Jun Zhu, Shi‐hu Zhu, Ai‐ling Sun, Chun Chang, Liu‐he Wei, Yu‐han Li
Traditional polyamide elastomer synthesis via polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids involves high energy use and by‐product mass loss. Here, we present a novel method using thiol‐Michael addition click chemistry to produce these elastomers under mild conditions, marking the first use of this strategy. The polymerization involves coupling bis‐acrylamide (BAA) with 3,6‐dioxa‐1,8‐octanedithiol (DODT), catalyzed by 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene (DBN). BAA is synthesized from polyetheramine and acryloyl chloride, creating a compound with amide groups and carbon double bonds at chain ends. These double bonds' electron‐withdrawing effect facilitates the click reaction efficiently, avoiding high energy and mass loss. The resulting polymers have a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 g/mol, verified by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, which show amide group presence. SAXS and AFM confirm nanophase separation of these groups. Tensile strength ranges from 0.235 to 0.542 MPa, decreasing with lower polyetheramine content but still showing notable elasticity. This method's low energy use, no mass loss, and good mechanical properties make it promising for developing high‐performance polyamide plastics and elastomers, appealing to researchers in both academia and industry.HighlightsHigh elasticity, softness, and high tensile polyamide elastomer.Thiol‐Michael addition click reaction conforms to atomic economy.Long molecular chain contains extraordinary evolution of hydrogen bonding.
{"title":"An atom economy polyamide elastomer derived from polyether amine‐based bis‐acrylamide and dithiol monomer and synthesized by thiol‐Michael addition click reaction","authors":"Jun Zhu, Shi‐hu Zhu, Ai‐ling Sun, Chun Chang, Liu‐he Wei, Yu‐han Li","doi":"10.1002/pen.26872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26872","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Traditional polyamide elastomer synthesis via polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids involves high energy use and by‐product mass loss. Here, we present a novel method using thiol‐Michael addition click chemistry to produce these elastomers under mild conditions, marking the first use of this strategy. The polymerization involves coupling bis‐acrylamide (BAA) with 3,6‐dioxa‐1,8‐octanedithiol (DODT), catalyzed by 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene (DBN). BAA is synthesized from polyetheramine and acryloyl chloride, creating a compound with amide groups and carbon double bonds at chain ends. These double bonds' electron‐withdrawing effect facilitates the click reaction efficiently, avoiding high energy and mass loss. The resulting polymers have a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 g/mol, verified by <jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, which show amide group presence. SAXS and AFM confirm nanophase separation of these groups. Tensile strength ranges from 0.235 to 0.542 MPa, decreasing with lower polyetheramine content but still showing notable elasticity. This method's low energy use, no mass loss, and good mechanical properties make it promising for developing high‐performance polyamide plastics and elastomers, appealing to researchers in both academia and industry.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>High elasticity, softness, and high tensile polyamide elastomer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Thiol‐Michael addition click reaction conforms to atomic economy.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Long molecular chain contains extraordinary evolution of hydrogen bonding.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianyao Pei, Xianqiang Pei, Zihui Yu, Yan Wang, Zhancheng Zhang, Qihua Wang, Tingmei Wang
Our previous study (Polymer Composites 2023, 44: 1252–1263) revealed the positive role of rubber in modifying the tribological properties of polymer composites. This concept was applied here by incorporating synthetic Eucommia rubber (TPI) to 3D printed polyether ether ketone (PEEK) skeletons with different infill densities. The formation of TPI/PEEK composite improved the friction and wear of PEEK matrix with some reduction in mechanical performance. The composite with 70% infill density is recommended in terms of its overall performance. Based on the morphological and chemical analysis, the composite's wear mechanism was discussed. The findings of this present study could pave a new route to modify friction‐reduction and anti‐wear performance of PEEK.HighlightsNovel composites were successfully prepared from thermodynamically incompatible synthetic Eucommia rubber (TPI) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK).The tribological properties of TPI/PEEK composites were studied in association with the infill density of PEEK.The TPI rubber helped improve the friction and wear properties of PEEK thanks to its role in enhancing the formation of transfer films on the counter steel surface.
