Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106443
Zhengbo Li , Qiong Liu , Dingtao Peng
The efficient utilization of energy and protein resources is crucial for the growth and development of meat ducks, as well as for the profitability of the poultry industry. This study aims to establish and optimize a dynamic model for the energy and protein requirements of meat ducks. A series of experiments were conducted with different dietary energy and protein levels. The growth performance, carcass quality, and nutrient utilization of the meat ducks were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that when the dietary metabolizable energy (ME) was 12.8 MJ/kg and the crude protein (CP) level was 17.5%, the meat ducks exhibited the best growth performance and feed conversion ratio. The established dynamic model takes into account the interactive effects of energy and protein on the growth and metabolism of meat ducks, incorporating factors such as environmental temperature and breed characteristics. It provides a scientific basis for formulating precise feeding strategies to meet the nutritional needs of meat ducks at different growth stages, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing feed costs in the meat duck industry. The optimization of the model also considers the practical application in different production environments and duck breeds, enhancing its adaptability and reliability.
{"title":"Establishment and Optimization of a Dynamic Model for Energy and Protein Requirements in Meat Ducks","authors":"Zhengbo Li , Qiong Liu , Dingtao Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient utilization of energy and protein resources is crucial for the growth and development of meat ducks, as well as for the profitability of the poultry industry. This study aims to establish and optimize a dynamic model for the energy and protein requirements of meat ducks. A series of experiments were conducted with different dietary energy and protein levels. The growth performance, carcass quality, and nutrient utilization of the meat ducks were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that when the dietary metabolizable energy (ME) was 12.8 MJ/kg and the crude protein (CP) level was 17.5%, the meat ducks exhibited the best growth performance and feed conversion ratio. The established dynamic model takes into account the interactive effects of energy and protein on the growth and metabolism of meat ducks, incorporating factors such as environmental temperature and breed characteristics. It provides a scientific basis for formulating precise feeding strategies to meet the nutritional needs of meat ducks at different growth stages, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing feed costs in the meat duck industry. The optimization of the model also considers the practical application in different production environments and duck breeds, enhancing its adaptability and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is a highly pathogenic and widely distributed species responsible for significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. The rhoptry protein 27 (EtROP27) DNA vaccine of E. tenella provides certain immune protection against E. tenella infection. Notably, vaccination triggers a sharp increase in the expression of chicken-derived cytokines chIL-2 and chIFN-γ. This study combines chIL-2 and chIFN-γ with the EtROP27 DNA vaccine to investigate the immunomodulatory effects. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized intramuscularly, and successful in vivo expression was confirmed by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Immunoprotective assays, histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were employed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of chIL-2 and chIFN-γ in the context of the EtROP27 DNA vaccine. The results showed that pVAX-ROP27, pVAX-ROP27-IL-2, pVAX-ROP27-IFN-γ, and pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ DNA vaccines could be expressed in vivo. All DNA vaccines effectively induced both cellular and humoral immune responses, significantly reduced oocyst shedding, alleviated cecal lesions, and improved weight gain. In addition, the pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ group exhibited the strongest protective efficacy, with an anticoccidial index (ACI) of 183.51, accompanied by the highest levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgY, and IgA, while inflammatory cytokine expression was notably reduced. IHC analysis further confirmed that the immune group enhanced the activation of T and B cells, with the most pronounced effect observed in the pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ group. These results indicate that chIL-2 and chIFN-γ have an immune-enhancing effect on the EtROP27 DNA vaccine, and their binding effect is more pronounced.
