PVFD‐5 increase by 3.9%, 4.9%, 45.1%, and 26.3%, respectively.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The bio‐based raw materials we used are eco‐friendly and readily available.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PVFD, an efficient P‐N synergistic compound, was synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PVFD promotes the char formation of EP and dilutes the O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentration.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PVFD does not cause the degradation of mechanical properties of EP.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ly Mai Thi Nguyen, Thuy Thu Truong, Ha Tran Nguyen, Chau Duc Tran, Diep Ngoc Le, Tin Chanh Duc Doan, Thu Nguyen
A straightforward but effective approach to fabricate shape‐memory polyurethane thermosets by tailoring the soft phase composition of two‐ and four‐armed polycaprolactone (PCL) polyols is described. As the crystallization of the PCL soft phase has an effect on driving the self‐assembly of H‐bonds, a good balance of tensile performance and thermo‐healability can be achieved by regulating the ratio between PCL‐diol and PCL‐tetrol in the soft phase. The inferior ability of crystallization of the segments near the branching point gives rise to enhancement of the both overall healability and toughness of the network. Healings of punctured holes and cuts are assessed using optical microscopy (OM), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), tensile analysis, and two‐electrode impedence characterization. The obtained network with the best healing behavior has a soft phase composition with the PCL‐diol/PCL‐tetrol molar ratio of 2/1, a tensile toughness of 64 MPa J−1 and a healing efficiency (estimated by recovery of tensile strength) of nearly 80%.HighlightsThe composition of the soft phase of polyurethane networks was tailored.Two‐ and four‐armed polycaprolactones were used for the network structure.A good balance between mechanical and healing performance was obtained.Healing of complete cuts showed tensile strength recovery of nearly 80%.
{"title":"Shape‐memory thermosets: Tailoring the structure for toughness improvement and scratch healability","authors":"Ly Mai Thi Nguyen, Thuy Thu Truong, Ha Tran Nguyen, Chau Duc Tran, Diep Ngoc Le, Tin Chanh Duc Doan, Thu Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/pen.26902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26902","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>A straightforward but effective approach to fabricate shape‐memory polyurethane thermosets by tailoring the soft phase composition of two‐ and four‐armed polycaprolactone (PCL) polyols is described. As the crystallization of the PCL soft phase has an effect on driving the self‐assembly of H‐bonds, a good balance of tensile performance and thermo‐healability can be achieved by regulating the ratio between PCL‐diol and PCL‐tetrol in the soft phase. The inferior ability of crystallization of the segments near the branching point gives rise to enhancement of the both overall healability and toughness of the network. Healings of punctured holes and cuts are assessed using optical microscopy (OM), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), tensile analysis, and two‐electrode impedence characterization. The obtained network with the best healing behavior has a soft phase composition with the PCL‐diol/PCL‐tetrol molar ratio of 2/1, a tensile toughness of 64 MPa J<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and a healing efficiency (estimated by recovery of tensile strength) of nearly 80%.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The composition of the soft phase of polyurethane networks was tailored.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Two‐ and four‐armed polycaprolactones were used for the network structure.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A good balance between mechanical and healing performance was obtained.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Healing of complete cuts showed tensile strength recovery of nearly 80%.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jialong Zhao, Wei Guo, Feng Zhao, Tao Feng, Kui Yan
In this paper, the surface morphology of the parts was improved by the in‐mold decoration and microcellular foaming injection molding (MIM‐IMD), and the mechanical properties of the parts were improved by inorganic particles modification. The effects of different inorganic particles (CaCO3, MMT, Talc) on the rheological behavior, crystallization properties, cell structure, surface quality, and mechanical properties of the MIM‐IMD composites were analyzed through experimental research and comprehensive macro and micro characterization. It was found that the foamed composite added with MMT had the highest surface quality, the best cell structure, the minimum average cell diameter of 78.4 μm and the maximum cell density of 3.09 × 106 cells/cm3. Talc improved the crystallinity of polypropylene (PP) matrix, and the resulting mechanical properties were the most significant improvement. Tensile, flexural, and impact strength were increased by 20.3%, 11.6%, and 45.2%, respectively.HighlightsThe MIM‐IMD process was used to improve the surface quality of the samples.The enhancement of different inorganic particles on the properties were compared.The properties were evaluated by macro‐ and micro‐characterization.Inorganic particles can significantly improve the cell structure.Inorganic particles can greatly improve mechanical properties.
