Plant Growth Regulation最新文献

Selenium (Se) is a vital micronutrient for human beings, and the global population facing Se deficiency is estimated to be around one billion individuals. To tackle this issue, the enrichment of staple crops with Se has emerged as a potential solution. However, it is important to note that Se can also be detrimental in excessive amounts, and contamination of the environment due to Se from agricultural and industrial sources has resulted in catastrophic ecological disasters over the past half-century. Consequently, the utilization of Se-enriched plants for both human supplementation and phytoremediation purposes has become an invaluable approach towards pollution control. An in-depth comprehension of how plants absorb and metabolize Se is pivotal in the realms of biofortification and phytoremediation. This comprehensive review concisely outlines the origins, mechanisms of absorption, conversion, and metabolism of Se in plants, while also elucidating the various factors that influence its uptake and accumulation. These influential factors encompass soil moisture, organic matter, pH levels, soil texture, microorganisms, and unique plant species characteristics. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of the potential mechanisms that underlie such influences is conducted. It is evident that both biofortification and phytoremediation possess substantial promise in confronting the challenges pertaining to Se, thereby fostering advancements in environmental sustainability. Building upon the current progress in research, this review provides suggestions for future directions aimed at establishing a theoretical framework for Se supplementation in human nutrition and the mitigation of Se-induced pollution.

Grape coloration serves as a critical determinant of fruit quality, directly influencing consumer preference. The hue is primarily governed by the concentration and composition of anthocyanins in the grape skin. This review offers an updated synthesis of recent advances in grapevine coloration research, focusing on key enzymes such as PAL, CHS, CHI, UFGT, and OMT, as well as transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, the review covers extrinsic factors like light intensity, temperature, and water availability, along with plant growth regulators like ABA, ET, and JAs that modulate grape coloration. The objective is to furnish guidance for optimizing grape quality through targeted agricultural practices.

Ascorbate oxidases (AAOs) are apoplastic enzymes of the multi-copper oxidase family and have a significant role in redox homeostasis. Herein, we identified 14 TaAAO genes consisting of two to five exons in the bread wheat genome. These genes are present on the A, B, and D subgenomes of chromosomes 5 and 7. Analyses of gene regulatory networks revealed the occurrence of growth and development, phytohormones, light, and stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements, which interact with a diverse range of transcription factors in the promoter region of these genes. Additionally, a few TaAAO genes showed miRNA-mediated regulation. The TaAAO proteins consisted of three conserved domains; Cu_oxidase1, Cu_oxidase2, and Cu_oxidase3, and clustered into two phylogenetic groups. The majority of TaAAOs showed higher expression in roots, and mostly upregulated at 6 h of salt stress. Further, a few genes also showed modulated expression in other vegetative and reproductive tissues, and in heat stress, drought stress and fungal infestations. The interaction of TaAAO proteins with antioxidant enzymes such as dehydroascorbate reductases, ascorbate peroxidases, monodehydroascorbate reductases, etc., and related molecules like ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate exposed their synchronized functioning in redox homeostasis. These results revealed the varied functions of TaAAOs from development to the stress response. The current study will lay the groundwork to find out the detailed function of each gene in upcoming investigations.

In recent years, higher plants have emerged as intrinsic sources for generating vast quantities of valuable therapeutic proteins to meet the demands of disease prevention or treatment in humans and other animals. The emergence of genetic engineering technologies has made it possible to directly transform or modify the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of biologically active compounds. Numerous research projects have resulted in the development of various efficient plant systems that are capable of producing specific recombinant proteins. Among these plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exhibits adaptability, efficient genetic transformation/regeneration, and the capacity to produce significant amounts of leaf biomass. These qualities contribute to high yields of target proteins, facilitating efficient extraction and purification, making it an ideal candidate for plant-based protein production. The objective of this review is to provide a thorough overview of the use of tobacco in the production of recombinant proteins. It covers recent advancements in the field and provides a summary of crucial factors to bear in mind when employing tobacco as a system for recombinant protein production. The emphasis lies on optimizing the genetic aspects as well as the subsequent processes of rapid and cost-effective production/purification/efficacy of specific therapeutic proteins in tobacco.

Ascorbic acid (AA) and AA oxidation play a vital role in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the role of AA and AA oxidation in rice (Oryza sativa) root growth. Our results show, that rice AA biosynthesis mutant vitamin C 1 (vtc1) seedlings have a defect in radicle and early vegetative root growth. AA measurement displayed significantly lower levels of total AA, and mainly lower dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) in the roots of the vtc1 mutant. Phytohormone analysis shows that roots of the vtc1 mutant also contain lower levels of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The vtc1 radicle root phenotype could be complemented by exogenous ABA or auxin (1- naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)) application, but not by AA application. Also, NAA and ABA treatments promoted radicle and early vegetative root growth similarly in WT as in the vtc1 mutant, implicating that they act downstream of AA biosynthesis. Both the radicle and the early vegetative root growth phenotype of vtc1 could be complemented by treatments with DHA or ascorbate oxidase (AO), the enzyme that oxidizes AA to DHA. Our data further demonstrate accumulation of IAA and ABA upon AO treatment in wildtype seedlings, implicating that AO-induced rice root growth is regulated via auxin and ABA levels. Taken together, these results imply that ascorbic acid and its oxidation stimulates rice root growth via positive effects on auxin and ABA levels.

