Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.3.3
R. Rusdi, N. A. Halim, M. N. Norizan, Z. Abidin, N. Abdullah, Fadhlina Che Ros, Nurazlin Ahmad, A. Azmi
This paper presents a structural analysis of various methods to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) from Nata de Coco (Acetobacter xyllinum). BC sheet, BC chem and BC mech powder were successfully prepared using oven drying, chemical and mechanical treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to analyze the structure of prepared BC. The structure of bacterial cellulose was compared with the structure of commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cotton fabric. The XRD results showed that the BC sheet sample had the highest degree of crystallinity (81.76%) compared to cotton cellulose (75.73%). The crystallite size of cotton was larger than the BC sheet, with the value of 6.83 ηm and 4.55 ηm, respectively. The peaks in the FTIR spectra of all BC were comparable to the commercial MCC and cotton fabrics. FESEM images showed that the prepared BC sheet, BC mech, and BC chem had an almost similar structure like commercial MCC and cotton fabric. It was concluded that simple preparation of BC could be implemented and used for further BC preparation as reinforcement in polymer composites, especially in food packaging.
{"title":"Pre-treatment effect on the structure of bacterial cellulose from Nata de Coco (Acetobacter xylinum)","authors":"R. Rusdi, N. A. Halim, M. N. Norizan, Z. Abidin, N. Abdullah, Fadhlina Che Ros, Nurazlin Ahmad, A. Azmi","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a structural analysis of various methods to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) from Nata de Coco (Acetobacter xyllinum). BC sheet, BC chem and BC mech powder were successfully prepared using oven drying, chemical and mechanical treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to analyze the structure of prepared BC. The structure of bacterial cellulose was compared with the structure of commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cotton fabric. The XRD results showed that the BC sheet sample had the highest degree of crystallinity (81.76%) compared to cotton cellulose (75.73%). The crystallite size of cotton was larger than the BC sheet, with the value of 6.83 ηm and 4.55 ηm, respectively. The peaks in the FTIR spectra of all BC were comparable to the commercial MCC and cotton fabrics. FESEM images showed that the prepared BC sheet, BC mech, and BC chem had an almost similar structure like commercial MCC and cotton fabric. It was concluded that simple preparation of BC could be implemented and used for further BC preparation as reinforcement in polymer composites, especially in food packaging.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47208169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.3.2
K. Młynarczyk, Filip Longwic, B. Podkościelna, T. Klepka
The influence of a natural filler (lignin, chitosan, starch) used in the amount of 1, 5 and 10 wt% on thermal and mechanical properties of composites based on epoxy resin (Epidian®5) was investigated. Cross-linking of the resin with polyamine (IDA) was confirmed by the ATR / FT-IR method. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal properties. Tensile and flexural mechanical properties as well as Shore hardness were also determined.
{"title":"Influence of natural fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites","authors":"K. Młynarczyk, Filip Longwic, B. Podkościelna, T. Klepka","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of a natural filler (lignin, chitosan, starch) used in the amount of 1, 5 and 10 wt% on thermal and mechanical properties of composites based on epoxy resin (Epidian®5) was investigated. Cross-linking of the resin with polyamine (IDA) was confirmed by the ATR / FT-IR method. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal properties. Tensile and flexural mechanical properties as well as Shore hardness were also determined.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41791306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.3.4
A. Appusamy, Natarajan Nanjappan, P. Eswaran, M. Subramanian
The influence of the natural Gongura roselle fiber on the tensile and flexural properties as well as on Shore D hardness of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated. The composites were printed in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D technique. The addition of natural fiber improved the mechanical properties of the tested composites, while the flexural strength, modulus and hardness were better in the case of ABS-based composite. Whereas, PLA-based composites showed higher tensile strength. The influence of the nozzle angle on the mechanical properties of the composites was also investigated. The best results have been obtained when using an angle of 0 °.