柔嫩艾美耳球虫是一种高致病性和广泛分布的物种，对全球家禽业造成重大经济损失。织体蛋白27 (EtROP27) DNA疫苗对织体感染具有一定的免疫保护作用。值得注意的是，疫苗接种引发鸡源性细胞因子chIL-2和chIFN-γ的表达急剧增加。本研究将chIL-2和chIFN-γ与EtROP27 DNA疫苗结合，研究其免疫调节作用。将SPF鸡肌内免疫，并通过逆转录聚合酶链反应和Western blot验证其在体内的成功表达。采用免疫保护实验、组织病理学、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）和免疫组织化学染色（IHC）等方法，研究了chil2和chIFN-γ在EtROP27 DNA疫苗中的免疫调节作用及其机制。结果表明，pVAX-ROP27、pVAX-ROP27- il -2、pVAX-ROP27- ifn -γ和pVAX-ROP27- il -2- ifn -γ DNA疫苗均可在体内表达。所有DNA疫苗都能有效诱导细胞和体液免疫反应，显著减少卵囊脱落，减轻盲肠病变，并改善体重增加。此外，pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ组的抗球虫指数（ACI）为183.51，IL-2、IFN-γ、IgY和IgA水平最高，炎症因子表达显著降低。免疫组化分析进一步证实免疫组增强了T细胞和B细胞的活化，其中以pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ组效果最为显著。这些结果表明，chIL-2和chIFN-γ对EtROP27 DNA疫苗具有免疫增强作用，并且它们的结合作用更为明显。
{"title":"The construction of recombinant DNA vaccine pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ and its immune enhancement effect against Eimeria tenella","authors":"Zhibin Niu, Jiaqi Zhao, Kewei Dou, Kuihao Liu, Mengbo Xu, Meng-gang Li, Xiaozhen Cui, Rui Bai, Mingxue Zheng, Xiaoling Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Eimeria tenella</em> (<em>E. tenella</em>) is a highly pathogenic and widely distributed species responsible for significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. The rhoptry protein 27 (<em>Et</em>ROP27) DNA vaccine of <em>E. tenella</em> provides certain immune protection against <em>E. tenella</em> infection. Notably, vaccination triggers a sharp increase in the expression of chicken-derived cytokines chIL-2 and chIFN-γ. This study combines chIL-2 and chIFN-γ with the <em>Et</em>ROP27 DNA vaccine to investigate the immunomodulatory effects. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized intramuscularly, and successful in vivo expression was confirmed by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Immunoprotective assays, histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were employed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of chIL-2 and chIFN-γ in the context of the <em>Et</em>ROP27 DNA vaccine. The results showed that pVAX-ROP27, pVAX-ROP27-IL-2, pVAX-ROP27-IFN-γ, and pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ DNA vaccines could be expressed in vivo. All DNA vaccines effectively induced both cellular and humoral immune responses, significantly reduced oocyst shedding, alleviated cecal lesions, and improved weight gain. In addition, the pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ group exhibited the strongest protective efficacy, with an anticoccidial index (ACI) of 183.51, accompanied by the highest levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgY, and IgA, while inflammatory cytokine expression was notably reduced. IHC analysis further confirmed that the immune group enhanced the activation of T and B cells, with the most pronounced effect observed in the pVAX-ROP27-IL-2-IFN-γ group. These results indicate that chIL-2 and chIFN-γ have an immune-enhancing effect on the <em>Et</em>ROP27 DNA vaccine, and their binding effect is more pronounced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106466"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106412
Emmanuel O. Alagbe , Jung Yeol Sung , Jonathan A. Pasternak , Olayiwola Adeola
Intestinal development in broiler chickens is crucial for nutrient absorption for growth. Indices like villus height, crypt depth, villus perimeter, and villus area reflect the nutrient absorptive capacity of birds. Hence, this study investigated postnatal small intestinal maturation in Cobb 500 broiler chickens. On d 0, birds were randomly assigned to 16 replicate cages of 8 birds per cage with body weight (BW) as a blocking factor. Jejunal and ileal tissues were collected from one bird per cage on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for intestinal morphology measurements. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. A 5 × 2 factorial arrangement was used, with age (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) and intestinal section (jejunum and ileum) as the two factors. There was a positive linear effect of age (P < 0.01) on villus height, villus perimeter, and villus area. There was a quadratic effect of age (P < 0.01) on villus base width, villus mid-width, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio. The villus height, villus area, and VH/CD ratio were greater (P < 0.05) in the jejunum relative to the ileum. There was a linear effect of age (P < 0.01) on luminal area, total cross-sectional perimeter, and total cross-sectional area of broiler chickens. Villus height, perimeter, and area were strongly positively correlated with other intestinal morphology indices in the jejunum and ileum (P< 0.01), except for ileal total cross-sectional area. All intestinal morphological indices exhibited a slower growth rate relative to BW from d 7 to 28. In conclusion, this study reveals coordinated structural changes in the intestinal mucosa that are likely important for supporting the rapid postnatal growth and provides a baseline for age-related intestinal maturation as well as a framework for future studies aimed at linking morphological development with nutritional strategies in broiler chickens.