{"title":"Effect of inorganic nanoparticles on polypropylene in‐mold decoration and microcellular foaming injection molding composites","authors":"Jialong Zhao, Wei Guo, Feng Zhao, Tao Feng, Kui Yan","doi":"10.1002/pen.26901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26901","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this paper, the surface morphology of the parts was improved by the in‐mold decoration and microcellular foaming injection molding (MIM‐IMD), and the mechanical properties of the parts were improved by inorganic particles modification. The effects of different inorganic particles (CaCO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, MMT, Talc) on the rheological behavior, crystallization properties, cell structure, surface quality, and mechanical properties of the MIM‐IMD composites were analyzed through experimental research and comprehensive macro and micro characterization. It was found that the foamed composite added with MMT had the highest surface quality, the best cell structure, the minimum average cell diameter of 78.4 μm and the maximum cell density of 3.09 × 10<jats:sup>6</jats:sup> cells/cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>. Talc improved the crystallinity of polypropylene (PP) matrix, and the resulting mechanical properties were the most significant improvement. Tensile, flexural, and impact strength were increased by 20.3%, 11.6%, and 45.2%, respectively.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The MIM‐IMD process was used to improve the surface quality of the samples.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The enhancement of different inorganic particles on the properties were compared.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The properties were evaluated by macro‐ and micro‐characterization.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Inorganic particles can significantly improve the cell structure.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Inorganic particles can greatly improve mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hesham Aboukeila, Onkar Singh, John Klier, George W. Huber, Brian P. Grady
Traditionally, most flexible food packaging is made of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) which cannot easily be recycled, nor will it degrade in a reasonable timescale. In this work, a biobased biodegradable polyester alternative was investigated as a possible replacement for LLDPE. High molecular weight poly (pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with a 40/60 adipic acid/terephthalic acid mole ratio was synthesized using direct esterification and polycondensation. Glycerol and hexane‐1,2,5,6‐tetrol were added as branching agents to better match the structure of the LLDPE which in turn might help the ability of these materials in film‐blowing. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the copolyesters were thoroughly investigated. All copolyesters had a weight‐average molecular weight of over 140,000 g/mol, which is necessary for proper rheology, and were thermally stable up to 350°C. The addition of branching agents led to a slight decrease in crystallinity, d‐spacing, melting temperature, enthalpy of melting, stress at break, and elongation at break. However, an increase in Young's modulus and complex viscosity at high frequency were observed compared to PPeAT60 without branching agent added. Although the improved crystallinity and mechanical properties of the copolyesters made them viable for film‐blowing, the slow crystallization rate creates a major challenge.HighlightsLinear and branched poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PPeAT) synthesized.Properties compared to commercial poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT).Glass and melting temperatures comparable to commercial PBAT.Extensional and shear viscosity comparable to commercial PBAT.PPeAT stiffness is factor of 2 higher than PBAT; ultimate properties similar.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of biobased copolyesters based on pentanediol: (2) Poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)","authors":"Hesham Aboukeila, Onkar Singh, John Klier, George W. Huber, Brian P. Grady","doi":"10.1002/pen.26878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26878","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Traditionally, most flexible food packaging is made of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) which cannot easily be recycled, nor will it degrade in a reasonable timescale. In this work, a biobased biodegradable polyester alternative was investigated as a possible replacement for LLDPE. High molecular weight poly (pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with a 40/60 adipic acid/terephthalic acid mole ratio was synthesized using direct esterification and polycondensation. Glycerol and hexane‐1,2,5,6‐tetrol were added as branching agents to better match the structure of the LLDPE which in turn might help the ability of these materials in film‐blowing. