Tomas Gomez Gatti, M. Leticia Bravi Costantino, Luciana Fracassi, Diego Larsen, Juan Manuel Padró, M. Susana Cortizo, Tamara Oberti
In this study, new statistical copolymers made from dioctyl fumarate (DOF) and styrene (S) with different architectures (linear or branched) were synthesized to assess the impact of this macromolecular characteristic on the modification of Argentine asphalt. Modified asphalts (MA) exhibited good compatibility without evidence of oxidative effect during their manufacturing, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy assays. The incorporation of copolymers led to an improvement in the basic properties of the MA, and this showed a higher viscosity compared to the base asphalt, with the effect being more pronounced in the MA containing branched copolymer. The last sample exhibits the lowest thermal susceptibility, as determined from the analysis of activation energies.HighlightsNew linear and branched copolymers were synthesized using fumaric and styrene monomers.Monomers randomly alternate in copolymer chains.No oxidation during asphalt modification and the polymers are stable.Incorporating branched copolymer doubles asphalt's elastic recovery.Asphalt modified with the branched copolymer exhibits reduced thermal susceptibility.
{"title":"Macromolecular architecture effect of dioctyl fumarate‐co‐styrene on the properties of modified asphalts","authors":"Tomas Gomez Gatti, M. Leticia Bravi Costantino, Luciana Fracassi, Diego Larsen, Juan Manuel Padró, M. Susana Cortizo, Tamara Oberti","doi":"10.1002/pen.26894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26894","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, new statistical copolymers made from dioctyl fumarate (DOF) and styrene (S) with different architectures (linear or branched) were synthesized to assess the impact of this macromolecular characteristic on the modification of Argentine asphalt. Modified asphalts (MA) exhibited good compatibility without evidence of oxidative effect during their manufacturing, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy assays. The incorporation of copolymers led to an improvement in the basic properties of the MA, and this showed a higher viscosity compared to the base asphalt, with the effect being more pronounced in the MA containing branched copolymer. The last sample exhibits the lowest thermal susceptibility, as determined from the analysis of activation energies.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>New linear and branched copolymers were synthesized using fumaric and styrene monomers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Monomers randomly alternate in copolymer chains.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>No oxidation during asphalt modification and the polymers are stable.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Incorporating branched copolymer doubles asphalt's elastic recovery.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Asphalt modified with the branched copolymer exhibits reduced thermal susceptibility.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onkar Singh, Hesham Aboukeila, John Klier, George W. Huber, Brian P. Grady
A series of biobased aliphatic‐aromatic copolyesters, poly(pentylene dodecanoate‐co‐furandicarboxylates) (PPeDFs) were synthesized via an esterification and polycondensation melt process. The copolyesters were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide angle x‐ray scattering, and tensile testing. The thermal transition behavior was strongly dependent on composition, with the melting and glass transition temperatures reaching a minimum at approximately equimolar ratio of D to F. All copolyesters were stable below 300°C with their R600 (the weight of material remaining at 600°C) values increasing with F fraction. PPeD to PPeDF30 (e.g., mole ratio D/F = 7:3) show sharp PPeD crystalline reflections only while broad PPeF reflections are shown in PPeF and PPeDF90. PPeDF40 to PPeDF80 showed both crystal structures. The fractional crystallinity for the PPeD was much higher than PPeF and the fractional crystallinity of the copolymers showed a minimum at D/F ratios closer to the latter. The stress at break and modulus both exhibited maxima at D/F ratios that were either high or low, but somewhat surprisingly a strong maximum in percent elongation at break of over 600% occurs at PPeDF40. For this composition, a typical plastic behavior curve was found including a yield point, high elongation at break, and strain hardening.HighlightsPoly(pentylene dodecanoate‐co‐furandicarboxylates) (PPeDFs) are synthesizedMechanical properties, a function of D:F ratio. High elongation at 40 mol% F.Two melting temperatures/crystal structures, one PPeD, the other PPeFGlass transition temperature minimum at intermediate D:F ratios
