Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646470
H. Bouma
For humans of all ages, a number of conditions are deemed necessary for a healthy life. As an example, one may consider physical activity. Obviously, there are health limits to the desired amount of physical activity: too little exercise cannot be recommended but too much activity may also be harmful. So physical activity should preferably stay within a certain range there might even be an optimum value for securing optimal health. This range might well become more critical with increasing age. In technological systems, optimum values are usually secured by so called feedback systems, in which any deviations from an optimum value are measured and, automatic action is taken by changing certain parameters which then bring the value of interest back into its desired range. The purpose of the paper is to find an useful framework for integrating research findings and for defining a possible research agenda by assessing potential advantages and drawbacks of such analogy.
{"title":"Technology for the aging society","authors":"H. Bouma","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646470","url":null,"abstract":"For humans of all ages, a number of conditions are deemed necessary for a healthy life. As an example, one may consider physical activity. Obviously, there are health limits to the desired amount of physical activity: too little exercise cannot be recommended but too much activity may also be harmful. So physical activity should preferably stay within a certain range there might even be an optimum value for securing optimal health. This range might well become more critical with increasing age. In technological systems, optimum values are usually secured by so called feedback systems, in which any deviations from an optimum value are measured and, automatic action is taken by changing certain parameters which then bring the value of interest back into its desired range. The purpose of the paper is to find an useful framework for integrating research findings and for defining a possible research agenda by assessing potential advantages and drawbacks of such analogy.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"2144-2145 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78600139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652001
I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, G. Panayiotakis, E. Papadopoulou, C. Nomicos
Signal conversion and propagation in image receptors were studied employing laboratory prepared Gd/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb and La/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb phosphor screens. The optical signal emitted by the screens per unit of X-ray exposure was experimentally and theoretically evaluated in the mammographic energy range. Parameters related to signal propagation (light absorption, scattering, reflection, and optical pulses statistical distribution), intrinsic X-ray to light conversion efficiency, and electron signal generated by the photodetector were studied. Image receptors employing Gd/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb screens produce higher optical and electron signal intensities whereas receptors with La/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb screens give better optical pulse statistics, resulting in noise reduction.
{"title":"Signal propagation in rare earth image receptors for digital mammography applications","authors":"I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, G. Panayiotakis, E. Papadopoulou, C. Nomicos","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652001","url":null,"abstract":"Signal conversion and propagation in image receptors were studied employing laboratory prepared Gd/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb and La/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb phosphor screens. The optical signal emitted by the screens per unit of X-ray exposure was experimentally and theoretically evaluated in the mammographic energy range. Parameters related to signal propagation (light absorption, scattering, reflection, and optical pulses statistical distribution), intrinsic X-ray to light conversion efficiency, and electron signal generated by the photodetector were studied. Image receptors employing Gd/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb screens produce higher optical and electron signal intensities whereas receptors with La/sub 2/O/sub 2/S:Tb screens give better optical pulse statistics, resulting in noise reduction.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"840-841 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78629870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646322
Y. Chernyak, A. Feldman, R. Cohen
The authors study the effect of the usual recovery process in an excitable medium on the plane wave propagation speed in a discrete model of the medium. The effects of recovery are simulated by decreasing the element's sourcing strength (its ability to excite neighboring elements) with increasing recovery time. The authors derived the dependence of the plane wave speed on the excitation threshold and recovery time constant and found that this relation was remarkably similar to the analogous dependence calculated for typical reaction-diffusion models of continuous media.
{"title":"Plane wave speed in discrete excitable media with recovery","authors":"Y. Chernyak, A. Feldman, R. Cohen","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646322","url":null,"abstract":"The authors study the effect of the usual recovery process in an excitable medium on the plane wave propagation speed in a discrete model of the medium. The effects of recovery are simulated by decreasing the element's sourcing strength (its ability to excite neighboring elements) with increasing recovery time. The authors derived the dependence of the plane wave speed on the excitation threshold and recovery time constant and found that this relation was remarkably similar to the analogous dependence calculated for typical reaction-diffusion models of continuous media.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"172 1","pages":"1923-1924 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77283055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652742
C. Pérez, C. Holzmann, E. Diaz
This research aims to develop character recognition capacity in a system to aid the blind to read. This paper presents a method for selecting the neural network configuration and the training procedures using an augmented set of patterns, to improve the handwritten digit recognition rate. A genetic algorithm is used to search among configurations of two unequal hidden layer networks for feed-forward, fully connected neural networks. Training procedures involving augmented sets of training patterns is produced by two methods: by adding to the original set the four shifted positions about the center, and second, by magnifying +10% and -10% every handwritten digit of the original training set. It is found that the recognition performance not only depends on the architecture but also on the training method. The best recognition rate of 94.2% is obtained in a genetically selected neural network of two unequal hidden layers, and trained with augmented patterns by shifting and magnification.
