Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104725
Brian J. Kerr , Victoria C. Wilson , Patrick C. von Schamburg , Carl M. Parsons
Peroxidized lipids have been shown to reduce broiler performance whereupon it was theorized that dietary peroxide value (PV) plus anisidine value (AnV) may be predictive of broiler performance. In experiment (EXP) 1, 64 pens (8 broilers/pen) were fed diets containing 8 levels of peroxidized soybean oil (SO). Broilers were fed diets from 7 to 35 d of age with 8 replications per dietary treatment. Broilers fed diets containing SO processed at 135°C resulted in a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO while birds fed diets containing SO processed at 90°C resulted in a reduction in gain to feed (GF, P ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO. Summarization of this data with published data resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.01) regression models for relative ADG [ADG, % = 101.9 – (0.05 × PV) – (0.30 × AnV), SE = 4.1, R2 = 0.43], ADFI [ADFI, % = 101.7 – (0.09 × PV) – (0.19 × AnV), SE = 3.3, R2 = 0.32], and GF [GF, % = 100.4 + (0.05 × PV) – (0.14 × AnV), SE = 2.6, R2 = 0.27], albeit PV was not a significant regression parameter (P ≥ 0.36) for any equation. In EXP 2, the TMEn of four different SO was determined using the precision-fed rooster assay. Diets consisted of ground corn with SO added at 0, 7.5 or 15 % of the diet at the expense of ground corn with 4 roosters per treatment. Relative bioavailability (RBV) was determined using slope-ratio methodology where it was determined that the reduction in the RBV of peroxidized SO ranged from 12 to 29 percent compared to the unheated SO sample. These data suggests that bird performance relative to birds consuming unperoxidized lipids can be predicted based on dietary levels of PV and AnV, although the slopes for performance decline are relatively flat with the combination of PV and AnV accounting for 27 to 43 % of the response variable variance.
{"title":"Effects of peroxidized soybean oil on growth and energy digestibility in broilers","authors":"Brian J. Kerr , Victoria C. Wilson , Patrick C. von Schamburg , Carl M. Parsons","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peroxidized lipids have been shown to reduce broiler performance whereupon it was theorized that dietary peroxide value (PV) plus anisidine value (AnV) may be predictive of broiler performance. In experiment (EXP) 1, 64 pens (8 broilers/pen) were fed diets containing 8 levels of peroxidized soybean oil (SO). Broilers were fed diets from 7 to 35 d of age with 8 replications per dietary treatment. Broilers fed diets containing SO processed at 135°C resulted in a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, <em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO while birds fed diets containing SO processed at 90°C resulted in a reduction in gain to feed (GF, <em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO. Summarization of this data with published data resulted in significant (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.01) regression models for relative ADG [ADG, % = 101.9 – (0.05 × PV) – (0.30 × AnV), SE = 4.1, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.43], ADFI [ADFI, % = 101.7 – (0.09 × PV) – (0.19 × AnV), SE = 3.3, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.32], and GF [GF, % = 100.4 + (0.05 × PV) – (0.14 × AnV), SE = 2.6, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.27], albeit PV was not a significant regression parameter (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.36) for any equation. In EXP 2, the TME<sub>n</sub> of four different SO was determined using the precision-fed rooster assay. Diets consisted of ground corn with SO added at 0, 7.5 or 15 % of the diet at the expense of ground corn with 4 roosters per treatment. Relative bioavailability (RBV) was determined using slope-ratio methodology where it was determined that the reduction in the RBV of peroxidized SO ranged from 12 to 29 percent compared to the unheated SO sample. These data suggests that bird performance relative to birds consuming unperoxidized lipids can be predicted based on dietary levels of PV and AnV, although the slopes for performance decline are relatively flat with the combination of PV and AnV accounting for 27 to 43 % of the response variable variance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104873
Kiattisak Huanhong , Chompunut Lumsangkul , Chaiwat Arjin , Sasithorn Sirilun , Tibet Tangpao , Yu-Lei Wang , Raktham Mektrirat , Chen-Si Lin , Sarana Rose Sommano , Korawan Sringarm
Coffee is a renowned beverage derived from plants globally. In the coffee production process, coffee pulp is a by-product that is abundant in phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of coffee pulp extract (CPE) on growth performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 160 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments with five replicates and eight chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. These four dietary treatments included a basal diet with CPE of 0 (Control), 250 (CPE250), 500 (CPE500), and 1,000 (CPE1000) mg/kg diet for 35 days. The results showed that the body weight (BW) of the CPE500 group was significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to the other groups at 35 days. Moreover, CPE500 increased the average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.004) and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.008). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the blood biochemistry profile. In addition, the investigation on intestinal morphology showed that CPE supplementation enhanced villus height (VH) (P = 0.004), crypt depth (CD) (P < 0.05), and ratio of VH:CD (P < 0.05) in the duodenum. Dietary supplementation with CPE significantly increased the percentage of neck weight (P < 0.05) compared to the control groups. However, no significant effects of CPE supplementation were observed on the meat quality parameters of breast and thigh muscles, including pH, color, water-holding capacity, and tenderness (P > 0.05). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in thigh fat content was observed with CPE supplementation. In conclusion, CPE500 can improve the growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens despite the presence of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. This suggests that coffee pulp biomass could potentially be used as an alternative feed additive from agricultural biomass in broiler production.