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of biobased copolyesters based on pentanediol: (1) Poly(pentylene dodecanoate‐co‐furandicarboxylate)","authors":"Onkar Singh, Hesham Aboukeila, John Klier, George W. Huber, Brian P. Grady","doi":"10.1002/pen.26892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26892","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>A series of biobased aliphatic‐aromatic copolyesters, poly(pentylene dodecanoate‐co‐furandicarboxylates) (PPeDFs) were synthesized via an esterification and polycondensation melt process. The copolyesters were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, <jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide angle x‐ray scattering, and tensile testing. The thermal transition behavior was strongly dependent on composition, with the melting and glass transition temperatures reaching a minimum at approximately equimolar ratio of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic> to <jats:italic>F</jats:italic>. All copolyesters were stable below 300°C with their <jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sub>600</jats:sub> (the weight of material remaining at 600°C) values increasing with <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> fraction. PPeD to PPeDF30 (e.g., mole ratio <jats:italic>D</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> = 7:3) show sharp PPeD crystalline reflections only while broad PPeF reflections are shown in PPeF and PPeDF90. PPeDF40 to PPeDF80 showed both crystal structures. The fractional crystallinity for the PPeD was much higher than PPeF and the fractional crystallinity of the copolymers showed a minimum at <jats:italic>D</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> ratios closer to the latter. The stress at break and modulus both exhibited maxima at <jats:italic>D</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> ratios that were either high or low, but somewhat surprisingly a strong maximum in percent elongation at break of over 600% occurs at PPeDF40. For this composition, a typical plastic behavior curve was found including a yield point, high elongation at break, and strain hardening.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Poly(pentylene dodecanoate‐co‐furandicarboxylates) (PPeDFs) are synthesized</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Mechanical properties, a function of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic>:<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> ratio. High elongation at 40 mol% <jats:italic>F</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Two melting temperatures/crystal structures, one PPeD, the other PPeF</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Glass transition temperature minimum at intermediate <jats:italic>D</jats:italic>:<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> ratios</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaowei Wu, Zeming Fang, Xiaotao Zhu, Cheng Luo, Dan Li, Qianfa Liu, Ke Xue, Ke Wang
In high‐frequency applications such as 5G‐6G communication, internet of things, automotive radar, and automated driver‐assistance systems, substrate materials excel as insulating layers owing to their superior dielectric properties. However, traditional methods for material development are often laborious and costly. To overcome these limitations, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the dielectric properties of these materials at frequencies exceeding 107 Hz. Specifically, we selected thermosetting polyphenylene oxide (m‐PPO) as the resin matrix and combined it with three crosslinking agents, respectively: triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, and trimethylallyl isocyanurate. Our overarching goal is to provide comprehensive insights into the development and enhancement of materials critical for high‐frequency electronic devices. We anticipate that this methodology will be widely adopted for the development of advanced substrate materials across various applications, with the objective of effectively screening crosslinkers.HighlightsDeveloped a simulation method to efficiently explore material scenarios for high‐frequency applications.Studied the dielectric properties of m‐PPO combined with three crosslinking agents at high frequencies.Successfully predicted dielectric properties using MD simulations.
