Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646507
C.F. Jiang, A. Avolio
A new fractal feature, the Directional Fractal Curve (DFC), defined over an are of 180/spl deg/ and composed of 90 fractal dimensions determined at intervals of arc of 2/spl deg/, was developed to account for the anisotropic property of a fractal texture. The DFC of images with directional preference shows a periodic pattern; while the DFC of images with no definite directional preference tends to be a horizontal line. The DFC of the elastic texture exhibits a single peak and can be characterized by a sinusoidal function. The DFC was applied to examine an age-related structural change in the elastin network of the aortic wall exposed by scanning electron microcopy. Aortic samples were obtained from 44 human subjects with age range of 3 months to 103 years. Results show that the DFCs of these subjects decay significantly as age increases. This suggests that the elastin network may be characterized in terms of DFC which can be used to quantify structural modifications due to physiological changes such as ageing.
{"title":"Quantification of age-related changes in the elastic texture of the human aortic wall by directional fractal curve","authors":"C.F. Jiang, A. Avolio","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646507","url":null,"abstract":"A new fractal feature, the Directional Fractal Curve (DFC), defined over an are of 180/spl deg/ and composed of 90 fractal dimensions determined at intervals of arc of 2/spl deg/, was developed to account for the anisotropic property of a fractal texture. The DFC of images with directional preference shows a periodic pattern; while the DFC of images with no definite directional preference tends to be a horizontal line. The DFC of the elastic texture exhibits a single peak and can be characterized by a sinusoidal function. The DFC was applied to examine an age-related structural change in the elastin network of the aortic wall exposed by scanning electron microcopy. Aortic samples were obtained from 44 human subjects with age range of 3 months to 103 years. Results show that the DFCs of these subjects decay significantly as age increases. This suggests that the elastin network may be characterized in terms of DFC which can be used to quantify structural modifications due to physiological changes such as ageing.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"52 1","pages":"2224-2226 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79072334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652721
S. Congorto, S. D. Penna, S. Erne
The authors developed a new method in order to automatically segment magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the head. The main tissues, such as scalp, brain and skull, are recognised. The method is based on a Kohonen self organising feature map which performs a cluster of the image areas into three main classes. The network, after being trained, is successfully operated on the test set. The network performances do not depend on the MRI apparatus producing the images set. The network classes are properly matched and processed in order to obtain slices containing the desired tissues. The proposed method has been developed in the frame of a project for the 3-dimensional reconstruction of selected surfaces.
{"title":"Tissue segmentation of MRI of the head by means of a Kohonen map","authors":"S. Congorto, S. D. Penna, S. Erne","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652721","url":null,"abstract":"The authors developed a new method in order to automatically segment magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the head. The main tissues, such as scalp, brain and skull, are recognised. The method is based on a Kohonen self organising feature map which performs a cluster of the image areas into three main classes. The network, after being trained, is successfully operated on the test set. The network performances do not depend on the MRI apparatus producing the images set. The network classes are properly matched and processed in order to obtain slices containing the desired tissues. The proposed method has been developed in the frame of a project for the 3-dimensional reconstruction of selected surfaces.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"81 1","pages":"1087-1088 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79290603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646437
L. Montelius, T. Ling, J. Tegenfeldt
The interest in miniaturization of modern chemical and medical sensors is steadily increasing. However, when employing methods and fabrication procedures especially developed for microelectronics, one may encounter new and unpredictable problems for applications in aqueous media. For instance, in microelectronics often a dual metal layer system is employed for making electrical contacts. In a solution such a contact may result in galvanic reactions and/or may dissolve in the cleaning agents used for sterilization of medical devices. To address such issues the authors have employed an all-silicon based process technology for fabrication of sturdy and reliable devices with integrated poly-Silicon electrodes that tolerate most chemical environments. In this presentation the authors report on the first results using such electrodes. A comparative study between identical poly-Si and Aluminium electrodes was made in order to investigate the usefulness of poly-Si electrodes. The authors also demonstrate the nice possibility to use well-documented methods for surface modifications using silane coupling chemistry. The authors believe this added benefit for the silicon based electrodes of easy surface modification processes, as compared with metal electrodes, to be extremely valuable for the development of accurate and tailored sensor structures for specific applications.