{"title":"Postnatal small intestinal morphological development in Cobb 500 broiler chickens","authors":"Emmanuel O. Alagbe , Jung Yeol Sung , Jonathan A. Pasternak , Olayiwola Adeola","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intestinal development in broiler chickens is crucial for nutrient absorption for growth. Indices like villus height, crypt depth, villus perimeter, and villus area reflect the nutrient absorptive capacity of birds. Hence, this study investigated postnatal small intestinal maturation in Cobb 500 broiler chickens. On d 0, birds were randomly assigned to 16 replicate cages of 8 birds per cage with body weight (BW) as a blocking factor. Jejunal and ileal tissues were collected from one bird per cage on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for intestinal morphology measurements. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. A 5 × 2 factorial arrangement was used, with age (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) and intestinal section (jejunum and ileum) as the two factors. There was a positive linear effect of age (<em>P</em> < 0.01) on villus height, villus perimeter, and villus area. There was a quadratic effect of age (<em>P</em> < 0.01) on villus base width, villus mid-width, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio. The villus height, villus area, and VH/CD ratio were greater (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in the jejunum relative to the ileum. There was a linear effect of age (<em>P</em> < 0.01) on luminal area, total cross-sectional perimeter, and total cross-sectional area of broiler chickens. Villus height, perimeter, and area were strongly positively correlated with other intestinal morphology indices in the jejunum and ileum (<em>P</em> <em><</em> 0.01), except for ileal total cross-sectional area. All intestinal morphological indices exhibited a slower growth rate relative to BW from d 7 to 28. In conclusion, this study reveals coordinated structural changes in the intestinal mucosa that are likely important for supporting the rapid postnatal growth and provides a baseline for age-related intestinal maturation as well as a framework for future studies aimed at linking morphological development with nutritional strategies in broiler chickens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106412"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106529
Xiaolong Lu , Chenyu Lu , Mengyang He , Xinen Tang , Zhuxing Ji , Hongqi Wu , Kaituo Liu , Wenhao Yang , Yu Chen , Ruyi Gao , Jiao Hu , Min Gu , Shunlin Hu , Xiaowen Liu , Xiaoquan Wang , Xiufan Liu
The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant and ongoing threat to public health. As a critical structural and functional component, the viral nucleoprotein (NP) is abundantly expressed during the early stages of AIV replication; however, its interactions with host proteins and their functional consequences remain largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to identify the NP-host interaction and elucidate the mechanisms by which these interactions modulate AIV replication. Here, we employed mass spectrometry and identified the DEAD-box helicase 6 (DDX6) as a novel NP-interacting partner, an association found to be regulated by an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG15). The NP-DDX6 interaction was robustly validated by co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and molecular docking assays. Functional investigations revealed that DDX6 acts as a potent negative regulator of AIV replication. Mechanistically, DDX6 not only impaired the nuclear import of NP and suppressed viral polymerase activity, but also stimulated the production of interferon (IFN)-α/β. This IFN-I induction, in turn, triggers the expression of downstream antiviral effectors such as ISG15. Furthermore, we uncovered that DDX6 fine-tunes this pathway by playing a sophisticated dual regulatory role: it enhances the pool of free, antiviral ISG15 monomers while concurrently reducing ISGylation via two deubiquitinases (USP16/USP18). Collectively, these findings not only establish DDX6 as a crucial host factor with potent antiviral activity but also enrich our understanding of host-virus interaction networks.