{"title":"Dietary supplementation of coffee pulp extract enhances growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chicken","authors":"Kiattisak Huanhong , Chompunut Lumsangkul , Chaiwat Arjin , Sasithorn Sirilun , Tibet Tangpao , Yu-Lei Wang , Raktham Mektrirat , Chen-Si Lin , Sarana Rose Sommano , Korawan Sringarm","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee is a renowned beverage derived from plants globally. In the coffee production process, coffee pulp is a by-product that is abundant in phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of coffee pulp extract (<strong>CPE</strong>) on growth performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 160 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments with five replicates and eight chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. These four dietary treatments included a basal diet with CPE of 0 (<strong>Control</strong>), 250 (<strong>CPE250</strong>), 500 (<strong>CPE500</strong>), and 1,000 (<strong>CPE1000</strong>) mg/kg diet for 35 days. The results showed that the body weight (BW) of the CPE500 group was significantly higher (<em>P <</em> 0.01) compared to the other groups at 35 days. Moreover, CPE500 increased the average daily gain (<strong>ADG</strong>) (<em>P</em> = 0.004) and reduced the feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>) (<em>P</em> = 0.008). No significant differences (<em>P ></em> 0.05) were observed in the blood biochemistry profile. In addition, the investigation on intestinal morphology showed that CPE supplementation enhanced villus height (<strong>VH</strong>) (<em>P</em> = 0.004), crypt depth (<strong>CD</strong>) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and ratio of VH:CD (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in the duodenum. Dietary supplementation with CPE significantly increased the percentage of neck weight (<em>P</em> < 0.05) compared to the control groups. However, no significant effects of CPE supplementation were observed on the meat quality parameters of breast and thigh muscles, including pH, color, water-holding capacity, and tenderness (<em>P ></em> 0.05). A significant increase (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in thigh fat content was observed with CPE supplementation. In conclusion, CPE500 can improve the growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens despite the presence of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. This suggests that coffee pulp biomass could potentially be used as an alternative feed additive from agricultural biomass in broiler production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 3","pages":"Article 104873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104681
Lara A. van Veen , Henry van den Brand , Anna C.M. van den Oever , Bas Kemp , Mara Meisenburg
Continuous, non-invasive, and objective methods to detect flock-level responses to stressors, including intestinal health deviations, are currently lacking in poultry. This proof of principle study investigated the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in Lohmann Brown Classic, Lohmann LSL Classic and Lohmann LSL Lite layer pullets. Stressors were represented by a Salmonella vaccination given to the pullets at wk 3 of age (Dataset 1 and Dataset 2) and wk 16 of age (Dataset 4) and a viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail given at wk 12 of age (Dataset 3). Fresh manure was sampled daily, from 2 days before vaccination to 4 days after vaccination, with 4 pooled manure samples per day per dataset. Manure volatiles were concentrated into stainless steel sorbent tubes and analyzed by a thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dataset, breed and sample location did not affect the manure volatile profiles before vaccination. Age did affect the manure volatile profiles, with beta-camphor, (Z)-6-Tridecene and serinol peak intensities elevated in young pullets and carbonyl sulfide and trimethylamine elevated in older pullets. Salmonella vaccination at wk 3 of age led to the most consistent changes in volatile peak intensities. (Z)-6-Tridecene was decreased in Dataset 1, Dataset 3, and Dataset 4 after either the Salmonella vaccination or the viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail, despite differences in hen age and house. The injected viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail created a more clear time-dependent shift in the manure volatile profile than the orally-provided Salmonella vaccination in older pullets at resp. wk 12 and 16 of age. No overlapping trends in upregulated or downregulated volatiles were found between all datasets. To conclude, volatile profiles of rearing hen manure are affected by vaccinations as a proxy for stressors, and the magnitude and direction of the response depends on the age of the pullets at vaccination, the vaccination method, and the pathogenic properties of the vaccine. The reduced peak intensities of volatiles after vaccination in 3 out of 4 flocks suggests the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in layer pullets.