{"title":"Predictive modeling of dielectric properties in crosslinked polyphenylene oxide systems: Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation","authors":"Xiaowei Wu, Zeming Fang, Xiaotao Zhu, Cheng Luo, Dan Li, Qianfa Liu, Ke Xue, Ke Wang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26884","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In high‐frequency applications such as 5G‐6G communication, internet of things, automotive radar, and automated driver‐assistance systems, substrate materials excel as insulating layers owing to their superior dielectric properties. However, traditional methods for material development are often laborious and costly. To overcome these limitations, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the dielectric properties of these materials at frequencies exceeding 10<jats:sup>7</jats:sup> Hz. Specifically, we selected thermosetting polyphenylene oxide (m‐PPO) as the resin matrix and combined it with three crosslinking agents, respectively: triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, and trimethylallyl isocyanurate. Our overarching goal is to provide comprehensive insights into the development and enhancement of materials critical for high‐frequency electronic devices. We anticipate that this methodology will be widely adopted for the development of advanced substrate materials across various applications, with the objective of effectively screening crosslinkers.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Developed a simulation method to efficiently explore material scenarios for high‐frequency applications.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Studied the dielectric properties of m‐PPO combined with three crosslinking agents at high frequencies.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Successfully predicted dielectric properties using MD simulations.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xi‐long Jiang, Xing‐yuan Chen, Fang‐Fang Wang, Ming‐yuan Chien, Hai‐mei Li
Composites were fabricated using maleic anhydride‐grafted high‐density polyethylene as the matrix material and wheat straw as the filler. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheological properties of these composites were investigated to determine the processing parameters for supercritical fluid (SCF) microcellular injection with and without gas counter pressure (GCP) technology. The impacts of different proportions and dimensions of wheat straw, along with process parameters related to GCP, were determined on both the cellular structure and mechanical characteristics of foamed injection molded components. Experimental results revealed that an increase in the ratio of wheat straw and a reduction in its size led to enhancements in both storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites, while also improving their cell structure when foamed with SCF. By adjusting GCP process parameters, it was possible to regulate both cell morphology and mechanical properties of foamed injection molded parts. Higher GCP or longer GCP holding time resulted in increased skin thickness and tensile strength but decreased notched Izod impact strength.HighlightsBuilt relations between GCP technology parameters and cell morphologies.Compared the influence of wheat straw powder and GCP parameters quantitatively.Explored the correlation between cellular morphology and mechanical properties.The regulatory mechanism of cell morphology, size ratio, and distribution.GCP effectively modulates cell morphologies and mechanical properties.
{"title":"Comparison of cell morphology and mechanical properties of wheat straw powder/HDPE parts molded by supercritical fluid foamed injection with and without gas counter pressure technology","authors":"Xi‐long Jiang, Xing‐yuan Chen, Fang‐Fang Wang, Ming‐yuan Chien, Hai‐mei Li","doi":"10.1002/pen.26899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26899","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Composites were fabricated using maleic anhydride‐grafted high‐density polyethylene as the matrix material and wheat straw as the filler. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheological properties of these composites were investigated to determine the processing parameters for supercritical fluid (SCF) microcellular injection with and without gas counter pressure (GCP) technology. The impacts of different proportions and dimensions of wheat straw, along with process parameters related to GCP, were determined on both the cellular structure and mechanical characteristics of foamed injection molded components. Experimental results revealed that an increase in the ratio of wheat straw and a reduction in its size led to enhancements in both storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites, while also improving their cell structure when foamed with SCF. By adjusting GCP process parameters, it was possible to regulate both cell morphology and mechanical properties of foamed injection molded parts. Higher GCP or longer GCP holding time resulted in increased skin thickness and tensile strength but decreased notched Izod impact strength.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Built relations between GCP technology parameters and cell morphologies.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Compared the influence of wheat straw powder and GCP parameters quantitatively.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Explored the correlation between cellular morphology and mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The regulatory mechanism of cell morphology, size ratio, and distribution.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>GCP effectively modulates cell morphologies and mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shreenivas G. Chavan, Divya D. Achari, Balappa B. Munavalli, Laisa C. Poulose, Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar
Pervaporation (PV) is a promising membrane‐based technology for dehydrating alcohols and separation of close‐boiling liquids. Poly(styrene sulfonic acid‐co‐maleic acid) (PSSAMA) crosslinked sodium alginate (NaAlg) membrane was developed, and was then modified by varying the mass% of sulfonated graphite oxide (SGO). Physicochemical properties of the resulting membranes were assessed using FTIR, WXRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The pervaporation study was carried out to assess membrane performance in dehydrating isopropanol. The membrane with 16 mass% of SGO exhibited the highest separation factor of 6025 and flux of 14.66 × 10−2 kg m−2 h−1 at 30°C for 10 mass% of water in the feed and were able to break the water–isopropanol azeotropic point. The activation energy for water permeation (Epw) was lower than that of isopropanol permeation (EIPA), indicating the high separation ability. Activation energies for total permeation (EP) and total diffusion (ED) ranged from 12.42 to 49.13 and 12.99 to 54.42 kJ mol−1, respectively. Negative enthalpy values (ΔHs) suggested Langmuir's sorption predominance for all membranes.HighlightsThe SGO incorporated crosslinked NaAlg composite membranes were prepared.The membrane containing 16 mass% of SGO showed the highest water uptake.Membrane with 16 mass% of SGO showed the highest flux and separation factor.All composite membranes showed excellent thermal and mechanical stability.Membrane with 16 mass% of SGO demonstrated excellent PV performance.