{"title":"Novel all-silicon sensor structure with integrated poly-Si electrodes","authors":"L. Montelius, T. Ling, J. Tegenfeldt","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646437","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in miniaturization of modern chemical and medical sensors is steadily increasing. However, when employing methods and fabrication procedures especially developed for microelectronics, one may encounter new and unpredictable problems for applications in aqueous media. For instance, in microelectronics often a dual metal layer system is employed for making electrical contacts. In a solution such a contact may result in galvanic reactions and/or may dissolve in the cleaning agents used for sterilization of medical devices. To address such issues the authors have employed an all-silicon based process technology for fabrication of sturdy and reliable devices with integrated poly-Silicon electrodes that tolerate most chemical environments. In this presentation the authors report on the first results using such electrodes. A comparative study between identical poly-Si and Aluminium electrodes was made in order to investigate the usefulness of poly-Si electrodes. The authors also demonstrate the nice possibility to use well-documented methods for surface modifications using silane coupling chemistry. The authors believe this added benefit for the silicon based electrodes of easy surface modification processes, as compared with metal electrodes, to be extremely valuable for the development of accurate and tailored sensor structures for specific applications.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"70 1","pages":"2071-2072 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81604006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656866
A. C. MettingVanRijn, Anthony, Kuiper, Taco E. Dankers, Cees, Grimbergen
The accepted models of the origin of interference in body surface potential recordings predict that it would be advantageous to perform signal amplification on the electrode. A suitable circuit for a miniature biopotential amplifier to be manufactured in thick-film technology is described. A prototype series of active electrodes was produced and tested. The high immunity to interference resulted in ECG and EEG recordings of a very high quality.
{"title":"Low-cost active electrode improves the resolution in biopotential recordings","authors":"A. C. MettingVanRijn, Anthony, Kuiper, Taco E. Dankers, Cees, Grimbergen","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.656866","url":null,"abstract":"The accepted models of the origin of interference in body surface potential recordings predict that it would be advantageous to perform signal amplification on the electrode. A suitable circuit for a miniature biopotential amplifier to be manufactured in thick-film technology is described. A prototype series of active electrodes was produced and tested. The high immunity to interference resulted in ECG and EEG recordings of a very high quality.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"101-102 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84481543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651954
S. Vinitski, F. Mohamed, K. Khalili, J. Gordon, M. Curtis, R. Knobler, C. Gonzalez, J. Mack
The purpose of this study was to validate our tissue segmentation technique by comparing its results with the composition of living biological tissues. A multispectral approach with three inputs was used. Volumetric MR images were obtained with steady state free procession, gradient echo, with RF spoiling and inversion recovery gradient echo techniques. The animal model used was brain tumors in hamsters. Immediately after imaging, animals were sacrificed and underwent thorough histological examination. Pre-segmentation image processing included our technique for correction of image non-uniformity, application of non-linear diffusion type filters, and, after collecting training points, cluster optimization. Finally, k-NN segmentation was used and a stack of color-coded segmented images was created. Results indicated that good quality of a small subject, such as a hamster brain MRI, can be obtained. Secondly, pre-processing steps vastly improved the results of segmentation-in particular, sharpness. We were able to identify up to eleven tissues. Most importantly, our findings were in full accord with histological exams.