{"title":"Tribological behavior of poly(ether ether ketone)/synthetic Eucommia rubber composites","authors":"Qianyao Pei, Xianqiang Pei, Zihui Yu, Yan Wang, Zhancheng Zhang, Qihua Wang, Tingmei Wang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26861","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Our previous study (Polymer Composites 2023, 44: 1252–1263) revealed the positive role of rubber in modifying the tribological properties of polymer composites. This concept was applied here by incorporating synthetic Eucommia rubber (TPI) to 3D printed polyether ether ketone (PEEK) skeletons with different infill densities. The formation of TPI/PEEK composite improved the friction and wear of PEEK matrix with some reduction in mechanical performance. The composite with 70% infill density is recommended in terms of its overall performance. Based on the morphological and chemical analysis, the composite's wear mechanism was discussed. The findings of this present study could pave a new route to modify friction‐reduction and anti‐wear performance of PEEK.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Novel composites were successfully prepared from thermodynamically incompatible synthetic Eucommia rubber (TPI) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The tribological properties of TPI/PEEK composites were studied in association with the infill density of PEEK.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The TPI rubber helped improve the friction and wear properties of PEEK thanks to its role in enhancing the formation of transfer films on the counter steel surface.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentin Svetlichnyi, Konstantin Polotnyanshchikov, Gleb Vaganov, Almaz Kamalov, Elena Ivan'kova, Tatiana Sukhanova, Aleksey Ivanov, Elena Popova, Ludmila Myagkova, Vladimir Yudin
New foaming prepolymer compositions based on 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether, 1,6‐hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), and a surfactant were synthesized. Polyimide (PI) foams containing from 0 to 40 mol% HMDA were prepared. The possibility of controlling the pore sizes in a foam material by selecting different fractions (250–400 μm) of particles of the powdered foam composition for heat treatment was shown. Scanning electron microscopy studies of morphology of the synthesized PI foams (PIFs) showed that all foams exhibited open cellular structures with pore diameters ranging from 50 to 500 μm. The influence of the components of the foaming composition (surfactant and aliphatic diamine) on the structure, thermal, and mechanical properties of the resulting PIFs was traced. The samples of PIFs containing 20% and 30% HMDA were elastic (the corresponding stress–strain curves were almost linear up to the 30% deformation) and able to restore their shape after removing the load. The resulting foams exhibited high thermal stability (the onset of weight loss was observed in the 470–500°C range). It was revealed that the synthesized PIF compositions were incombustible in an open flame. Due to their high heat resistance and nonflammability, the obtained PIFs can be used for thermal insulation applications in the aerospace, transport, construction, and microelectronics industries.HighlightsNew, lightweight, flexible, and nonflammable PIFs have been synthesized.The HMDA additive imparts elasticity to PIFs.The introduction of a surfactant (KT‐6) makes the PIF homogeneous.
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of new polyimide foams from foaming compositions with flexible segments of aliphatic diamine","authors":"Valentin Svetlichnyi, Konstantin Polotnyanshchikov, Gleb Vaganov, Almaz Kamalov, Elena Ivan'kova, Tatiana Sukhanova, Aleksey Ivanov, Elena Popova, Ludmila Myagkova, Vladimir Yudin","doi":"10.1002/pen.26893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26893","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>New foaming prepolymer compositions based on 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether, 1,6‐hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), and a surfactant were synthesized. Polyimide (PI) foams containing from 0 to 40 mol% HMDA were prepared. The possibility of controlling the pore sizes in a foam material by selecting different fractions (250–400 μm) of particles of the powdered foam composition for heat treatment was shown. Scanning electron microscopy studies of morphology of the synthesized PI foams (PIFs) showed that all foams exhibited open cellular structures with pore diameters