目前在家禽中缺乏持续、非侵入性和客观的方法来检测家禽对应激源的反应，包括肠道健康偏差。这项原理证明研究探讨了粪便气味分析在监测Lohmann Brown Classic、Lohmann LSL Classic和Lohmann LSL Lite蛋鸡应激反应中的潜力。压力源由3周龄雏鸡接种沙门氏菌疫苗（数据集1和数据集2）和16周龄雏鸡接种沙门氏菌疫苗（数据集4）以及12周龄雏鸡接种病毒/细菌混合疫苗（数据集3）来表示。从接种疫苗前2天到接种疫苗后4天，每天采集新鲜粪便样本，每个数据集每天收集4个粪便样本。将粪便挥发物浓缩到不锈钢吸附管中，采用热脱附和气相色谱-质谱联用系统进行分析。接种前，数据集、品种和样本位置对粪便挥发性特征没有影响。年龄确实会影响粪便挥发性特征，幼崽的-樟脑、(Z)-6-三烯和丝氨酸醇峰值强度升高，而老年幼崽的羰基硫化物和三甲胺峰值强度升高。沙门氏菌接种3周龄导致挥发性峰值强度变化最一致。在数据集1、数据集3和数据集4中，接种沙门氏菌疫苗或病毒/细菌混合疫苗后，(Z)-6-三烯减少，尽管母鸡年龄和饲养环境不同。与口服沙门氏菌疫苗相比，注射病毒/细菌混合疫苗在粪便挥发性谱上产生了更明显的随时间变化。12周和16周。在所有数据集之间没有发现上调或下调挥发物的重叠趋势。综上所述，作为应激源的代理，接种疫苗会影响饲养母鸡粪便的挥发性特征，而反应的大小和方向取决于接种疫苗时雏鸡的年龄、接种方法和疫苗的致病特性。接种疫苗后，4个鸡群中有3个的挥发物峰值强度降低，这表明粪便气味分析在监测蛋鸡应激反应方面具有潜力。
{"title":"Manure odor profiling for flock-level monitoring on commercial layer pullet farms: Vaccination events as a model stressor","authors":"Lara A. van Veen , Henry van den Brand , Anna C.M. van den Oever , Bas Kemp , Mara Meisenburg","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous, non-invasive, and objective methods to detect flock-level responses to stressors, including intestinal health deviations, are currently lacking in poultry. This proof of principle study investigated the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in Lohmann Brown Classic, Lohmann LSL Classic and Lohmann LSL Lite layer pullets. Stressors were represented by a <em>Salmonella</em> vaccination given to the pullets at wk 3 of age (Dataset 1 and Dataset 2) and wk 16 of age (Dataset 4) and a viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail given at wk 12 of age (Dataset 3). Fresh manure was sampled daily, from 2 days before vaccination to 4 days after vaccination, with 4 pooled manure samples per day per dataset. Manure volatiles were concentrated into stainless steel sorbent tubes and analyzed by a thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dataset, breed and sample location did not affect the manure volatile profiles before vaccination. Age did affect the manure volatile profiles, with beta-camphor, (Z)-6-Tridecene and serinol peak intensities elevated in young pullets and carbonyl sulfide and trimethylamine elevated in older pullets. <em>Salmonella</em> vaccination at wk 3 of age led to the most consistent changes in volatile peak intensities. (Z)-6-Tridecene was decreased in Dataset 1, Dataset 3, and Dataset 4 after either the <em>Salmonella</em> vaccination or the viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail, despite differences in hen age and house. The injected viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail created a more clear time-dependent shift in the manure volatile profile than the orally-provided <em>Salmonella</em> vaccination in older pullets at resp. wk 12 and 16 of age. No overlapping trends in upregulated or downregulated volatiles were found between all datasets. To conclude, volatile profiles of rearing hen manure are affected by vaccinations as a proxy for stressors, and the magnitude and direction of the response depends on the age of the pullets at vaccination, the vaccination method, and the pathogenic properties of the vaccine. The reduced peak intensities of volatiles after vaccination in 3 out of 4 flocks suggests the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in layer pullets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104678
Xingbo Liu , Yunru Ji , Huiyuan Lv , Zengpeng Lv , Yuming Guo , Wei Nie
Normal function and health of the intestinal tract were necessary for the growth and development of broilers. Baicalin (BA) possessed a variety of biological activities. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of BA on the growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and mucosal metabolism in broilers. A total of 720 21-day-old broilers were randomly allocated into 3 groups and fed with either basal diet (Con group) or basal diet supplemented with 6 or 12 mg/kg baicalin (BA6 and BA12 groups) for a continuous feeding period of 40 days. Results showed that BA had a trend towards improving (P = 0.086) the 60-day body weight of broilers, and the BA12 group exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain from day 39 to 60 compared to the Con group. Additionally, in the BA12 group, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and the expression levels of tight junction protein-related genes significantly increased (P < 0.05), while intestinal permeability significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 12 mg/kg BA significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity, promoted (P < 0.05) crypt proliferation, increased (P < 0.05) immunoglobulin levels, upregulated (P < 0.05) IL-2 and IL-8 mRNA levels, and downregulated (P < 0.05) IL-4 and TGF-β2 mRNA levels. Metabolomics analysis revealed that BA improved the metabolic characteristics of intestinal mucosa, significantly upregulating pathways associated with ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and galactose metabolism. 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that BA increased the richness of intestinal microbiota community and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria phylum, while reducing the relative abundance of contains mobile elements, potentially pathogenic, and facultatively anaerobic. Overall, 12 mg/kg BA improved intestinal health by modulating intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal microbiota, and intestinal mucosal metabolism levels, ultimately enhancing broiler growth performance.