{"title":"Development of sulfonated graphite oxide incorporated poly(styrene sulfonic acid‐co‐malic acid) crosslinked sodium alginate membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol","authors":"Shreenivas G. Chavan, Divya D. Achari, Balappa B. Munavalli, Laisa C. Poulose, Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar","doi":"10.1002/pen.26871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26871","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Pervaporation (PV) is a promising membrane‐based technology for dehydrating alcohols and separation of close‐boiling liquids. Poly(styrene sulfonic acid‐co‐maleic acid) (PSSAMA) crosslinked sodium alginate (NaAlg) membrane was developed, and was then modified by varying the mass% of sulfonated graphite oxide (SGO). Physicochemical properties of the resulting membranes were assessed using FTIR, WXRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The pervaporation study was carried out to assess membrane performance in dehydrating isopropanol. The membrane with 16 mass% of SGO exhibited the highest separation factor of 6025 and flux of 14.66 × 10<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> kg m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> at 30°C for 10 mass% of water in the feed and were able to break the water–isopropanol azeotropic point. The activation energy for water permeation (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pw</jats:italic></jats:sub>) was lower than that of isopropanol permeation (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>IPA</jats:italic></jats:sub>), indicating the high separation ability. Activation energies for total permeation (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>P</jats:italic></jats:sub>) and total diffusion (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>D</jats:italic></jats:sub>) ranged from 12.42 to 49.13 and 12.99 to 54.42 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, respectively. Negative enthalpy values (Δ<jats:italic>H</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s</jats:italic></jats:sub>) suggested Langmuir's sorption predominance for all membranes.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The SGO incorporated crosslinked NaAlg composite membranes were prepared.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The membrane containing 16 mass% of SGO showed the highest water uptake.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Membrane with 16 mass% of SGO showed the highest flux and separation factor.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>All composite membranes showed excellent thermal and mechanical stability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Membrane with 16 mass% of SGO demonstrated excellent PV performance.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chi‐Hui Tsou, Hang Luo, Shang‐Ming Lin, Charasphat Preuksarattanawut, Pranut Potiyaraj, Chin‐San Wu, Fei‐Fan Ge, Juan Du, Xiaomei Wei
This study investigates the potential of using natural cotton stalk (CS) to enhance the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) composite materials. Simple processed CS, used as a bio‐based filler, is integrated into the PLA/PBAT matrix with the objective of improving mechanical properties, barrier performance, and compatibility, while simultaneously reducing costs and environmental impact. The experiments conducted include tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, X‐ray diffraction study, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurement, water absorption tests, as well as water vapor and oxygen permeability tests. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of CS significantly enhances the mechanical properties and crystallinity of PLA/PBAT composites, along with increasing their water vapor and oxygen barrier capabilities. Compared to PLA/PBAT without CS, the addition of 2% CS to PLA/PBAT led to substantial improvements in tensile strength and elongation at break, with increases of 21.5%, 41.6%, and 74.4%, respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicate that the incorporation of CS promotes the compatibility and chemical interaction between PLA and PBAT, thereby enhancing various properties of the composite material. Image analysis revealed that the distribution area of CS fibers in the polymer matrix increased with content up to a peak at 2% but decreased at higher contents due to severe agglomeration, leading to uneven distribution and performance decline. This work proposes three possible reasons for the improvement in water vapor and oxygen permeability performance. Overall, the analysis suggests that an optimal amount of CS can effectively enhance multiple properties of PLA/PBAT composites, while excessive CS may lead to a decline in performance.HighlightsCotton stalk (CS) boosts polylactic acid/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) tensile strength by 21.5% and elongation by 41.6% at 2% inclusion.CS addition enhances water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of PLA/PBAT.Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy show CS improves PLA/PBAT compatibility and strength.Optimal CS content at 2% identified for best mechanical and barrier performance.Study validates using agricultural waste as fillers in eco‐friendly composites.