ranging from 50 to 500 μm. The influence of the components of the foaming composition (surfactant and aliphatic diamine) on the structure, thermal, and mechanical properties of the resulting PIFs was traced. The samples of PIFs containing 20% and 30% HMDA were elastic (the corresponding stress–strain curves were almost linear up to the 30% deformation) and able to restore their shape after removing the load. The resulting foams exhibited high thermal stability (the onset of weight loss was observed in the 470–500°C range). It was revealed that the synthesized PIF compositions were incombustible in an open flame. Due to their high heat resistance and nonflammability, the obtained PIFs can be used for thermal insulation applications in the aerospace, transport, construction, and microelectronics industries.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>New, lightweight, flexible, and nonflammable PIFs have been synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The HMDA additive imparts elasticity to PIFs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The introduction of a surfactant (KT‐6) makes the PIF homogeneous.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thais Ferreira da Silva, Eduardo Quinteiro, Guilherme Henrique França Melo, Guilherme Ferreira de Melo Morgado, Uttandaraman Sundararaj, Ana Paula Fonseca Albers, Fabio Roberto Passador
Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a polyolefin known for its superior low‐temperature heat seal ability, low‐temperature tolerance, and bag‐tear resistance which are important features for the polymeric packaging sector. In this work, to improve the mechanical properties and expand the range of applications of LLDPE, the microfibrillar clay mineral palygorskite (PAL) was added. However, the use of PAL as a reinforcing agent for polymers depends on its purification process to extract accessory minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and quartz. In addition to this purification process, two surface modifications were used on the purified PAL (PALp) to improve interactions with LLDPE: silanization with aminosilane (PALs) and organophilization by incorporating an organic compound (PALo). The PAL were characterized according to their morphological properties using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The films of LLDPE/PAL, with varying levels (1, 3, and 5 wt%) and types of PAL (raw PAL, PALp, PALs, and PALo), were prepared by an extrusion process, and films were prepared by compression molding, without preferred orientation. The films were characterized by rheological analyses, tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water vapor permeability. Incorporating modified PAL was significant in enhancing the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. LLDPE/PALs with the addition of 3 wt% PALs showed a 14% increase in elastic modulus (281.08 ± 8.25 MPa) compared to the nanocomposite with 3 wt% of raw PAL (243.43 ± 15.01 MPa).HighlightsThe PAL is a clay mineral with a fibrous morphology and has a low cost.The technique to purify PAL is a quick, simple, and inexpensive technique.Comparison between of two technique surface modification of PAL.The effectiveness of modifications of PAL was confirmed in LLDPE films.The surface modification with silanization was more effective.
线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）是一种聚烯烃，因其出色的低温热封能力、低温耐受性和耐撕袋性而闻名，这些都是聚合包装领域的重要特性。在这项工作中，为了改善 LLDPE 的机械性能并扩大其应用范围，添加了微纤维粘土矿物堇青石（PAL）。然而，将 PAL 用作聚合物的增强剂取决于其提纯过程，以提取方解石、白云石和石英等附属矿物。除了纯化过程外，还对纯化的 PAL（PALp）进行了两种表面改性，以改善与 LLDPE 的相互作用：氨基硅烷硅烷化（PALs）和加入有机化合物的有机化（PALo）。使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X 射线衍射（XRD）和傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）对 PAL 的形态特性进行了表征。不同含量（1、3 和 5 wt%）和不同类型（未加工的 PAL、PALp、PALs 和 PALo）的 LLDPE/PAL 薄膜是通过挤出工艺制备的，而薄膜是通过压缩成型工艺制备的，没有优先取向。通过流变分析、拉伸试验、差示扫描量热仪 (DSC)、热重分析 (TGA)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和水蒸气渗透性对薄膜进行了表征。加入改性 PAL 能显著提高纳米复合材料的机械性能。与含有 3 wt% 未加工 PAL 的纳米复合材料（243.43 ± 15.01 MPa）相比，添加了 3 wt% PAL 的 LLDPE/PAL 的弹性模量（281.08 ± 8.25 MPa）增加了 14%。提纯 PAL 的技术是一种快速、简单且成本低廉的技术。比较两种 PAL 表面改性技术。在 LLDPE 薄膜中证实了改性 PAL 的有效性。硅烷化的表面改性效果更好。
