In this paper, we analyse the inequity in current global vaccine distribution through the lens of international human rights law. First, we introduce the currently available COVID-19 vaccines, before discussing causes and consequences of vaccine inequity, as well as efforts to expand global vaccine access. We then turn to explain the relevant obligations of states regarding human rights to health, life, and equitable access to the benefits of technology. In light of those obligations, we assess the human rights compatibility of vaccine procurement and vaccine aid. After a discussion of the possible human rights responsibilities of the pharmaceutical companies that own the vaccines, we focus on whether a proposed waiver of global intellectual property rights in respect of COVID-19 vaccines is demanded under international human rights law. We conclude with a critique of failures in the international legal system, which may have rendered vaccine inequity inevitable
{"title":"Vaccine Apartheid: A Human Rights Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity","authors":"S. Joseph, G. Dore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3876848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3876848","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we analyse the inequity in current global vaccine distribution through the lens of international human rights law. First, we introduce the currently available COVID-19 vaccines, before discussing causes and consequences of vaccine inequity, as well as efforts to expand global vaccine access. We then turn to explain the relevant obligations of states regarding human rights to health, life, and equitable access to the benefits of technology. In light of those obligations, we assess the human rights compatibility of vaccine procurement and vaccine aid. After a discussion of the possible human rights responsibilities of the pharmaceutical companies that own the vaccines, we focus on whether a proposed waiver of global intellectual property rights in respect of COVID-19 vaccines is demanded under international human rights law. We conclude with a critique of failures in the international legal system, which may have rendered vaccine inequity inevitable","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83948180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To evaluate the factors involved in dry eye and its correlations with the ocular symptoms referred by patients considering bulbar conjunctival impression cytology. Methods: This study involved 214 consecutive patients who arrived at a laboratory of ocular surface disease for conjunctival impression cytology. They voluntarily conducted a self-evaluation questionnaire of ocular symptoms and environmental factors. Results: The patients who referred a diagnosis of dry eye had more ocular symptoms of dryness, gritty eyes, burning and light sensitivity, while they had less watery eyes (p <0.05). In a logistic regression analysis, taking outdoor hours as a dependent variable and ocular symptoms as covariates, a positive association was found between outdoor hours and itching (B = 0.865, p = 0.018). No significant difference was found between patients with normal and altered bulbar conjunctival impression cytology in the amount of reported ocular symptoms. In addition, in a logistic regression analysis, no association was found between the result of the conjunctival impression cytology and the presence of any of the symptoms surveyed. Conclusion: None of the ocular symptoms referred by patients was pathognomonic of dry eye. Also, none of the ocular symptoms showed correlation with the objective study of the conjunctiva. Thus, bulbar conjunctival impression cytology aids in the diagnosis of dry eye.
目的:探讨干眼症的相关因素及其与眼球结膜印象细胞学检查的相关性。方法:本研究涉及214例连续患者，他们来到眼表疾病实验室进行结膜印象细胞学检查。他们自愿填写眼部症状和环境因素自我评价问卷。结果:诊断为干眼症的患者有较多的眼干、眼砂、灼烧感、光敏感等眼部症状，而水眼较少(p <0.05)。在logistic回归分析中，以室外时间为因变量，眼部症状为协变量，室外时间与瘙痒呈正相关(B = 0.865, p = 0.018)。正常和改变球结膜印象细胞学的患者在报告的眼部症状数量上没有显著差异。此外，在逻辑回归分析中，结膜印象细胞学的结果与所调查的任何症状的存在之间没有关联。结论:患者的眼部症状均不属于干眼症的典型症状。此外，没有任何眼部症状显示与结膜的客观研究相关。因此，球结膜印象细胞学有助于干眼症的诊断。
{"title":"Conjunctival impression cytology and dry eye symptoms","authors":"J. Tau, I. Márquez, R. Iribarren, A. Berra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3873059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3873059","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the factors involved in dry eye and its correlations with the ocular symptoms referred by patients considering bulbar conjunctival impression cytology. Methods: This study involved 214 consecutive patients who arrived at a laboratory of ocular surface disease for conjunctival impression cytology. They voluntarily conducted a self-evaluation questionnaire of ocular symptoms and environmental factors. Results: The patients who referred a diagnosis of dry eye had more ocular symptoms of dryness, gritty eyes, burning and light sensitivity, while they had less watery eyes (p <0.05). In a logistic regression analysis, taking outdoor hours as a dependent variable and ocular symptoms as covariates, a positive association was found between outdoor hours and itching (B = 0.865, p = 0.018). No significant difference was found between patients with normal and altered bulbar conjunctival impression cytology in the amount of reported ocular symptoms. In addition, in a logistic regression analysis, no association was found between the result of the conjunctival impression cytology and the presence of any of the symptoms surveyed. Conclusion: None of the ocular symptoms referred by patients was pathognomonic of dry eye. Also, none of the ocular symptoms showed correlation with the objective study of the conjunctiva. Thus, bulbar conjunctival impression cytology aids in the diagnosis of dry eye.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76132742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impact of ECB policies on credits considering financial and banking fragmentation for member countries. Using European data from the past decade, a period characterised by growing fragmentation, we estimate regional SVAR models to study the impact of conventional and unconventional measures on price and volume indicators of fragmentation. The risk-taking channel is studied using GVAR models in order to document the consequence of financial fragmentation at the national level. We find that unconventional monetary policies increase credit volumes in peripheral countries. In addition, monetary policies can alleviate financial and banking fragmentation, but mostly in terms of price dispersion rather than credit volume. Finally, unconventional monetary policies increase capital outflows outside the Eurozone.