{"title":"Eco‐friendly enhancement of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) bridgeable composites using natural cotton stalk: A novel approach to improved mechanical, barrier properties, and compatibility","authors":"Chi‐Hui Tsou, Hang Luo, Shang‐Ming Lin, Charasphat Preuksarattanawut, Pranut Potiyaraj, Chin‐San Wu, Fei‐Fan Ge, Juan Du, Xiaomei Wei","doi":"10.1002/pen.26881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26881","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study investigates the potential of using natural cotton stalk (CS) to enhance the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) composite materials. Simple processed CS, used as a bio‐based filler, is integrated into the PLA/PBAT matrix with the objective of improving mechanical properties, barrier performance, and compatibility, while simultaneously reducing costs and environmental impact. The experiments conducted include tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, X‐ray diffraction study, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurement, water absorption tests, as well as water vapor and oxygen permeability tests. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of CS significantly enhances the mechanical properties and crystallinity of PLA/PBAT composites, along with increasing their water vapor and oxygen barrier capabilities. Compared to PLA/PBAT without CS, the addition of 2% CS to PLA/PBAT led to substantial improvements in tensile strength and elongation at break, with increases of 21.5%, 41.6%, and 74.4%, respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicate that the incorporation of CS promotes the compatibility and chemical interaction between PLA and PBAT, thereby enhancing various properties of the composite material. Image analysis revealed that the distribution area of CS fibers in the polymer matrix increased with content up to a peak at 2% but decreased at higher contents due to severe agglomeration, leading to uneven distribution and performance decline. This work proposes three possible reasons for the improvement in water vapor and oxygen permeability performance. Overall, the analysis suggests that an optimal amount of CS can effectively enhance multiple properties of PLA/PBAT composites, while excessive CS may lead to a decline in performance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Cotton stalk (CS) boosts polylactic acid/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) tensile strength by 21.5% and elongation by 41.6% at 2% inclusion.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>CS addition enhances water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of PLA/PBAT.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy show CS improves PLA/PBAT compatibility and strength.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Optimal CS content at 2% identified for best mechanical and barrier performance.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Study validates using agricultural waste as fillers in eco‐friendly composites.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenwen Zhou, Jin Chen, Zhifeng Guo, Jiaqiang Xie, Jiani Wang
Light‐curing rapid prototyping (SLA) has become an emerging technology in the manufacturing industry because of its high precision, rapid prototyping, and the ability to mold complex parts. To enhance the mechanical properties and thermal stability of its raw material photosensitive resin (PR), carbon fiber (CF) was surface modified by chemical oxidation and grafting of amino silane (KH550) to obtain KH550‐modified carbon fiber (ACF). Then, ACF was composited with photosensitive resin to obtain modified carbon fiber/photosensitive resin (ACF/PR) composites. The viscosities of ACF/PR composites, including the viscosity, curing shrinkage, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the ACF/PR composites, were characterized. The results showed that KH550 was successfully grafted onto CF. When the addition of ACF in the composites was 0.6%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of ACF/PR reached 39.48 MPa, 20.32%, and 13.62 kJ/m2, which were 120%, 27.15%, and 154% higher than that of the pure resin; the thermal decomposition temperatures and the maximum thermal decomposition temperatures at 50% mass loss of ACF/PR increased to 457.66°C and 442.44°C at 50% mass loss, which is 3.95% and 3.63% higher than that of the pure resin. Currently, the composites have excellent strength, toughness, and thermal stability. This paper gives a cost‐efficient method for improving the functioning of PR.HighlightsMixed acid oxidation and amino silane modification of CFs.Preparation of modified CF/photosensitive resin composites.Composites with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability.