{"title":"Validation of tissue segmentation based on 3D feature map in an animal model of a brain tumor","authors":"S. Vinitski, F. Mohamed, K. Khalili, J. Gordon, M. Curtis, R. Knobler, C. Gonzalez, J. Mack","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651954","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to validate our tissue segmentation technique by comparing its results with the composition of living biological tissues. A multispectral approach with three inputs was used. Volumetric MR images were obtained with steady state free procession, gradient echo, with RF spoiling and inversion recovery gradient echo techniques. The animal model used was brain tumors in hamsters. Immediately after imaging, animals were sacrificed and underwent thorough histological examination. Pre-segmentation image processing included our technique for correction of image non-uniformity, application of non-linear diffusion type filters, and, after collecting training points, cluster optimization. Finally, k-NN segmentation was used and a stack of color-coded segmented images was created. Results indicated that good quality of a small subject, such as a hamster brain MRI, can be obtained. Secondly, pre-processing steps vastly improved the results of segmentation-in particular, sharpness. We were able to identify up to eleven tissues. Most importantly, our findings were in full accord with histological exams.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"2 1","pages":"740-742 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84484791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647607
D. Westwick, R. Kearney, M. Verhaegen
Subspace based methods for linear system identification are robust, require few a priori assumption's, and impose minimal restrictions on the type of input used to probe the system. However, due to their excessive computational and storage requirements, they have seen only limited application within biomedical engineering. In this paper, the authors develop a fast, low memory variant of an instrumental variable subspace method. Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrate the acceleration achieved by this new implementation.
{"title":"An efficient implementation of the PI subspace state-space system identification algorithm","authors":"D. Westwick, R. Kearney, M. Verhaegen","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.647607","url":null,"abstract":"Subspace based methods for linear system identification are robust, require few a priori assumption's, and impose minimal restrictions on the type of input used to probe the system. However, due to their excessive computational and storage requirements, they have seen only limited application within biomedical engineering. In this paper, the authors develop a fast, low memory variant of an instrumental variable subspace method. Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrate the acceleration achieved by this new implementation.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"1674-1675 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84504165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652744
R. Velthuizen, L. Hall, L. Clarke
Traditional machine vision techniques apply a feature extraction step before any classification, but this is not commonly done for magnetic resonance images. In this study the authors propose to discover optimal feature extractors for MRI to increase segmentation accuracy. Genetic algorithms are applied using a fitness function based on known class labels, and on a fitness function that can be applied to data without ground truth. Both fitness functions allow the discovery of good features, that can be applied outside the data that was used for the search. An increase in the tumor true positive rate for an MRI volume using fuzzy c-means (FCM) was found from 78.7% to 91.3% of all tumor pixels with constant false negative rate. This approach may lead to significantly improved MRI segmentation, which is needed in particular for multicenter trials for brain tumor treatment.
{"title":"MRI feature extraction using genetic algorithms","authors":"R. Velthuizen, L. Hall, L. Clarke","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.652744","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional machine vision techniques apply a feature extraction step before any classification, but this is not commonly done for magnetic resonance images. In this study the authors propose to discover optimal feature extractors for MRI to increase segmentation accuracy. Genetic algorithms are applied using a fitness function based on known class labels, and on a fitness function that can be applied to data without ground truth. Both fitness functions allow the discovery of good features, that can be applied outside the data that was used for the search. An increase in the tumor true positive rate for an MRI volume using fuzzy c-means (FCM) was found from 78.7% to 91.3% of all tumor pixels with constant false negative rate. This approach may lead to significantly improved MRI segmentation, which is needed in particular for multicenter trials for brain tumor treatment.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"87 1","pages":"1138-1139 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85094654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651910
H. Nakamura, T. Aoki, F. Okuyama, H. Tanaka
Human 3D spatial cognition is the most crucial factor to evaluate Virtual Reality (VR) environments. In order to evaluate this property the authors observed an eye-movement to clarify the difference between a real environment and a virtual one (VR). The authors conducted a psychophysical experiment using three real objects (cube, wedge and pyramid). The task for a subject is to determine the kind of object which is presented in front of him. The latency and trajectory of eye-movement until the subject realized the object shape were measured by an Eye Mark Recorder (EMR 600 by NAC Co.). The shortest response time was observed in the case of the cubic object. Characteristics for the trajectory of eye-movement were as follows: (1) Scanning areas were not spread uniformly over the object. (2) Trajectories of eye-movement were rather concentrated on specific areas of the object such as edges and corners.