{"title":"Tailoring LLDPE properties with modified palygorskite fillers: A comprehensive study","authors":"Thais Ferreira da Silva, Eduardo Quinteiro, Guilherme Henrique França Melo, Guilherme Ferreira de Melo Morgado, Uttandaraman Sundararaj, Ana Paula Fonseca Albers, Fabio Roberto Passador","doi":"10.1002/pen.26864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26864","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a polyolefin known for its superior low‐temperature heat seal ability, low‐temperature tolerance, and bag‐tear resistance which are important features for the polymeric packaging sector. In this work, to improve the mechanical properties and expand the range of applications of LLDPE, the microfibrillar clay mineral palygorskite (PAL) was added. However, the use of PAL as a reinforcing agent for polymers depends on its purification process to extract accessory minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and quartz. In addition to this purification process, two surface modifications were used on the purified PAL (PALp) to improve interactions with LLDPE: silanization with aminosilane (PALs) and organophilization by incorporating an organic compound (PALo). The PAL were characterized according to their morphological properties using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The films of LLDPE/PAL, with varying levels (1, 3, and 5 wt%) and types of PAL (raw PAL, PALp, PALs, and PALo), were prepared by an extrusion process, and films were prepared by compression molding, without preferred orientation. The films were characterized by rheological analyses, tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water vapor permeability. Incorporating modified PAL was significant in enhancing the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. LLDPE/PALs with the addition of 3 wt% PALs showed a 14% increase in elastic modulus (281.08 ± 8.25 MPa) compared to the nanocomposite with 3 wt% of raw PAL (243.43 ± 15.01 MPa).Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The PAL is a clay mineral with a fibrous morphology and has a low cost.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The technique to purify PAL is a quick, simple, and inexpensive technique.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Comparison between of two technique surface modification of PAL.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The effectiveness of modifications of PAL was confirmed in LLDPE films.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The surface modification with silanization was more effective.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qing Wu, Shang Ge, Youzhi Zhu, Yun Zhu, Guiyou Wang
The utilization of biomass resources in the production of bio‐based or bio‐recycled polyurethanes (PUs) enhances the sustainable development and eco‐friendliness of PU. Herein, a series of new bio‐based aliphatic poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols were synthesized using bio‐based 1,3‐propanediol (bio‐PDO) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with different chain lengths. These bio‐based polyester diols and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) reacted with 4,4′‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate to produce aliphatic PU elastomers (PUEs). The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the structure of poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols on the architecture, morphology, mechanical properties, and degradation of PUEs, thereby expanding the application of bio‐PDO. The results indicate a strong correlation between the degree of microphase separation, tensile properties, and degradation behavior of the synthesized PUEs and the number of methylene groups in the repeating unit of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols. Notably, the PUE derived from poly(propylene pimelate) diol demonstrates the highest level of microphase separation and superior elasticity properties because of the high flexibility of the polyester. On the other hand, PUE prepared from poly(propylene succinate) diol exhibits the fastest degradation performance due to its high density of ester groups. Bio‐PDO based polyester diols show significant potential as raw materials for PUEs with biodegradable and adjustable mechanical properties.HighlightsPoly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols were prepared from bio‐based 1,3‐propanediol.The poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols based polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) have high tensile strength (>22 MPa) and elongation at break (>920%).The morphology, mechanical properties and degradation of PUEs are highly related to the structure of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols.The increasing repeating unit length of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols increases elastic recovery of PUEs.