{"title":"Preparation of short carbon fiber reinforced photosensitive resin and composite material properties study","authors":"Wenwen Zhou, Jin Chen, Zhifeng Guo, Jiaqiang Xie, Jiani Wang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26889","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Light‐curing rapid prototyping (SLA) has become an emerging technology in the manufacturing industry because of its high precision, rapid prototyping, and the ability to mold complex parts. To enhance the mechanical properties and thermal stability of its raw material photosensitive resin (PR), carbon fiber (CF) was surface modified by chemical oxidation and grafting of amino silane (KH550) to obtain KH550‐modified carbon fiber (ACF). Then, ACF was composited with photosensitive resin to obtain modified carbon fiber/photosensitive resin (ACF/PR) composites. The viscosities of ACF/PR composites, including the viscosity, curing shrinkage, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the ACF/PR composites, were characterized. The results showed that KH550 was successfully grafted onto CF. When the addition of ACF in the composites was 0.6%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of ACF/PR reached 39.48 MPa, 20.32%, and 13.62 kJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, which were 120%, 27.15%, and 154% higher than that of the pure resin; the thermal decomposition temperatures and the maximum thermal decomposition temperatures at 50% mass loss of ACF/PR increased to 457.66°C and 442.44°C at 50% mass loss, which is 3.95% and 3.63% higher than that of the pure resin. Currently, the composites have excellent strength, toughness, and thermal stability. This paper gives a cost‐efficient method for improving the functioning of PR.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Mixed acid oxidation and amino silane modification of CFs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Preparation of modified CF/photosensitive resin composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Composites with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The molecular structure of dielectric elastomers dictates their mechanical, electrical, and properties to react under external stimuli, influencing their suitability for applications such as actuators, sensors, and energy harvesting devices. The molecular structure of polymers can be tailored by incorporating plasticizers and particulate fillers to achieve multifunctional properties. However, achieving a balance between flexibility and maintaining mechanical strength due to incorporation of fillers induced phase separation and compromised intermolecular interactions remains challenging. In the present work, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites are synthesized using plasticizer and particulate fillers, polyethylene glycol (H‐(OCH2CH2)nOH) and titanium diboride (TiB2) respectively in various concentrations using shear mixing and doctor blade casting technique. Molecular structure of synthesized PDMS composite is confirmed by observing peaks of Raman spectra sift, which exhibits robust CO bonds dominating for both fillers. Chain entanglement due to filler incorporation significantly affects the crosslink density of PDMS composite, it increases with the concentration of plasticizer and possesses inverse relation for particulate. Furthermore, interdependence of the filler types and concentration are found on the mechanical as well as electrical properties. The specific deformation energy exhibits a significant increase of 118.9% when comparing particulate to the plasticizer at concentration of 8 wt.%. Although plasticizer increases the actuation strain and energy conversion efficiency but decreases the electrical breakdown voltage in comparison to particulate. By systematically varying fillers concentration, subtle changes in multifunctional properties are achieved. Overall, this investigation provides a framework for tailoring dielectric elastomer composites with desired electromechanical characteristics through the amalgamation of filler types and crosslinking densities, all intricately tied to the molecular architecture for electromechanical sensors.HighlightsFiller incorporation changes DE molecular structure and materials properties.Formation of additional bonds and micro‐capacitors in DE enhances capacitance.Actuation strain in DE depends on filler type and concentration.Energy conversion efficiency varies with the concentration of filler.