As an important carbon fixation carrier, the plant is extremely susceptible to a variety of environmental influences during its growth and development, which not only manifest themselves morphologically but also lead to disruptions in the metabolic processes within the plant body. In order to maintain its normal growth and development needs, the plant body has evolved a complete set of defence mechanisms. As an important post-translational modification process, ubiquitination is widely involved in plant growth and development as well as abiotic stress processes. This paper briefly introduces the members of ubiquitination and the number of members in each species in the context of domestic and international studies on the ubiquitination system, and focuses on the molecular functions and regulatory mechanisms of the ubiquitination process in the process of plant response to abiotic stress pathways, such as drought stress, salt stress, etc., providing a direction for future research on ubiquitination-mediated abiotic stress and a reference for research on the use of germplasm resources for resistant plants. This study will provide a reference for future research on ubiquitination-mediated abiotic stresses and the use of germplasm resources of resistant crops.

Toxic elements have adversely negative effect on soil, water and plants existing nearby. To investigate the impact of arsenic contamination on physiological properties, antioxidant activities, and synthesis of pistachio oil, an experiment was conducted in 2021 in a Completely Randomized Design. The obtained results have demonstrated that the highest As content in soil in Shahr-e-Babak area was 1200 (mg/kg), and the highest As content in irrigation water in Sirjan area averaged 483 (ug/l). On the other hand, the health limits for arsenic are 30 (mg/kg) in soil and 10 (ug/l) in water. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the amounts of arsenic in different organs, bio concentration factor (BCF), and Translocation factor (TF) were different. This amount in roots was higher significantly than in the leaves. The highest amounts of BCF found in the leaves and fruits (0.11 and 0.015, respectively). The TF changes were found more frequent in pistachio leaves than fruits up to 10 times. In addition, some variables like membrane leakage (%) malondialdehyde, carotenoids and flavonoids, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase, phenylalanine amoliase, pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthase, lipoxygenase, and linoleic fatty acid moved upward due to an increase in total concentrations of arsenic. While, Chlorophyll a and b, protein content, glutathione, ascorbate peroxidase, proline dehydrogenase, oil content, oleic acid, and palmitic acid decreased linearly. Besides, changes in malondialdehyde, Chlorophyll a, flavonoids, and pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthase showed the high correlation with changes in arsenic level. Generally, it can be considered arsenic accumulation As a cause of damage of protein structure, cell membranes, and photosynthetic pigments in pistachio.

Co-ordination between carbon and nitrogen metabolism maintain source-sink relationship between the reproductive (inflorescence and grain) structures. The metabolic changes that affect the quinoa grain development are un known. The present study evaluated carbon and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa genotypes IC411824, IC411825, EC507747 and EC507742 at different anthesis and post-anthesis stages, which affect grain growth and maturity. The increased activities of enzymes of carbon metabolism like acid invertase, sucrose synthase (cleavage), and sucrose phosphate synthase in inflorescence of quinoa genotypes from 75 to 90 days after sowing (DAS) may assimilate carbohydrates for grain development during post-anthesis. At 110 DAS, acid invertase and sucrose synthase (cleavage) activities were highest in grains, then reduced as grain development progressed and reached a minimum near grain maturity at 124 DAS. Nitrogen metabolizing enzymes like glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase reassimilate amides from the amino group of asparaginase at 90 DAS in inflorescence and at 124 DAS in maturing grains. IC411825 and EC507747 genotypes had better availability to assimilate the nutrients and their remobilization during the onset of grain development. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzymes at different stages of inflorescence and grain development influenced the source sink relationship, partitioning and accumulating assimilates during anthesis and post-anthesis in quinoa, leading to development of grains and establishment of yield. The identified source-sink dynamics in quinoa during grain development has the potential to be implicated in plant breeding strategies that aim to improve nutritional quality and yield.

Understanding the impact of future climates on crop performance is essential for sustainable agricultural production. In the current research, the development and biological behavior of soybean plants during gradual desiccation of the soil (from the 100% of pot water holding capacity to the g_s of plant decreased to 10% of that of the control plants) at ambient [CO₂] (a[CO₂], 400 ppm) and elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂], 800 ppm) were investigated. The results showed that plants grown under e[CO₂] conditions had remarkably higher photosynthetic rate (A_n) but lower stomatal conductance (g_s) and transpiration rate (E) compared to plants at a[CO₂] conditions, which led to an enhanced water use efficiency at both stomatal (WUE_i) and leaf levels (WUE_leaf). In addition, the e[CO₂]-grown soybeans showed a stunted g_s response to progressive soil drying, coinciding with a decrease in the susceptibility of g_s to the ABA signaling, though they tended to maintain a better leaf water status under drought than the a[CO₂]-grown plants. Although the leaf nitrogen concentration (N_leaf) and the total plant N content were notably lower at the e[CO₂] condition, the specific leaf N content (SLN) was similar at different [CO₂] conditions. Compared to soybean grown under e[CO₂], the greater number of nodules at e[CO₂] treatment would lead to an enhanced N-fixation, yet, it did not improve the N nutrition of the plants. Nevertheless, by sustaining the SLN, the soybean plants enhanced A_n when growing at e[CO₂], particularly under dry conditions. This knowledge is essential for sustaining soybean production in future climate change scenarios.