{"title":"The effect of natural Gongura roselle fiber on the mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS and PLA composites","authors":"A. Appusamy, Natarajan Nanjappan, P. Eswaran, M. Subramanian","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the natural Gongura roselle fiber on the tensile and flexural properties as well as on Shore D hardness of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated. The composites were printed in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D technique. The addition of natural fiber improved the mechanical properties of the tested composites, while the flexural strength, modulus and hardness were better in the case of ABS-based composite. Whereas, PLA-based composites showed higher tensile strength. The influence of the nozzle angle on the mechanical properties of the composites was also investigated. The best results have been obtained when using an angle of 0 °.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46952785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of the addition of 10-25 wt% coconut oil cake (COC) on the properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was studied. PLA/COC (80/20) composite showed better mechanical properties and higher thermal stability than PLA. Glycerol used as a plasticizer further improved tensile and flexural mechanical properties, as well as the impact strength and the ability to suppress noise.
{"title":"Effect of glycerol on the properties of coconut oil cake reinforced poly(lactic acid)","authors":"Sachin Sumathy Raj, Thiruvasagam Chellapandian, Balakrishnan Nanjappan","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the addition of 10-25 wt% coconut oil cake (COC) on the properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was studied. PLA/COC (80/20) composite showed better mechanical properties and higher thermal stability than PLA. Glycerol used as a plasticizer further improved tensile and flexural mechanical properties, as well as the impact strength and the ability to suppress noise.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45055873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-24DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.2.4
Mohd Adly Rahmat Saat, R. Rasid
The effect of high shear rate on the mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) waste blend was investigated. The process was carried out at a temperature of 120°C using a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. A constant screw speed of 250 rpm and a constant weight ratio of the PE/ PET/PS/PP components of 1:1:1:1 were used. The preliminary research showed that the high shear rate had no effect on the impact strength. However, the significant improvement in the flexural properties was observed as compared to those obtained at a lower screw speed of 80--120 rpm.
{"title":"Effect of high shear rate on the mechanical properties of polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene and polypropylene waste blend","authors":"Mohd Adly Rahmat Saat, R. Rasid","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of high shear rate on the mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) waste blend was investigated. The process was carried out at a temperature of 120°C using a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. A constant screw speed of 250 rpm and a constant weight ratio of the PE/ PET/PS/PP components of 1:1:1:1 were used. The preliminary research showed that the high shear rate had no effect on the impact strength. However, the significant improvement in the flexural properties was observed as compared to those obtained at a lower screw speed of 80--120 rpm.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-24DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.2.3
H. Jamshaid, Abdul Waqar Rajput, B. Zahid, Sanam Memon, R. F. Qureshi, Sarmad Aslam, Muhammad Nadeem
The influence of basalt fabric on the tensile mechanical properties and the impact resistance of green epoxy resin was investigated. Composites with parallel arrangement of insert yarns had better properties than in the case of their perpendicular arrangement. The properties were also influenced by the number of layers of the fabric. The tensile strength and impact resistance of the composites were better than the commercially available side mirror covers due to the superior properties of the basalt fiber.
{"title":"The effect of basalt knitted fabric on the properties of green epoxy resin","authors":"H. Jamshaid, Abdul Waqar Rajput, B. Zahid, Sanam Memon, R. F. Qureshi, Sarmad Aslam, Muhammad Nadeem","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of basalt fabric on the tensile mechanical properties and the impact resistance of green epoxy resin was investigated. Composites with parallel arrangement of insert yarns had better properties than in the case of their perpendicular arrangement. The properties were also influenced by the number of layers of the fabric. The tensile strength and impact resistance of the composites were better than the commercially available side mirror covers due to the superior properties of the basalt fiber.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-19DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.2.1
E. Miękoś, T. Klepka, M. Zieliński, D. Sroczyński, Łukasz Garbacz, A. Fenyk, Anna Łukawska
The influence of batched water exposed to a constant magnetic field (B = 1 T) on the properties of concrete was investigated. Fillers such as coal fly ash (CFA), phosphogypsum (PB) and native potato starch dispersed in epoxy resin [EP(S)], were used to obtain concrete based on Portland cement (PC). The magnetized batched water had a positive effect on the properties of concrete, reducing water absorption and increasing flexural and compressive strengths. The obtained concrete is a new promising building material that can be used to manufacture e.g. building foundations, flush-mounted installations and insulation layers.