{"title":"Tailoring molecular structure and electromechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer for enhanced energy conversion efficiency","authors":"Om Prakash Prabhakar, Raj Kumar Sahu","doi":"10.1002/pen.26886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26886","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The molecular structure of dielectric elastomers dictates their mechanical, electrical, and properties to react under external stimuli, influencing their suitability for applications such as actuators, sensors, and energy harvesting devices. The molecular structure of polymers can be tailored by incorporating plasticizers and particulate fillers to achieve multifunctional properties. However, achieving a balance between flexibility and maintaining mechanical strength due to incorporation of fillers induced phase separation and compromised intermolecular interactions remains challenging. In the present work, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites are synthesized using plasticizer and particulate fillers, polyethylene glycol (H‐(OCH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>CH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>)<jats:sub>n</jats:sub>OH) and titanium diboride (TiB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) respectively in various concentrations using shear mixing and doctor blade casting technique. Molecular structure of synthesized PDMS composite is confirmed by observing peaks of Raman spectra sift, which exhibits robust CO bonds dominating for both fillers. Chain entanglement due to filler incorporation significantly affects the crosslink density of PDMS composite, it increases with the concentration of plasticizer and possesses inverse relation for particulate. Furthermore, interdependence of the filler types and concentration are found on the mechanical as well as electrical properties. The specific deformation energy exhibits a significant increase of 118.9% when comparing particulate to the plasticizer at concentration of 8 wt.%. Although plasticizer increases the actuation strain and energy conversion efficiency but decreases the electrical breakdown voltage in comparison to particulate. By systematically varying fillers concentration, subtle changes in multifunctional properties are achieved. Overall, this investigation provides a framework for tailoring dielectric elastomer composites with desired electromechanical characteristics through the amalgamation of filler types and crosslinking densities, all intricately tied to the molecular architecture for electromechanical sensors.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Filler incorporation changes DE molecular structure and materials properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Formation of additional bonds and micro‐capacitors in DE enhances capacitance.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Actuation strain in DE depends on filler type and concentration.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Energy conversion efficiency varies with the concentration of filler.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"304 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumodh Kumar, S. Rajath, N. D. Shivakumar, M. R. Ramesh, Mrityunjay Doddamani
Manufacturing functionally graded material through 3D printing is challenging owing to the deposition of different materials with different thermal properties in each layer, leading to a higher thermal gradient between deposited and depositing layers, resulting in improper bonding between them and, hence, reduced mechanical properties. This study focuses on 3D printing of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐based lightweight functionally graded nanocomposites (FGNCs) and their investigation for microstructural, rheological, physical, and mechanical properties. Functionalized MWCNTs (0.5% → 5%) are initially compounded with widely utilized HDPE to develop nanocomposites (H0.5→H5 pellets) for extruding filaments for 3D printing. 3D‐printed FGNC samples are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheology, density, tensile, and flexural tests. SEM and rheology confirm the homogeneous dispersion of the filler in HDPE and the processing parameters suitability in blending, extrusion, and 3D printing. Complex viscosity (η*), loss modulus (E″), and storage modulus (E′) of FGNCs increase, while the damping decreases with the MWCNTs rise in the graded layers. Density results revealed the highest weight saving potential (~12%) of FGNC‐2 (H1–H3–H5), showing great weight saving potential. Tensile and flexural properties rise when the MWCNTs content rises in the graded layer. The FGNC‐2 showed the highest tensile strength and moduli, 37.12% and 90.41% higher than HDPE. Flexural strength and moduli are also found to be the highest for FGNC‐2, 28.57%, and 26.83% higher than HDPE. The highest specific moduli and strength are found for FGNC‐2, 46.16% and 44.14% higher than HDPE, respectively. Experimental findings are found to be strongly in agreement with numerical findings. 3D‐printed FGNC‐2 demonstrated the best flexural and tensile characteristics with the lowest weight and hence can be used to make practical parts and structures that need variable stiffness.HighlightsFGNCs functionally graded n anocomposites are concurrently 3D printed.FGNC‐2 exhibited the highest weight saving potential of 12%.FGNC‐2 showed 90.41% and 37.12% enhanced tensile modulus and strength.FGNC‐2 displayed 28.57% and 26.83% improved flexural strength and modulus.FGNCs exhibited better mechanical performance than the homogeneous NCs.