{"title":"Microbiome and metabolome reveal beneficial effects of baicalin on broiler growth performance and intestinal health","authors":"Xingbo Liu , Yunru Ji , Huiyuan Lv , Zengpeng Lv , Yuming Guo , Wei Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Normal function and health of the intestinal tract were necessary for the growth and development of broilers. Baicalin (<strong>BA</strong>) possessed a variety of biological activities. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of BA on the growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and mucosal metabolism in broilers. A total of 720 21-day-old broilers were randomly allocated into 3 groups and fed with either basal diet (<strong>Con group</strong>) or basal diet supplemented with 6 or 12 mg/kg baicalin (<strong>BA6</strong> and <strong>BA12 groups</strong>) for a continuous feeding period of 40 days. Results showed that BA had a trend towards improving (<em>P =</em> 0.086) the 60-day body weight of broilers, and the BA12 group exhibited significantly higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) average daily gain from day 39 to 60 compared to the Con group. Additionally, in the BA12 group, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and the expression levels of tight junction protein-related genes significantly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while intestinal permeability significantly decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Supplementation with 12 mg/kg BA significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity, promoted (<em>P</em> < 0.05) crypt proliferation, increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) immunoglobulin levels, upregulated (<em>P</em> < 0.05) <em>IL-2</em> and <em>IL-8</em> mRNA levels, and downregulated (<em>P</em> < 0.05) <em>IL-4</em> and <em>TGF-β2</em> mRNA levels. Metabolomics analysis revealed that BA improved the metabolic characteristics of intestinal mucosa, significantly upregulating pathways associated with ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and galactose metabolism. 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that BA increased the richness of intestinal microbiota community and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria phylum, while reducing the relative abundance of contains mobile elements, potentially pathogenic, and facultatively anaerobic. Overall, 12 mg/kg BA improved intestinal health by modulating intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal microbiota, and intestinal mucosal metabolism levels, ultimately enhancing broiler growth performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104700
Fahimeh Pourmollaei, Mahmoud Ghazaghi, Mohammad Rokouei, Farzad Bagherzadeh-Kasmani, Mehran Mehri
An experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal calcium (Ca) requirement for growth performance and bone health in quail from 21 to 35 days posthatch. Five dietary treatments containing 0.45, 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, and 1.05 % Ca were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per pen. Body weight gain (BW gain; P = 0.04), tibia-Ca (P = 0.01), tibia ash (P = 0.01), and bone breaking strength (BBS; P = 0.01) increased quadratically with increasing dietary Ca levels, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a tendency to decrease (P = 0.07). Based on the statistical model, the optimal Ca requirements for BW gain and FCR were estimated to range from 0.75 to 0.84 % and 0.74 to 0.83 %, respectively. The Ca requirements for the Seedor index, tibia mass, and tibia length were estimated to range from 0.83 to 0.87 %, 0.81 to 0.87 %, and 0.78 to 0.86 %, respectively. The corresponding values for tibia-Ca, tibia ash, and BBS ranged from 0.67 to 0.73 %, 0.68 to 0.73 %, and 0.75 to 0.83 %, respectively. The study revealed that Ca requirements for optimal bone density may exceed those for growth performance, indicating the need for dietary Ca recommendations to be influenced by bone health considerations. These findings suggest that dietary calcium levels between 0.75 % and 0.87 % are optimal for growth performance and bone health in quail during the post-hatch growth period, with higher levels potentially required to maximize bone density and strength.