{"title":"Effect of batched water exposed to a constant magnetic field on the properties of concrete filled with waste fly ash, phosphogypsum and starch","authors":"E. Miękoś, T. Klepka, M. Zieliński, D. Sroczyński, Łukasz Garbacz, A. Fenyk, Anna Łukawska","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of batched water exposed to a constant magnetic field (B = 1 T) on the properties of concrete was investigated. Fillers such as coal fly ash (CFA), phosphogypsum (PB) and native potato starch dispersed in epoxy resin [EP(S)], were used to obtain concrete based on Portland cement (PC). The magnetized batched water had a positive effect on the properties of concrete, reducing water absorption and increasing flexural and compressive strengths. The obtained concrete is a new promising building material that can be used to manufacture e.g. building foundations, flush-mounted installations and insulation layers.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43626790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-03DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.1.1
A. Hejna, K. Formela, M. Barczewski, Tairong Kuang, M. Saeb
The presented paper investigated the influence of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) extrusionparameters on the photo-oxidative resistance of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based wood polymer composites.Filler samples characterized by the higher melanoidin content were more efficient in hindering of polymerdegradation, inhibiting the decomposition of the polymer amorphous phase. As a result, deteriorationof mechanical performance was limited, which was expressed by the higher values of aging factorfor samples containing BSG extruded at higher temperatures.
{"title":"Enhanced aging resistance of poly(ε-caprolactone)/brewers’ spent grain composites","authors":"A. Hejna, K. Formela, M. Barczewski, Tairong Kuang, M. Saeb","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The presented paper investigated the influence of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) extrusionparameters on the photo-oxidative resistance of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based wood polymer composites.Filler samples characterized by the higher melanoidin content were more efficient in hindering of polymerdegradation, inhibiting the decomposition of the polymer amorphous phase. As a result, deteriorationof mechanical performance was limited, which was expressed by the higher values of aging factorfor samples containing BSG extruded at higher temperatures.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.1.3
Jianfa Wang, Zhengzhou Gu, Susu Zhang, Ninghui Wang, J. Sui, Xiaoyi Zhang, Peiyao Li, Wenjin Liu, Yifan Hu
Schiff’s base iron salt can be used as a new and effective antioxidant for rubber compounds.The tensile strength after 96 h of aging was approx. 36% and 12% higher, respectively, than in the caseof the antioxidants 4010NA and BHT used. Natural rubber vulcanizate (NR) containing the iron salt of Schiff’s base showed excellent rheological and mechanical properties, as well as very good thermalstability. These properties were far superior to that of other commercially available antioxidant rubber blends.
{"title":"Thermal aging resistance of natural rubber compounded with conjugated Schiff base","authors":"Jianfa Wang, Zhengzhou Gu, Susu Zhang, Ninghui Wang, J. Sui, Xiaoyi Zhang, Peiyao Li, Wenjin Liu, Yifan Hu","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Schiff’s base iron salt can be used as a new and effective antioxidant for rubber compounds.The tensile strength after 96 h of aging was approx. 36% and 12% higher, respectively, than in the caseof the antioxidants 4010NA and BHT used. Natural rubber vulcanizate (NR) containing the iron salt of Schiff’s base showed excellent rheological and mechanical properties, as well as very good thermalstability. These properties were far superior to that of other commercially available antioxidant rubber blends.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47294262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2022.1.4
K. Samsonowska, A. Kaszuba
Ze wzrostem produkcji tworzyw polimerowych gwałtownie zwiększyła się ilość odpadów plastikowych. Problem dotyczy nie tylko akwenów, gdzie odpady z tworzyw tworzą dryfujące wyspy śmieci, ale także plaż i niekontrolowanych wysypisk. Realnym niebezpieczeństwem dla środowiska naturalnego oraz zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt jest tzw. mikroplastik.
{"title":"Mikroplastik w środowisku naturalnym","authors":"K. Samsonowska, A. Kaszuba","doi":"10.14314/polimery.2022.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Ze wzrostem produkcji tworzyw polimerowych gwałtownie zwiększyła się ilość odpadów plastikowych. Problem dotyczy nie tylko akwenów, gdzie odpady z tworzyw tworzą dryfujące wyspy śmieci, ale także plaż i niekontrolowanych wysypisk. Realnym niebezpieczeństwem dla środowiska naturalnego oraz zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt jest tzw. mikroplastik.","PeriodicalId":20319,"journal":{"name":"Polimery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49209729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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