{"title":"One Size May Not Fit All: Banking Fragmentation and European Monetary Policies","authors":"Marie‐Hélène Gagnon, Céline Gimet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3590286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590286","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of ECB policies on credits considering financial and banking fragmentation for member countries. Using European data from the past decade, a period characterised by growing fragmentation, we estimate regional SVAR models to study the impact of conventional and unconventional measures on price and volume indicators of fragmentation. The risk-taking channel is studied using GVAR models in order to document the consequence of financial fragmentation at the national level. We find that unconventional monetary policies increase credit volumes in peripheral countries. In addition, monetary policies can alleviate financial and banking fragmentation, but mostly in terms of price dispersion rather than credit volume. Finally, unconventional monetary policies increase capital outflows outside the Eurozone.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77628857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents a summary of the research results of the project on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in its initial phase (March-June 2020). It argues that the design and timing of regulatory responses, as well as the adherence of the population to the relevant rules, had a critical impact on the progression and public health consequences of the pandemic. On that basis, the article concludes that well-designed public health measures, which are implemented early as a part of the proactive strategy that anticipates and reacts quickly to changing circumstances can effectively decrease number of COVID-19 infections and related deaths, provided that adherence of a relevant population is high.
{"title":"Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic Through Governmental Regulations: The Experience of Poland","authors":"L. Gruszczynski","doi":"10.5114/JHI.2021.107037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/JHI.2021.107037","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a summary of the research results of the project on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in its initial phase (March-June 2020). It argues that the design and timing of regulatory responses, as well as the adherence of the population to the relevant rules, had a critical impact on the progression and public health consequences of the pandemic. On that basis, the article concludes that well-designed public health measures, which are implemented early as a part of the proactive strategy that anticipates and reacts quickly to changing circumstances can effectively decrease number of COVID-19 infections and related deaths, provided that adherence of a relevant population is high.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83896600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since March 12th 2020, the Irish people have endured over 400 days of lockdown restrictions. To this day, the government has failed to present the benefits versus the costs of implementing such a draconian regime on the population of Ireland. This paper illustrates that the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) and Well-Being Year (WELLBY) metrics can be used to calculate the years of statistical lives saved as a result of the lockdown, and the statistical lives lost due to a reduction in wellbeing as a result of economic decline, increased unemployment, and social isolation. The probable scenario presented in this paper suggests that the costs of lockdown are 25 times greater than the benefits, including the cost of an additional 4,536 statistical lives.
{"title":"A Cost–Benefit Analysis of the COVID-19 Lockdown in Ireland","authors":"A. Ryan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3872861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3872861","url":null,"abstract":"Since March 12th 2020, the Irish people have endured over 400 days of lockdown restrictions. To this day, the government has failed to present the benefits versus the costs of implementing such a draconian regime on the population of Ireland. This paper illustrates that the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) and Well-Being Year (WELLBY) metrics can be used to calculate the years of statistical lives saved as a result of the lockdown, and the statistical lives lost due to a reduction in wellbeing as a result of economic decline, increased unemployment, and social isolation. The probable scenario presented in this paper suggests that the costs of lockdown are 25 times greater than the benefits, including the cost of an additional 4,536 statistical lives.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90464235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Turner, Yvan Guillemette, Balázs Égert, Jamila Botev
New variants of the virus are spreading which, together with seasonal effects, are estimated to be able to raise effective reproduction numbers by up to 90%. Meanwhile, many countries are rolling out vaccination programmes, but at varying speeds. Hence the race is on to beat the variants with the vaccines. Vaccination is very powerful at reducing virus transmission: fully vaccinating 20% of the population is estimated to have the same effect as closing down public transport and all-but-essential workplaces; fully vaccinating 50% of the population would have a larger effect than simultaneously applying all forms of containment policies in their most extreme form (closure of workplaces, public transport and schools, restrictions on travel and gatherings and stay-at-home requirements). For a typical OECD country, relaxing existing containment policies would be expected to raise GDP by about 4-5%. Quick vaccination would thus help limit the extent to which containment policies need to be escalated in future epidemic waves, providing huge welfare benefits both in terms of fewer infections and stronger economic activity.