利用生物质资源生产生物基或生物回收聚氨酯（PUs）可增强聚氨酯的可持续发展和生态友好性。本文利用生物基 1,3-丙二醇（bio-PDO）和不同链长的脂肪族二羧酸合成了一系列新型生物基脂肪族聚（丙烯二甲酸）二元醇。这些生物基聚酯二元醇和 1,4-丁二醇 (BDO) 与 4,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯反应生成脂肪族聚氨酯弹性体 (PUE)。该研究旨在评估聚（丙烯二羧酸）二元醇的结构对 PUE 的结构、形态、机械性能和降解的影响，从而扩大生物-PDO 的应用范围。研究结果表明，合成的 PUE 的微相分离程度、拉伸性能和降解行为与聚丙烯二羧酸二元醇重复单元中的亚甲基数目之间存在密切联系。值得注意的是，由聚（丙烯酰亚胺酸）二元醇衍生的 PUE 具有最高的微相分离度和优异的弹性特性，这是因为聚酯具有高柔韧性。另一方面，由聚（丙基琥珀酸）二元醇制备的 PUE 由于酯基密度高，因此降解性能最快。亮点以生物基 1,3-丙二醇为原料制备了聚(丙烯二甲酸)二元醇。基于聚（丙烯二甲酸）二元醇的聚氨酯弹性体（PUEs）具有很高的拉伸强度（22 兆帕）和断裂伸长率（920%）。聚氨酯弹性体的形态、机械性能和降解与聚（丙烯二羧酸）二元醇的结构密切相关。聚（丙烯二甲酸）二元醇重复单元长度的增加会提高 PUE 的弹性恢复能力。
{"title":"Structure, morphology, and properties of aliphatic polyurethane elastomers from bio‐based 1,3‐propanediol","authors":"Qing Wu, Shang Ge, Youzhi Zhu, Yun Zhu, Guiyou Wang","doi":"10.1002/pen.26874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26874","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The utilization of biomass resources in the production of bio‐based or bio‐recycled polyurethanes (PUs) enhances the sustainable development and eco‐friendliness of PU. Herein, a series of new bio‐based aliphatic poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols were synthesized using bio‐based 1,3‐propanediol (bio‐PDO) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with different chain lengths. These bio‐based polyester diols and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) reacted with 4,4′‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate to produce aliphatic PU elastomers (PUEs). The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the structure of poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols on the architecture, morphology, mechanical properties, and degradation of PUEs, thereby expanding the application of bio‐PDO. The results indicate a strong correlation between the degree of microphase separation, tensile properties, and degradation behavior of the synthesized PUEs and the number of methylene groups in the repeating unit of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols. Notably, the PUE derived from poly(propylene pimelate) diol demonstrates the highest level of microphase separation and superior elasticity properties because of the high flexibility of the polyester. On the other hand, PUE prepared from poly(propylene succinate) diol exhibits the fastest degradation performance due to its high density of ester groups. Bio‐PDO based polyester diols show significant potential as raw materials for PUEs with biodegradable and adjustable mechanical properties.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols were prepared from bio‐based 1,3‐propanediol.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols based polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) have high tensile strength (>22 MPa) and elongation at break (>920%).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The morphology, mechanical properties and degradation of PUEs are highly related to the structure of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The increasing repeating unit length of the poly(propylene dicarboxylate) diols increases elastic recovery of PUEs.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jalal Faghihi, Ahmad Arefazar, Hossein Ali Khonakdar, Mahdi Tohidian
In this study, blends of silicone rubber (SR) and benzoxazine (BZ) were prepared accompanied by ethylene propylene diene monomer grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM‐g‐MA) as the compatibilizing agent. A total of 3 phr MA grafted EPDM showed the most favorable grafting efficiency and relatively lower gel content. Results showed that 8 phr (EPDM‐g‐MA) was the optimal compatibilizer content in the 85/15 SR/BZ blend, which was used for further studies. Morphological studies proved that the greatest reduction in the dispersed droplet size (from 1.32 to 0.23 μm) occurred at this optimal compatibilizer loading (8 phr). The lowest difference between the glass transition temperatures of the blend components was observed at the 8 phr compatibilizer content, which was confirmed by DMTA. The mechanical and curing characteristics of compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends were also studied. The results evinced that the tensile strength of the compatibilized samples was higher than that of the uncompatibilized blends. Thermal studies on the 85/15 SR/BZ blend and nanocomposites containing 1, 3, and 5 phr polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles revealed that the thermal stability of nanocomposites containing 1 and 3 phr POSS was superior to that of the nanocomposite with 5 phr POSS.