{"title":"Calcium requirements in growing Japanese quail from 21 to 35 days post-hatch","authors":"Fahimeh Pourmollaei, Mahmoud Ghazaghi, Mohammad Rokouei, Farzad Bagherzadeh-Kasmani, Mehran Mehri","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal calcium (Ca) requirement for growth performance and bone health in quail from 21 to 35 days posthatch. Five dietary treatments containing 0.45, 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, and 1.05 % Ca were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per pen. Body weight gain (BW gain; <em>P</em> = 0.04), tibia-Ca (<em>P</em> = 0.01), tibia ash (<em>P</em> = 0.01), and bone breaking strength (BBS; <em>P</em> = 0.01) increased quadratically with increasing dietary Ca levels, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a tendency to decrease (<em>P</em> = 0.07). Based on the statistical model, the optimal Ca requirements for BW gain and FCR were estimated to range from 0.75 to 0.84 % and 0.74 to 0.83 %, respectively. The Ca requirements for the Seedor index, tibia mass, and tibia length were estimated to range from 0.83 to 0.87 %, 0.81 to 0.87 %, and 0.78 to 0.86 %, respectively. The corresponding values for tibia-Ca, tibia ash, and BBS ranged from 0.67 to 0.73 %, 0.68 to 0.73 %, and 0.75 to 0.83 %, respectively. The study revealed that Ca requirements for optimal bone density may exceed those for growth performance, indicating the need for dietary Ca recommendations to be influenced by bone health considerations. These findings suggest that dietary calcium levels between 0.75 % and 0.87 % are optimal for growth performance and bone health in quail during the post-hatch growth period, with higher levels potentially required to maximize bone density and strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104700"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104781
Yunfei Li , Mingyuan An , Shasha Wan , Yifan Li , Yusong Du , Yufei Zhao , Huimin Li , Qingzhen Zhong , Zewei Sun
<div><div>Hesperidin exhibits promising potential as a feed additive for augmenting gastric acid secretion in animals. Gastrointestinal function is essential for animal growth and the efficient digestion of dietary nutrients, with gastric acid secretion serving as one of its critical components. The secretion of gastric acid, together with other digestive fluids and substances, significantly influences the digestion and absorption of animal feed, which in turn affects growth performance. However, there is limited research regarding the application of hesperidin as a feed additive to enhance gastric acid secretion. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin as a feed additive in enhancing gastric acid secretion and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. A total of 200 newly hatched (1-day-old) broilers with similar body weight were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: the control group receiving only the basal diet, and the other three groups supplemented with 50, 100, and 150 mg of hesperidin per kg of the basal diet, respectively. Each group consisted of five replicates with ten broilers per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for a duration of 21 days. The growth performance was evaluated by monitoring feed intake and body weight throughout the trial. A four-day nutrient utilization trial was conducted prior to the conclusion of the feeding experiment. Adoption of the total collection method, the collected droppings were weighed and dried at 65 °C. Fifteen broilers from each group were euthanized and immediately dissected to obtain gizzard, proventriculus, gizzard chyme, and jugular blood samples, The proventriculus and gizzard weight were weighed and the pH of gizzard chyme was measured at the same time. The collected jugular venous blood was used to assess gastrin levels, whereas chicken gizzard chyme was utilized for the analysis of lactate, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin activity. Proventriculus and gizzard tissues were used to evaluate pepsinogen levels, perform hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, conduct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for key proton pump components, and assess proton pump activity. The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, both the 100mg/Kg and 150 mg/Kg groups exhibited a significant increase in final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) (<em>P <</em> 0.05). Additionally, the feed to gain ratio (F/G) was significantly reduced in the 150mg/Kg group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). The results of the nutrient utilization trial indicate that all treatment groups had significantly higher levels of dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) compared to the control group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). Furthermore, crude protein (CP) and gross energy (ME) were significantly higher in the 100mg/Kg and 150mg/Kg groups than in both the control group and the 50mg/Kg group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). The inclusion of hesperidin in broiler diets leads to significant impro