{"title":"The Tortoise and the Hare: The Race between Vaccine Rollout and New Covid Variants","authors":"D. Turner, Yvan Guillemette, Balázs Égert, Jamila Botev","doi":"10.1787/4098409d-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/4098409d-en","url":null,"abstract":"New variants of the virus are spreading which, together with seasonal effects, are estimated to be able to raise effective reproduction numbers by up to 90%. Meanwhile, many countries are rolling out vaccination programmes, but at varying speeds. Hence the race is on to beat the variants with the vaccines. Vaccination is very powerful at reducing virus transmission: fully vaccinating 20% of the population is estimated to have the same effect as closing down public transport and all-but-essential workplaces; fully vaccinating 50% of the population would have a larger effect than simultaneously applying all forms of containment policies in their most extreme form (closure of workplaces, public transport and schools, restrictions on travel and gatherings and stay-at-home requirements). For a typical OECD country, relaxing existing containment policies would be expected to raise GDP by about 4-5%. Quick vaccination would thus help limit the extent to which containment policies need to be escalated in future epidemic waves, providing huge welfare benefits both in terms of fewer infections and stronger economic activity.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76974859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the extent to which additional extraordinary public spending to accelerate vaccination might have been optimal in terms of minimising the public deficit. We use a budget model whose key variable is the present value of cumulative net government revenues over a period of time. The main finding of the paper is that there is an optimal level of expenditure that minimises the loss of net tax revenue. This level could be around 3.25 times the expenditure needed to vaccinate the entire population. The result seems quite robust to different assumptions about the contagion rate, the loss in the number of hours worked due to COVID-19, the rate assumed by the government in labour income replacement programmes, and the period of analysis considered.
{"title":"Budgetary Impact of Accelerating COVID-19 Vaccination","authors":"C. Contreras, J. Angulo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3864267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864267","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the extent to which additional extraordinary public spending to accelerate vaccination might have been optimal in terms of minimising the public deficit. We use a budget model whose key variable is the present value of cumulative net government revenues over a period of time. The main finding of the paper is that there is an optimal level of expenditure that minimises the loss of net tax revenue. This level could be around 3.25 times the expenditure needed to vaccinate the entire population. The result seems quite robust to different assumptions about the contagion rate, the loss in the number of hours worked due to COVID-19, the rate assumed by the government in labour income replacement programmes, and the period of analysis considered.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74140601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In evaluating mergers between pharmaceutical companies, the FTC frequently requires divestiture of drug products that are in the pipeline — that is, they have yet to be approved by the FDA or brought to market. This study examines the effectiveness of such pipeline mergers to ask whether the drugs in the pipeline, indeed, have created effective competition. The results suggest that pipeline divestitures fail to provide an effective measure of competition. Our study found that only 20 of the 56 pharmaceutical products divested as pipeline products between 2008 and 2018 are actively marketed today (36%). In other words, these pipeline divestitures only made it to market 36% of the time, let alone creating the type of active competitive balance one might hope for. It is a disappointing result for a frequently used policy, and it suggests that competition agencies might wish to rethink pipeline mergers as effective antidote to market consolidation as well as to create a “second look” policy for mergers that have relied on this mechanism.
{"title":"Pharmaceutical Pipeline Divestitures Study: Preliminary Results","authors":"Robin C. Feldman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3861975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3861975","url":null,"abstract":"In evaluating mergers between pharmaceutical companies, the FTC frequently requires divestiture of drug products that are in the pipeline — that is, they have yet to be approved by the FDA or brought to market. This study examines the effectiveness of such pipeline mergers to ask whether the drugs in the pipeline, indeed, have created effective competition. The results suggest that pipeline divestitures fail to provide an effective measure of competition. Our study found that only 20 of the 56 pharmaceutical products divested as pipeline products between 2008 and 2018 are actively marketed today (36%). In other words, these pipeline divestitures only made it to market 36% of the time, let alone creating the type of active competitive balance one might hope for. It is a disappointing result for a frequently used policy, and it suggests that competition agencies might wish to rethink pipeline mergers as effective antidote to market consolidation as well as to create a “second look” policy for mergers that have relied on this mechanism.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88970315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I exploit the exogenous shock to China's image in the COVID‐19 pandemic era and study the impact of country image on consumer choice in the South Korean beer market. First, I find that Tsingtao, a popular Chinese beer brand, lost about 4.8 million liters in sales, a 20% decrease, during the first eight months after the COVID‐19 outbreak. Second, the impact of China's worsened image had not weakened by October 2020. Third, top‐selling non‐Chinese beers absorbed most of Tsingtao's lost sales. These findings reveal that country image has a substantial influence on consumer choice.
{"title":"Country image and consumer choice: The case of the beer market during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"I. Kim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3851976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3851976","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I exploit the exogenous shock to China's image in the COVID‐19 pandemic era and study the impact of country image on consumer choice in the South Korean beer market. First, I find that Tsingtao, a popular Chinese beer brand, lost about 4.8 million liters in sales, a 20% decrease, during the first eight months after the COVID‐19 outbreak. Second, the impact of China's worsened image had not weakened by October 2020. Third, top‐selling non‐Chinese beers absorbed most of Tsingtao's lost sales. These findings reveal that country image has a substantial influence on consumer choice.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87711391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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