{"title":"Silicone rubber/benzoxazine resin‐based nanocomposites: A study on compatibility and thermal stability","authors":"Jalal Faghihi, Ahmad Arefazar, Hossein Ali Khonakdar, Mahdi Tohidian","doi":"10.1002/pen.26824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26824","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, blends of silicone rubber (SR) and benzoxazine (BZ) were prepared accompanied by ethylene propylene diene monomer grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM‐<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>‐MA) as the compatibilizing agent. A total of 3 phr MA grafted EPDM showed the most favorable grafting efficiency and relatively lower gel content. Results showed that 8 phr (EPDM‐<jats:italic>g</jats:italic>‐MA) was the optimal compatibilizer content in the 85/15 SR/BZ blend, which was used for further studies. Morphological studies proved that the greatest reduction in the dispersed droplet size (from 1.32 to 0.23 μm) occurred at this optimal compatibilizer loading (8 phr). The lowest difference between the glass transition temperatures of the blend components was observed at the 8 phr compatibilizer content, which was confirmed by DMTA. The mechanical and curing characteristics of compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends were also studied. The results evinced that the tensile strength of the compatibilized samples was higher than that of the uncompatibilized blends. Thermal studies on the 85/15 SR/BZ blend and nanocomposites containing 1, 3, and 5 phr polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles revealed that the thermal stability of nanocomposites containing 1 and 3 phr POSS was superior to that of the nanocomposite with 5 phr POSS.","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Usman Saeed, Guohua Hang, Jiawei Hu, Yuan Gao, Lei Li, Tao Zhang, Sixun Zheng
The nanocomposites of ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) with polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) were fabricated via a physical mixing approach. This process involved grafting poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains onto the surfaces of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated living radical polymerization. The PVPy‐grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles were directly incorporated into the precursors of PHUs [i.e., bis(cyclic carbonate) and a trifunctional amine] and the mixtures were cured at high temperatures to form organic–inorganic composites. This method ensured that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were finely dispersed within the PHU matrix through the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PVPy and PHU. Compared to plain PHU network, the nanocomposites had enhanced thermomechanical properties, including higher glass transition temperatures (Tg's) and improved tensile mechanical properties. The inclusion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles also enhanced the shape memory properties of the PHU networks, improving shape recovery rates, fixity of transient shapes, and recovery of the original shapes. In addition, the nanocomposites demonstrated paramagnetic and photothermal properties and the photothermal behavior enabled a non‐contact control of shape recovery.HighlightsPoly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized.Nanocomposites of PHU with Fe3O4 were prepared via a physical blending approach.Incorporation of Fe3O4 resulted in improved thermomechanical properties.The nanocomposites had the photothermal properties.
{"title":"Nanocomposites of polyhydroxyurethane with Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, shape memory and photothermal properties","authors":"Muhammad Usman Saeed, Guohua Hang, Jiawei Hu, Yuan Gao, Lei Li, Tao Zhang, Sixun Zheng","doi":"10.1002/pen.26845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26845","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The nanocomposites of ferroferric oxide (Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) with polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) were fabricated via a physical mixing approach. This process involved grafting poly(<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains onto the surfaces of Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> nanoparticles via surface‐initiated living radical polymerization. The PVPy‐grafted Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> nanoparticles were directly incorporated into the precursors of PHUs [i.e., bis(cyclic carbonate) and a trifunctional amine] and the mixtures were cured at high temperatures to form organic–inorganic composites. This method ensured that Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> nanoparticles were finely dispersed within the PHU matrix through the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PVPy and PHU. Compared to plain PHU network, the nanocomposites had enhanced thermomechanical properties, including higher glass transition temperatures (<jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>g</jats:sub>'s) and improved tensile mechanical properties. The inclusion of Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> nanoparticles also enhanced the shape memory properties of the PHU networks, improving shape recovery rates, fixity of transient shapes, and recovery of the original shapes. In addition, the nanocomposites demonstrated paramagnetic and photothermal properties and the photothermal behavior enabled a non‐contact control of shape recovery.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐grafted Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> nanoparticles were synthesized.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Nanocomposites of PHU with Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> were prepared via a physical blending approach.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Incorporation of Fe<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> resulted in improved thermomechanical properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The nanocomposites had the photothermal properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The core‐back process has substantially increased the range of applicability of foam injection molding (FIM) by increasing the pressure drop rate and expansion ratio. However, cell nucleation and growth occur concurrently with the flow of the melt/gas mixture during the filling stage, resulting in poor surface quality and a non‐uniform cell structure. This study investigated foam injection molding with gas counter pressure (GCP) and core‐back to produce foamed components, with comparison to high‐pressure FIM with core‐back process. Through this method, the nucleation during filling is suppressed. The surface roughness was improved to 0.987 μm, a 59% reduction compared to high‐pressure injection molding foam with core‐back. In addition, the cell uniformity was improved, measured at two locations near and far from the gate, the cell density reaching 1.7 × 105 and 2.1 × 105 cells/cm3, and cell size measuring 120.88 and 129.57 μm, respectively. GCP also prevented the formation of the bubbles larger than 500 μm at the location far from the gate. Even at the lowest recommended mold temperature, the combination of GCP and core‐back enables the production of high‐quality foamed components with reduced cooling time.HighlightsPreventing the simultaneous occurrence of cell nucleation, growth and melt flow.Foamed material with high surface quality produced by FIM.Improving the cell uniformity throughout the foamed component.Feasibility of GCP technology in conjunction with core‐back process.