{"title":"Hesperidin enhances broiler growth performance by augmenting gastric acid secretion via the proton pump pathway","authors":"Yunfei Li , Mingyuan An , Shasha Wan , Yifan Li , Yusong Du , Yufei Zhao , Huimin Li , Qingzhen Zhong , Zewei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hesperidin exhibits promising potential as a feed additive for augmenting gastric acid secretion in animals. Gastrointestinal function is essential for animal growth and the efficient digestion of dietary nutrients, with gastric acid secretion serving as one of its critical components. The secretion of gastric acid, together with other digestive fluids and substances, significantly influences the digestion and absorption of animal feed, which in turn affects growth performance. However, there is limited research regarding the application of hesperidin as a feed additive to enhance gastric acid secretion. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin as a feed additive in enhancing gastric acid secretion and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. A total of 200 newly hatched (1-day-old) broilers with similar body weight were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: the control group receiving only the basal diet, and the other three groups supplemented with 50, 100, and 150 mg of hesperidin per kg of the basal diet, respectively. Each group consisted of five replicates with ten broilers per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for a duration of 21 days. The growth performance was evaluated by monitoring feed intake and body weight throughout the trial. A four-day nutrient utilization trial was conducted prior to the conclusion of the feeding experiment. Adoption of the total collection method, the collected droppings were weighed and dried at 65 °C. Fifteen broilers from each group were euthanized and immediately dissected to obtain gizzard, proventriculus, gizzard chyme, and jugular blood samples, The proventriculus and gizzard weight were weighed and the pH of gizzard chyme was measured at the same time. The collected jugular venous blood was used to assess gastrin levels, whereas chicken gizzard chyme was utilized for the analysis of lactate, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin activity. Proventriculus and gizzard tissues were used to evaluate pepsinogen levels, perform hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, conduct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for key proton pump components, and assess proton pump activity. The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, both the 100mg/Kg and 150 mg/Kg groups exhibited a significant increase in final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) (<em>P <</em> 0.05). Additionally, the feed to gain ratio (F/G) was significantly reduced in the 150mg/Kg group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). The results of the nutrient utilization trial indicate that all treatment groups had significantly higher levels of dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) compared to the control group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). Furthermore, crude protein (CP) and gross energy (ME) were significantly higher in the 100mg/Kg and 150mg/Kg groups than in both the control group and the 50mg/Kg group (<em>P <</em> 0.05). The inclusion of hesperidin in broiler diets leads to significant impro","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11761918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104832
Jinyuan Gu , Yayao Yan , Zixiong Zeng , Dong Liu , Jiao Hu , Shunlin Hu , Xiaoquan Wang , Min Gu , Xiufan Liu
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) first emerged in February 2013 in China, and early isolates were all low pathogenic (LP). After circulation for a few years in live poultry markets of China, LP H7N9 AIVs evolved into a highly pathogenic (HP) form in late 2016. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that all HP H7N9 AIVs have obtained four-amino-acid insertion at position 339-342 (H7 numbering), making the cleavage site from a monobasic motif (LP AIVs) to a polybasic form (HP AIVs). Notably, the polybasic cleavage site motifs are diversified, of which PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF motif is prevalent. To elucidate the reasons accounting for its dominance, recombinant H7N9 virus carrying PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-2) motif was generated based on LP H7N9 virus A/chicken/Eastern China/JT157/2016 (JT157). Besides, another two viruses containing PEVPKGKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-1) and PEIPKRKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-3) cleavage site motifs were also constructed as comparisons. We found that rJT157-2 showed better biological characterizations in vitro including replication kinetics, plaque size, thermal and acid stability. In addition, animal experiments demonstrated that rJT157-2 was more pathogenic to both chickens and mice with higher virus titers and induced more severe changes in the lungs. These results suggested that HP H7N9 viruses carrying PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF motif in the HA cleavage site were most likely adaptive mutants during the evolution of H7N9 AIVs.