{"title":"Genetic selection of multilayer neural networks for handwritten digit recognition to aid the blind","authors":"C. Pérez, C. Holzmann, E. Diaz","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652742","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to develop character recognition capacity in a system to aid the blind to read. This paper presents a method for selecting the neural network configuration and the training procedures using an augmented set of patterns, to improve the handwritten digit recognition rate. A genetic algorithm is used to search among configurations of two unequal hidden layer networks for feed-forward, fully connected neural networks. Training procedures involving augmented sets of training patterns is produced by two methods: by adding to the original set the four shifted positions about the center, and second, by magnifying +10% and -10% every handwritten digit of the original training set. It is found that the recognition performance not only depends on the architecture but also on the training method. The best recognition rate of 94.2% is obtained in a genetically selected neural network of two unequal hidden layers, and trained with augmented patterns by shifting and magnification.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"352 1","pages":"1133-1135 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76586257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656818
P. Ortega, J. Prat, A. Mànuel, X. Pastor, J. Jaureguízar
A virtual instrument to acquire automatically biomedical signals is introduced. The system is constituted by two basic blocks: a hardware unit or concentrator that gathers and sends back all the information shown by the several screens connected to the patient, regardless of their trade-mark, through a single channel series digital standard R3-232 or EIA-422 to a distant computer, in such a way that any additional hardware is superfluous. Secondly, a software subsystem installed in a central computer that permits one to capture, visualize and process all the information from a patient, thus, facilitating the control of such patient, also, making it possible to extract data and statistics that are extremely valuable in medical investigation. This software can be run in a PC or Macintosh environment and it has been designed through LABVIEW 3.1 by National Instruments, a graphic programming language used in the development of automated instrumentation systems.
{"title":"Biosend, an automated biomedical acquisition system","authors":"P. Ortega, J. Prat, A. Mànuel, X. Pastor, J. Jaureguízar","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656818","url":null,"abstract":"A virtual instrument to acquire automatically biomedical signals is introduced. The system is constituted by two basic blocks: a hardware unit or concentrator that gathers and sends back all the information shown by the several screens connected to the patient, regardless of their trade-mark, through a single channel series digital standard R3-232 or EIA-422 to a distant computer, in such a way that any additional hardware is superfluous. Secondly, a software subsystem installed in a central computer that permits one to capture, visualize and process all the information from a patient, thus, facilitating the control of such patient, also, making it possible to extract data and statistics that are extremely valuable in medical investigation. This software can be run in a PC or Macintosh environment and it has been designed through LABVIEW 3.1 by National Instruments, a graphic programming language used in the development of automated instrumentation systems.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"31 1","pages":"3-4 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77552191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651839
T. Yamamoto, M. Ide
A new multi-switch input controller (MSIC) has been developed, which is developed from scanning techniques extended by encoding. It controls the indoor home-electronic devices, personal emergency alarm system, and the keyboard emulator on the Windows95 (Microsoft). This intensive indoor environmental control system basically has the main framework to handle the historic records of the switch control. It is useful to monitor the training process for the disabled.
{"title":"Development of a multi-switch input controller of the electronic devices for the motor-disabled-person","authors":"T. Yamamoto, M. Ide","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651839","url":null,"abstract":"A new multi-switch input controller (MSIC) has been developed, which is developed from scanning techniques extended by encoding. It controls the indoor home-electronic devices, personal emergency alarm system, and the keyboard emulator on the Windows95 (Microsoft). This intensive indoor environmental control system basically has the main framework to handle the historic records of the switch control. It is useful to monitor the training process for the disabled.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"244 1","pages":"508-509 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78165584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652013
Y. Saijo, H. Sasaki, H. Okawai, S. Nitta
The objective of the present study is to assess the relationship between micro- and macro-acoustic properties of myocardium. The values of ultrasonic attenuation and sound speed of the myocardium at 3.5 MHz were obtained by frequency domain analysis of the pulse response in order to determine the macro-acoustic properties. The micro-acoustic properties were obtained by a specially developed scanning acoustic microscope system operating in the frequency range of 100-200 MHz. At 3.5 MHz, the sound speed was 1600 m/s and the attenuation was 2.5 dB/cm in the normal myocardium, 1582 m/s and 5.8 dB/cm in the necrosis, respectively. At 130 MHz, both values were 1614 m/s and 1.1 dB/mm/MHz in the normal myocardium, 1578 m/s and 0.6 dB/mm/MHz in the necrosis, respectively. The results suggest that the ultrasonic attenuation is affected by both the chemical components and the structure of the tissue.