{"title":"3D printing of functionally graded nanocomposites: An investigation of microstructural, rheological, and mechanical behavior","authors":"Sumodh Kumar, S. Rajath, N. D. Shivakumar, M. R. Ramesh, Mrityunjay Doddamani","doi":"10.1002/pen.26873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26873","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Manufacturing functionally graded material through 3D printing is challenging owing to the deposition of different materials with different thermal properties in each layer, leading to a higher thermal gradient between deposited and depositing layers, resulting in improper bonding between them and, hence, reduced mechanical properties. This study focuses on 3D printing of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐based lightweight functionally graded nanocomposites (FGNCs) and their investigation for microstructural, rheological, physical, and mechanical properties. Functionalized MWCNTs (0.5% → 5%) are initially compounded with widely utilized HDPE to develop nanocomposites (H0.5→H5 pellets) for extruding filaments for 3D printing. 3D‐printed FGNC samples are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheology, density, tensile, and flexural tests. SEM and rheology confirm the homogeneous dispersion of the filler in HDPE and the processing parameters suitability in blending, extrusion, and 3D printing. Complex viscosity (<jats:italic>η*</jats:italic>), loss modulus (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic>″), and storage modulus (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic>′) of FGNCs increase, while the damping decreases with the MWCNTs rise in the graded layers. Density results revealed the highest weight saving potential (~12%) of FGNC‐2 (H1–H3–H5), showing great weight saving potential. Tensile and flexural properties rise when the MWCNTs content rises in the graded layer. The FGNC‐2 showed the highest tensile strength and moduli, 37.12% and 90.41% higher than HDPE. Flexural strength and moduli are also found to be the highest for FGNC‐2, 28.57%, and 26.83% higher than HDPE. The highest specific moduli and strength are found for FGNC‐2, 46.16% and 44.14% higher than HDPE, respectively. Experimental findings are found to be strongly in agreement with numerical findings. 3D‐printed FGNC‐2 demonstrated the best flexural and tensile characteristics with the lowest weight and hence can be used to make practical parts and structures that need variable stiffness.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>FGNCs functionally graded n anocomposites are concurrently 3D printed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FGNC‐2 exhibited the highest weight saving potential of 12%.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FGNC‐2 showed 90.41% and 37.12% enhanced tensile modulus and strength.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FGNC‐2 displayed 28.57% and 26.83% improved flexural strength and modulus.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>FGNCs exhibited better mechanical performance than the homogeneous NCs.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saif Aldeen Jaber, Mohamed Saadh, Mohammad A. Obeid
Many polymeric film formulas containing antibiotics failed in preventing microbial infections due to microbial resistance. One of the main reasons for microbial resistance is the formation of biofilm layers which prevent the drug from reaching the active site. This study aims to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone addition to polymeric film formula containing gentamicin. The polymeric formula containing both dexamethasone and gentamicin were characterized in terms of film's diameters, content uniformity, moisture content, matrix‐drugs association, and drug release. Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity were used to evaluate polymeric formula containing drug. The addition of dexamethasone to the polymeric formula revealed that most of dexamethasone released and diffused in the first 300 min, while gentamicin release and diffusion had a slower rate like the release of gentamicin from formulations without dexamethasone. The addition of dexamethasone resulted in improved antibiofilm and antibacterial activity with the lowest antibiofilm activity >96% and antibacterial activity >87%. Therefore, dexamethasone addition to polymeric formula containing gentamicin improved the biological activity without any effects on the film characteristics.HighlightsDexamethasone addition to polymeric formula containing gentamicin significantly improved the biological activity.Most of dexamethasone released and diffused in the first 300 min.The addition of dexamethasone resulted in the lowest antibiofilm activity of gentamicin of >96% and antibacterial activity >87%.
{"title":"The effect of dexamethasone addition to gentamicin polymeric films of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/polyvinylpyrrolidone","authors":"Saif Aldeen Jaber, Mohamed Saadh, Mohammad A. Obeid","doi":"10.1002/pen.26876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26876","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Many polymeric film formulas containing antibiotics failed in preventing microbial infections due to microbial resistance. One of the main reasons for microbial resistance is the formation of biofilm layers which prevent the drug from reaching the active site. This study aims to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone addition to polymeric film formula containing gentamicin. The polymeric formula containing both dexamethasone and gentamicin were characterized in terms of film's diameters, content uniformity, moisture content, matrix‐drugs association, and drug release. Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity were used to evaluate polymeric formula containing drug. The addition of dexamethasone to the polymeric formula revealed that most of dexamethasone released and diffused in the first 300 min, while gentamicin release and diffusion had a slower rate like the release of gentamicin from formulations without dexamethasone. The addition of dexamethasone resulted in improved antibiofilm and antibacterial activity with the lowest antibiofilm activity >96% and antibacterial activity >87%. Therefore, dexamethasone addition to polymeric formula containing gentamicin improved the biological activity without any effects on the film characteristics.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Dexamethasone addition to polymeric formula containing gentamicin significantly improved the biological activity.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Most of dexamethasone released and diffused in the first 300 min.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The addition of dexamethasone resulted in the lowest antibiofilm activity of gentamicin of >96% and antibacterial activity >87%.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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