{"title":"Hemagglutinin with a polybasic cleavage site confers high virulence on H7N9 avian influenza viruses","authors":"Jinyuan Gu , Yayao Yan , Zixiong Zeng , Dong Liu , Jiao Hu , Shunlin Hu , Xiaoquan Wang , Min Gu , Xiufan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) first emerged in February 2013 in China, and early isolates were all low pathogenic (LP). After circulation for a few years in live poultry markets of China, LP H7N9 AIVs evolved into a highly pathogenic (HP) form in late 2016. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that all HP H7N9 AIVs have obtained four-amino-acid insertion at position 339-342 (H7 numbering), making the cleavage site from a monobasic motif (LP AIVs) to a polybasic form (HP AIVs). Notably, the polybasic cleavage site motifs are diversified, of which PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF motif is prevalent. To elucidate the reasons accounting for its dominance, recombinant H7N9 virus carrying PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-2) motif was generated based on LP H7N9 virus A/chicken/Eastern China/JT157/2016 (JT157). Besides, another two viruses containing PEVPKGKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-1) and PEIPKRKRTAR↓GLF (rJT157-3) cleavage site motifs were also constructed as comparisons. We found that rJT157-2 showed better biological characterizations <em>in vitro</em> including replication kinetics, plaque size, thermal and acid stability. In addition, animal experiments demonstrated that rJT157-2 was more pathogenic to both chickens and mice with higher virus titers and induced more severe changes in the lungs. These results suggested that HP H7N9 viruses carrying PEVPKRKRTAR↓GLF motif in the HA cleavage site were most likely adaptive mutants during the evolution of H7N9 AIVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104832"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104837
Xiaoting Zhang , Hui Yan , Lei Bei , Guige Xu , Mingrui Zhao , Ruihua Zhang , Yu Meng , Yanli Zhu , Zhijing Xie , Shijin Jiang
Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is one of the most common diseases of waterfowl. Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and type 3 (DHAV-3) have been on the rise seriously endangering the development of duck farming. In this study, we constructed a recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) co-expressing the fusion VP1 protein of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that the fusion VP1 protein was expressed on the cell surface of recombinant L. lactis stain. After immunization with the recombinant L. lactis by oral administration, the ducklings were challenged with highly pathogenic DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 by natural infection. The results showed that the recombinant L. lactis induced the specific IgG antibodies, and significantly increased the level of mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The immunized ducklings delayed death for around 4 days, and reduced mortality with the relative percent survival (RPS) being 64.71 %, 61.54 % and 57.89 % in DHAV-1, DHAV-3 and DHAV-1 + 3 infection group respectively. These results showed that the recombinant L. lactis constructed in this study provides a promising candidate for prevention and control of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 infection.
{"title":"Oral administration of recombinant Lactococcus lactis co-expressing fusion VP1 protein of duck hepatitis a virus type 1 and 3 protects ducklings against infection","authors":"Xiaoting Zhang , Hui Yan , Lei Bei , Guige Xu , Mingrui Zhao , Ruihua Zhang , Yu Meng , Yanli Zhu , Zhijing Xie , Shijin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is one of the most common diseases of waterfowl. Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and type 3 (DHAV-3) have been on the rise seriously endangering the development of duck farming. In this study, we constructed a recombinant <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> (L<em>. lactis</em>) co-expressing the fusion VP1 protein of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that the fusion VP1 protein was expressed on the cell surface of recombinant L<em>. lactis</em> stain. After immunization with the recombinant L<em>. lactis</em> by oral administration, the ducklings were challenged with highly pathogenic DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 by natural infection. The results showed that the recombinant L<em>. lactis</em> induced the specific IgG antibodies, and significantly increased the level of mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The immunized ducklings delayed death for around 4 days, and reduced mortality with the relative percent survival (RPS) being 64.71 %, 61.54 % and 57.89 % in DHAV-1, DHAV-3 and DHAV-1 + 3 infection group respectively. These results showed that the recombinant L<em>. lactis</em> constructed in this study provides a promising candidate for prevention and control of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104837"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eggshells not only protect the contents of the egg from external damage but are also a key factor influencing consumer choice, second only to price. In the later stages of egg production, the incidence of pimpled eggs significantly increases, severely affecting the hatchability and food safety of the eggs. This study compares the differences in the uterine proteomes and metabolomes of hens producing pimpled eggs and those producing normal eggs, aiming to identify the proteins and metabolites that may play a crucial role in the formation of pimpled eggs. A total of 242 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in uterine tissue, of which 116 were upregulated and 126 were downregulated. Enrichment analysis revealed that the DEPs were enriched in pathways related to ion transport, energy metabolism, and immune responses. The study found that in the normal eggs (NE) group, HCO₃⁻ was predominantly transported via SLC4A1, although other transport pathways may also play a role. In contrast, in the pimpled eggs (PE) group, bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) was primarily transported through SLC4A4. Additionally, a total of 44 differentially metabolites (DMs) were identified in the uterus, with 5′-Adenylic acid (ATP) being significantly downregulated in the PE group. The ions and matrix proteins required for eggshell formation are transported from uterine cells to the uterine fluid against a concentration gradient, a process that consumes a substantial amount of energy. The decrease in ATP concentration in the PE group may be a significant factor influencing the formation of pimpled eggs. Subsequently, we found that the DEPs and DMs were jointly enriched in several signaling pathways, including the FoxO signaling pathway related to energy metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism associated with immune response. Notably, the DMs involved in these signaling pathways were all downregulated in the PE group. Our research findings indicate that SLC4A1, SLC4A2, and ATP2B4 (DEPs), along with 5′-adenylic acid and trigonelline (DMs), influence the formation of eggshells through mechanisms related to energy metabolism, ion transport, and immune response. These DEPs and DMs may serve as potential biomarkers for the genetic improvement of eggshell quality.