{"title":"Relationship between micro- and macro-acoustic properties of myocardium","authors":"Y. Saijo, H. Sasaki, H. Okawai, S. Nitta","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652013","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study is to assess the relationship between micro- and macro-acoustic properties of myocardium. The values of ultrasonic attenuation and sound speed of the myocardium at 3.5 MHz were obtained by frequency domain analysis of the pulse response in order to determine the macro-acoustic properties. The micro-acoustic properties were obtained by a specially developed scanning acoustic microscope system operating in the frequency range of 100-200 MHz. At 3.5 MHz, the sound speed was 1600 m/s and the attenuation was 2.5 dB/cm in the normal myocardium, 1582 m/s and 5.8 dB/cm in the necrosis, respectively. At 130 MHz, both values were 1614 m/s and 1.1 dB/mm/MHz in the normal myocardium, 1578 m/s and 0.6 dB/mm/MHz in the necrosis, respectively. The results suggest that the ultrasonic attenuation is affected by both the chemical components and the structure of the tissue.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"76 1","pages":"863-864 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80043284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647616
M. Noshiro, H. Shindou, Y. Fukuoka, M. Ishikawa, H. Minanitani, K. Sakamoto, A. Tanakadate, S. Nebuya
Subjects voluntarily inspire a gas mixture in which the CO/sub 2/ concentration is changed stepwise or randomly. The respiratory flow rate and pCO/sub 2/ in the inspired and expired gases are measured to yield the end-tidal pCO/sub 2/ and minute ventilation, which are the input and output of the pCO/sub 2/ control system, respectively. A NARMAX (Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogeneous inputs) model of the system is estimated using a three-layered feedforward neural network. The estimated model contains terms, y(t-1), x(t-1), x(t-2), X/sup 2/(t-2) and y(t-1)x(t-2). A measure of nonlinearity calculated from the data used for estimation shows the pCO/sub 2/ control system in most subjects has a nonlinearity which cannot be neglected.
{"title":"NARMAX model of the pCO/sub 2/ control system in man estimated by neural computation","authors":"M. Noshiro, H. Shindou, Y. Fukuoka, M. Ishikawa, H. Minanitani, K. Sakamoto, A. Tanakadate, S. Nebuya","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647616","url":null,"abstract":"Subjects voluntarily inspire a gas mixture in which the CO/sub 2/ concentration is changed stepwise or randomly. The respiratory flow rate and pCO/sub 2/ in the inspired and expired gases are measured to yield the end-tidal pCO/sub 2/ and minute ventilation, which are the input and output of the pCO/sub 2/ control system, respectively. A NARMAX (Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogeneous inputs) model of the system is estimated using a three-layered feedforward neural network. The estimated model contains terms, y(t-1), x(t-1), x(t-2), X/sup 2/(t-2) and y(t-1)x(t-2). A measure of nonlinearity calculated from the data used for estimation shows the pCO/sub 2/ control system in most subjects has a nonlinearity which cannot be neglected.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"64 1","pages":"1693-1694 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80168991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646440
R. Balcerak, D. Jenkins, N. Diakides
Night vision technology is present in most military systems used today. The sensors range from night vision goggles to high performance infrared target acquisition and tracking systems. With the importance placed upon night vision, lower cost and wider availability of night vision technology is an important consideration. Infrared sensors, which do not require cryogenic cooling, have many of these assets. Recently, the excellent imaging performance of uncooled infrared has captured the attention of many system users, and new applications are rapidly emerging. This paper reviews these application areas, explores new possibilities, and assesses the technology underway to further expand the realm of uncooled infrared imaging. Technological advances, both in the sensor technology and the interface with the imaging system, will expand the use of uncooled infrared sensors into additional military and commercial applications.
{"title":"Uncooled infrared focal plane arrays","authors":"R. Balcerak, D. Jenkins, N. Diakides","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646440","url":null,"abstract":"Night vision technology is present in most military systems used today. The sensors range from night vision goggles to high performance infrared target acquisition and tracking systems. With the importance placed upon night vision, lower cost and wider availability of night vision technology is an important consideration. Infrared sensors, which do not require cryogenic cooling, have many of these assets. Recently, the excellent imaging performance of uncooled infrared has captured the attention of many system users, and new applications are rapidly emerging. This paper reviews these application areas, explores new possibilities, and assesses the technology underway to further expand the realm of uncooled infrared imaging. Technological advances, both in the sensor technology and the interface with the imaging system, will expand the use of uncooled infrared sensors into additional military and commercial applications.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"10 1","pages":"2077-2078 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80220224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646545
S. Lukkarinen, P. Korhonen, A. Angerla, A. Noponen, K. Sikio, R. Sepponen
Although the phonocardiogram presents heart sounds and murmurs most precisely and it can offer clinically useful information, its usage as diagnostic tool is nowadays quite uncommon. One possible reason can be that auscultation findings are not recorded as sounds, and so they cannot be listened to again. Multimedia personal computer equipped with a handheld electronic stethoscope can be used to register and analyse the heart sounds. Over 60 dB signal dynamics can be achieved with careful hardware selections.
{"title":"Multimedia personal computer based phonocardiography","authors":"S. Lukkarinen, P. Korhonen, A. Angerla, A. Noponen, K. Sikio, R. Sepponen","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646545","url":null,"abstract":"Although the phonocardiogram presents heart sounds and murmurs most precisely and it can offer clinically useful information, its usage as diagnostic tool is nowadays quite uncommon. One possible reason can be that auscultation findings are not recorded as sounds, and so they cannot be listened to again. Multimedia personal computer equipped with a handheld electronic stethoscope can be used to register and analyse the heart sounds. Over 60 dB signal dynamics can be achieved with careful hardware selections.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"73 1","pages":"2303-2304 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80469922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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