{"title":"Study on surface quality and cell morphology of foamed components fabricated using gas counter‐pressure with core‐back and high‐pressure foam injection molding with core‐back process","authors":"Chun‐Yang Chiu, Sen‐Yeu Yang, Shu‐Kai Yeh","doi":"10.1002/pen.26822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26822","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The core‐back process has substantially increased the range of applicability of foam injection molding (FIM) by increasing the pressure drop rate and expansion ratio. However, cell nucleation and growth occur concurrently with the flow of the melt/gas mixture during the filling stage, resulting in poor surface quality and a non‐uniform cell structure. This study investigated foam injection molding with gas counter pressure (GCP) and core‐back to produce foamed components, with comparison to high‐pressure FIM with core‐back process. Through this method, the nucleation during filling is suppressed. The surface roughness was improved to 0.987 μm, a 59% reduction compared to high‐pressure injection molding foam with core‐back. In addition, the cell uniformity was improved, measured at two locations near and far from the gate, the cell density reaching 1.7 × 10<jats:sup>5</jats:sup> and 2.1 × 10<jats:sup>5</jats:sup> cells/cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, and cell size measuring 120.88 and 129.57 μm, respectively. GCP also prevented the formation of the bubbles larger than 500 μm at the location far from the gate. Even at the lowest recommended mold temperature, the combination of GCP and core‐back enables the production of high‐quality foamed components with reduced cooling time.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Preventing the simultaneous occurrence of cell nucleation, growth and melt flow.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Foamed material with high surface quality produced by FIM.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Improving the cell uniformity throughout the foamed component.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Feasibility of GCP technology in conjunction with core‐back process.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudheer Buhari, Manikkedath V. Vinayak, A. Keerthi Mohan, Kyong Yop Rhee, A. Asif
In the present study, a peroxide‐cured ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber composite with a non‐conductive path achieved through the use of a special‐grade carbon black, resistant to electrochemical degradation, for automotive applications, especially in the manufacturing of radiator coolant hoses, has been developed. The most significant aspect of this study is that the developed composite exhibits optimized physico‐mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and compression set, along with considerable thermal stability and cold flexibility. Both sulfur‐cured and peroxide‐vulcanized EPDM composites were prepared, and the final validation of the composite was obtained through a comprehensive comparison of these properties. The composite's stability was confirmed through heat aging measurements and glycol‐water coolant immersion tests. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the composite was analyzed using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The novel composite was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, and its surface morphology was examined via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). The cold flexibility crack formation test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2137, and the electrochemical degradation (ECD) resistance test was carried out following SAE J 1684 method 2. The results indicate that the developed composite remained free from crack formation during these tests.HighlightsNovel EPDM composite resists ECD in radiator hoses.Optimized physico‐mechanical properties achieved.Thorough validation of sulfur versus peroxide curing.Successful prevention of crack formation.Comprehensive analysis: TGA, DSC, FE‐SEM, FTIR.