{"title":"Development of virtual reality (VR) system to evaluate human 3D spatial cognition [eye movements analysis]","authors":"H. Nakamura, T. Aoki, F. Okuyama, H. Tanaka","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.651910","url":null,"abstract":"Human 3D spatial cognition is the most crucial factor to evaluate Virtual Reality (VR) environments. In order to evaluate this property the authors observed an eye-movement to clarify the difference between a real environment and a virtual one (VR). The authors conducted a psychophysical experiment using three real objects (cube, wedge and pyramid). The task for a subject is to determine the kind of object which is presented in front of him. The latency and trajectory of eye-movement until the subject realized the object shape were measured by an Eye Mark Recorder (EMR 600 by NAC Co.). The shortest response time was observed in the case of the cubic object. Characteristics for the trajectory of eye-movement were as follows: (1) Scanning areas were not spread uniformly over the object. (2) Trajectories of eye-movement were rather concentrated on specific areas of the object such as edges and corners.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"30 1","pages":"650-651 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85988730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646298
J. Rasmussen, B. Scholl, T. Gellekum, H. Schmitt
The primary goal in the development of an exposition chamber for bioeffects dosimetry studies is the exact knowledge of the electromagnetic field components inside the biological sample. Measuring is not possible using metallic field probes. This paper describes a transversal electromagnetic (TEM) cell suitable for bioeffects dosimetry studies at 900 MHz and the design of a fiber-optic polarimetric temperature sensor which is used to measure the specific absorption rate (SAR). Using this sensor a temperature change lower than 0.003/spl deg/C is detectable. By simulating the whole TEM cell and comparing; the results with the measured SAR at certain points inside the liquid biological sample one is able to determine the electromagnetic field components.
{"title":"Fiber-optic polarimetric temperature sensor for characterizing a 900 MHz TEM cell used in bioeffects dosimetry studies","authors":"J. Rasmussen, B. Scholl, T. Gellekum, H. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646298","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goal in the development of an exposition chamber for bioeffects dosimetry studies is the exact knowledge of the electromagnetic field components inside the biological sample. Measuring is not possible using metallic field probes. This paper describes a transversal electromagnetic (TEM) cell suitable for bioeffects dosimetry studies at 900 MHz and the design of a fiber-optic polarimetric temperature sensor which is used to measure the specific absorption rate (SAR). Using this sensor a temperature change lower than 0.003/spl deg/C is detectable. By simulating the whole TEM cell and comparing; the results with the measured SAR at certain points inside the liquid biological sample one is able to determine the electromagnetic field components.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"45 1","pages":"1875-1876 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76613661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-31DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646346
C. van Nimwegen, C. Zeelenberg, W. Cavens
A medical devices database is described, which is aimed to support clinical engineers and others involved in medical instrumentation in purchasing medical devices and in solving application problems. The database comprises information about the local market supply, characteristics and features, evaluation and hazard reports, standards etc. concerning medical devices. The database is published on CD-ROM under the name MedPro by TNO Prevention and Health in The Netherlands. Present users appreciate the very friendly user interface and the clear presentation of data.
{"title":"A medical devices database on CD-ROM","authors":"C. van Nimwegen, C. Zeelenberg, W. Cavens","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1996.646346","url":null,"abstract":"A medical devices database is described, which is aimed to support clinical engineers and others involved in medical instrumentation in purchasing medical devices and in solving application problems. The database comprises information about the local market supply, characteristics and features, evaluation and hazard reports, standards etc. concerning medical devices. The database is published on CD-ROM under the name MedPro by TNO Prevention and Health in The Netherlands. Present users appreciate the very friendly user interface and the clear presentation of data.","PeriodicalId":20427,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"112 1","pages":"1973-1974 vol.5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80851792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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