{"title":"Integrating proteomics and metabolomics to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of pimpled egg production in chickens","authors":"Wenqiang Li, Xueying Ma, Xiaomin Li, Xuguang Zhang, Yifei Sun, Chao Ning, Qin Zhang, Dan Wang, Hui Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2025.104818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eggshells not only protect the contents of the egg from external damage but are also a key factor influencing consumer choice, second only to price. In the later stages of egg production, the incidence of pimpled eggs significantly increases, severely affecting the hatchability and food safety of the eggs. This study compares the differences in the uterine proteomes and metabolomes of hens producing pimpled eggs and those producing normal eggs, aiming to identify the proteins and metabolites that may play a crucial role in the formation of pimpled eggs. A total of 242 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in uterine tissue, of which 116 were upregulated and 126 were downregulated. Enrichment analysis revealed that the DEPs were enriched in pathways related to ion transport, energy metabolism, and immune responses. The study found that in the normal eggs (NE) group, HCO₃⁻ was predominantly transported via SLC4A1, although other transport pathways may also play a role. In contrast, in the pimpled eggs (PE) group, bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) was primarily transported through SLC4A4. Additionally, a total of 44 differentially metabolites (DMs) were identified in the uterus, with 5′-Adenylic acid (ATP) being significantly downregulated in the PE group. The ions and matrix proteins required for eggshell formation are transported from uterine cells to the uterine fluid against a concentration gradient, a process that consumes a substantial amount of energy. The decrease in ATP concentration in the PE group may be a significant factor influencing the formation of pimpled eggs. Subsequently, we found that the DEPs and DMs were jointly enriched in several signaling pathways, including the FoxO signaling pathway related to energy metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism associated with immune response. Notably, the DMs involved in these signaling pathways were all downregulated in the PE group. Our research findings indicate that SLC4A1, SLC4A2, and ATP2B4 (DEPs), along with 5′-adenylic acid and trigonelline (DMs), influence the formation of eggshells through mechanisms related to energy metabolism, ion transport, and immune response. These DEPs and DMs may serve as potential biomarkers for the genetic improvement of eggshell quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104732
Tim Burnside, Anne-Marie Neeteson
Meat poultry breeding plays a critical role at the start of the food chain. Breeding solutions are long-term - as available in the DNA of the populations. They are also cumulative – the gradual improvements add up –, and disseminated widely throughout the production chain. Poultry meat is an important animal source food, and instrumental for global food security. The contribution that poultry breeding makes to meet current and future needs can be described in terms of a Code of Good Practice for Sustainable Breeding (Code-EFABAR®), and as Five Commitments to 1) Health, Food Safety and Food Security; 2) Diversity; 3) Balanced Breeding; 4) Management and Stockmanship; and 5) Transparency, Communication and Engagement. The review describes these commitments. Understanding what future directions are foreseen in the medium and long term is the basis for change. The dialogue and close cooperation with stakeholders in society is crucial to anticipate developments, by investigating and implementing them in steady and careful balanced selection leading to better welfare, productivity and sustainability outcomes.
{"title":"Developments in welfare of parent stock and commercial broilers","authors":"Tim Burnside, Anne-Marie Neeteson","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meat poultry breeding plays a critical role at the start of the food chain. Breeding solutions are long-term - as available in the DNA of the populations. They are also cumulative – the gradual improvements add up –, and disseminated widely throughout the production chain. Poultry meat is an important animal source food, and instrumental for global food security. The contribution that poultry breeding makes to meet current and future needs can be described in terms of a Code of Good Practice for Sustainable Breeding (Code-EFABAR®), and as Five Commitments to 1) Health, Food Safety and Food Security; 2) Diversity; 3) Balanced Breeding; 4) Management and Stockmanship; and 5) Transparency, Communication and Engagement. The review describes these commitments. Understanding what future directions are foreseen in the medium and long term is the basis for change. The dialogue and close cooperation with stakeholders in society is crucial to anticipate developments, by investigating and implementing them in steady and careful balanced selection leading to better welfare, productivity and sustainability outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"104 2","pages":"Article 104732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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