{"title":"Enhancing electrochemical degradation resistance in EPDM/CB composites: A comprehensive approach to achieve optimal physico‐mechanical properties for automotive applications","authors":"Sudheer Buhari, Manikkedath V. Vinayak, A. Keerthi Mohan, Kyong Yop Rhee, A. Asif","doi":"10.1002/pen.26823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26823","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In the present study, a peroxide‐cured ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber composite with a non‐conductive path achieved through the use of a special‐grade carbon black, resistant to electrochemical degradation, for automotive applications, especially in the manufacturing of radiator coolant hoses, has been developed. The most significant aspect of this study is that the developed composite exhibits optimized physico‐mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and compression set, along with considerable thermal stability and cold flexibility. Both sulfur‐cured and peroxide‐vulcanized EPDM composites were prepared, and the final validation of the composite was obtained through a comprehensive comparison of these properties. The composite's stability was confirmed through heat aging measurements and glycol‐water coolant immersion tests. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the composite was analyzed using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The novel composite was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, and its surface morphology was examined via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). The cold flexibility crack formation test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2137, and the electrochemical degradation (ECD) resistance test was carried out following SAE J 1684 method 2. The results indicate that the developed composite remained free from crack formation during these tests.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Novel EPDM composite resists ECD in radiator hoses.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Optimized physico‐mechanical properties achieved.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Thorough validation of sulfur versus peroxide curing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Successful prevention of crack formation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Comprehensive analysis: TGA, DSC, FE‐SEM, FTIR.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the creep behavior of semicrystalline polymers was investigated based on time‐dependent thermomechanical characteristics of the amorphous and crystalline sections. To this end, different equivalent box models (EBMs) with simple or complex structures were designed to interconnect the system components and cover all of their likely interactions. To induce time‐dependency to the model, a variety of viscoelastic models (e.g., Maxwell, Kelvin–Voigt, Maxwell representation of standard linear viscoelastic [SLV] model, Kelvin representation of SLV model, Burger and developed Bingham–Norton) were incorporated with the EBM structures as its crystalline/amorphous components. A specific strategy was devised in order to separately indicate the particular effects of crystalline and amorphous sections along with stress concentration on the temperature‐dependent creep behavior of the system. This approach combined with validating the theoretical data against the creep test results, performed at 20, 40, and 60°C, helped to indicate the most efficient structure for EBM and the best applicable viscoelastic model component. Accordingly, based on the findings of the present study, it was revealed that the series arrangement of the amorphous and crystalline model components, represented by the Burger viscoelastic model, could provide the best predictions regarding the temperature‐dependent creep in semicrystalline polymers.HighlightsCreep behavior of semicrystalline polymers at different temperatures.Representing the crystalline and amorphous sections using viscoelastic models.Evaluating different interactions in the semicrystalline polymers using EBMs.Comparison of the efficiency of different viscoelastic model components in EBM.Distinct impact of crystalline and amorphous sections on the system properties.
{"title":"Thermomechanical EBM‐based modeling of time‐dependent creep behavior in semicrystalline polymers: Competitive viscoelastic impact of amorphous and crystalline sections","authors":"Reza Mohammadi, Esmail Sharifzadeh, Alireza Zamanian‐Fard, Fiona Ader","doi":"10.1002/pen.26846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26846","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this study, the creep behavior of semicrystalline polymers was investigated based on time‐dependent thermomechanical characteristics of the amorphous and crystalline sections. To this end, different equivalent box models (EBMs) with simple or complex structures were designed to interconnect the system components and cover all of their likely interactions. To induce time‐dependency to the model, a variety of viscoelastic models (e.g., Maxwell, Kelvin–Voigt, Maxwell representation of standard linear viscoelastic [SLV] model, Kelvin representation of SLV model, Burger and developed Bingham–Norton) were incorporated with the EBM structures as its crystalline/amorphous components. A specific strategy was devised in order to separately indicate the particular effects of crystalline and amorphous sections along with stress concentration on the temperature‐dependent creep behavior of the system. This approach combined with validating the theoretical data against the creep test results, performed at 20, 40, and 60°C, helped to indicate the most efficient structure for EBM and the best applicable viscoelastic model component. Accordingly, based on the findings of the present study, it was revealed that the series arrangement of the amorphous and crystalline model components, represented by the Burger viscoelastic model, could provide the best predictions regarding the temperature‐dependent creep in semicrystalline polymers.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Creep behavior of semicrystalline polymers at different temperatures.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Representing the crystalline and amorphous sections using viscoelastic models.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Evaluating different interactions in the semicrystalline polymers using EBMs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Comparison of the efficiency of different viscoelastic model components in EBM.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Distinct impact of crystalline and amorphous sections on the system properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20281,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Engineering and Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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