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the copolyesters were thoroughly investigated. All copolyesters had a weight‐average molecular weight of over 140,000 g/mol, which is necessary for proper rheology, and were thermally stable up to 350°C. The addition of branching agents led to a slight decrease in crystallinity, d‐spacing, melting temperature, enthalpy of melting, stress at break, and elongation at break. However, an increase in Young's modulus and complex viscosity at high frequency were observed compared to PPeAT60 without branching agent added. Although the improved crystallinity and mechanical properties of the copolyesters made them viable for film‐blowing, the slow crystallization rate creates a major challenge.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Linear and branched poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PPeAT) synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Properties compared to commercial poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Glass and melting temperatures comparable to commercial PBAT.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Extensional and shear viscosity comparable to commercial PBAT.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>PPeAT stiffness is factor of 2 higher than PBAT; ultimate properties similar.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdussalam Giuma, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Esam Bashir Yahya, Lilis Sukeksi, Tata Alfatah, N. M. Nurazzi, Mohamed Jaber, Indra Surya
The need for green thermal insulation materials, such as biopolymer aerogels, has become increasingly critical in the face of escalating environmental concerns and the urgent push toward sustainable practices. The unique characteristics of biopolymer aerogels, coupled with their environmental benefits, position them as potential disruptors in the insulation industry. As research continues, addressing challenges and refining fabrication techniques will likely lead to wider adoption of these materials, contributing to a greener and more energy‐efficient built environment. This review presents the latest developments concerning the properties and versatile applications of biopolymer‐based thermal insulators as a new type of green materials. It comprehensively examines the fundamental principles of thermal insulation, factors that influence its efficacy, and the compatibility and mechanisms underlying bioaerogels within this context. The review also addresses the latest works about the utilization of different biopolymer aerogels in different thermal insulation applications and critically assesses the obstacles currently faced by biopolymer‐based aerogels and elucidates potential avenues for future advancement.HighlightsBiopolymer aerogels offer a sustainable alternative in insulation.Challenges in production limit current aerogel adoption rates.Latest advancements highlight aerogels' versatile insulation applications.Future research aims to enhance biopolymer aerogel technology and use.
{"title":"Green thermal insulators: A review into the role of biopolymer‐based aerogels in thermal insulation applications","authors":"Abdussalam Giuma, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Esam Bashir Yahya, Lilis Sukeksi, Tata Alfatah, N. M. Nurazzi, Mohamed Jaber, Indra Surya","doi":"10.1002/pen.26888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26888","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The need for green thermal insulation materials, such as biopolymer aerogels, has become increasingly critical in the face of escalating environmental concerns and the urgent push toward sustainable practices. The unique characteristics of biopolymer aerogels, coupled with their environmental benefits, position them as potential disruptors in the insulation industry. As research continues, addressing challenges and refining fabrication techniques will likely lead to wider adoption of these materials, contributing to a greener and more energy‐efficient built environment. This review presents the latest developments concerning the properties and versatile applications of biopolymer‐based thermal insulators as a new type of green materials. It comprehensively examines the fundamental principles of thermal insulation, factors that influence its efficacy, and the compatibility and mechanisms underlying bioaerogels within this context. The review also addresses the latest works about the utilization of different biopolymer aerogels in different thermal insulation applications and critically assesses the obstacles currently faced by biopolymer‐based aerogels and elucidates potential avenues for future advancement.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Biopolymer aerogels offer a sustainable alternative in insulation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Challenges in production limit current aerogel adoption rates.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Latest advancements highlight aerogels' versatile insulation applications.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Future research aims to enhance biopolymer aerogel technology and use.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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