{"title":"The host RNA helicase DDX6 restricts avian influenza virus replication by targeting viral NP and modulating ISG15","authors":"Xiaolong Lu , Chenyu Lu , Mengyang He , Xinen Tang , Zhuxing Ji , Hongqi Wu , Kaituo Liu , Wenhao Yang , Yu Chen , Ruyi Gao , Jiao Hu , Min Gu , Shunlin Hu , Xiaowen Liu , Xiaoquan Wang , Xiufan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza virus (<strong>AIV</strong>) poses a significant and ongoing threat to public health. As a critical structural and functional component, the viral nucleoprotein (<strong>NP</strong>) is abundantly expressed during the early stages of AIV replication; however, its interactions with host proteins and their functional consequences remain largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to identify the NP-host interaction and elucidate the mechanisms by which these interactions modulate AIV replication. Here, we employed mass spectrometry and identified the DEAD-box helicase 6 (<strong>DDX6</strong>) as a novel NP-interacting partner, an association found to be regulated by an interferon-stimulated gene (<strong>ISG15</strong>). The NP-DDX6 interaction was robustly validated by co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and molecular docking assays. Functional investigations revealed that DDX6 acts as a potent negative regulator of AIV replication. Mechanistically, DDX6 not only impaired the nuclear import of NP and suppressed viral polymerase activity, but also stimulated the production of interferon (<strong>IFN</strong>)-α/β. This IFN-I induction, in turn, triggers the expression of downstream antiviral effectors such as ISG15. Furthermore, we uncovered that DDX6 fine-tunes this pathway by playing a sophisticated dual regulatory role: it enhances the pool of free, antiviral ISG15 monomers while concurrently reducing ISGylation via two deubiquitinases (<strong>USP16</strong>/<strong>USP18</strong>). Collectively, these findings not only establish DDX6 as a crucial host factor with potent antiviral activity but also enrich our understanding of host-virus interaction networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106529"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optimizing the use of dietary emulsifiers and prebiotics in relation to fat source may enhance nutrient-utilization efficiency in broiler production. This 42-d study evaluated the effects of an emulsifier (lysophospholipid; LPL) and inulin supplementation in diets with two fat sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, muscle fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal histomorphology. Eight hundred 1-d-old male broiler chickens were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two fat sources (soybean oil or beef tallow), two LPL levels (0 or 1 g/kg), and two inulin levels (0 or 1 g/kg). Interactive effects were detected for fat source × inulin on average daily gain (ADG), mortality, and the European Production Index (EPI), with inulin addition to soybean-oil–based diets yielding superior growth and survival rates (P < 0.05). The LPL × inulin interaction increased feed intake and improved gain-to-feed ratio (P < 0.05). The fat source × LPL interaction significantly influenced lipid-metabolism–related traits (P < 0.05); in tallow-based diets, LPL supplementation increased fat digestibility and AMEn, reduced breast fat deposition, and improved the fatty acid profile of thigh muscle by elevating n-3 PUFA and lowering the n-6/n-3 ratio, whereas no significant effects occurred in soybean-oil–based diets. When interaction terms were not significant, LPL increased protease and lipase activities and improved duodenal villus height and surface area, whereas inulin increased protease activity, improved protein digestibility, and enhanced jejunal villus architecture (P < 0.05). In conclusion, LPL is particularly beneficial in tallow-based diets by enhancing lipid digestibility, energy utilization, and the thigh-muscle fatty acid profile, while inulin improves growth performance, especially in soybean-oil–based diets—offering a practical strategy to optimize broiler production.
{"title":"Fat source–dependent effects of lysophospholipid and inulin supplementation in broilers: Impacts on performance, muscle fatty acids, digestibility, enzyme activity, and intestinal morphology","authors":"Mozafar Rahimpour , Kamran Taherpour , Hossein Ali Ghasemi , Hassan Shirzadi","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing the use of dietary emulsifiers and prebiotics in relation to fat source may enhance nutrient-utilization efficiency in broiler production. This 42-d study evaluated the effects of an emulsifier (lysophospholipid; LPL) and inulin supplementation in diets with two fat sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, muscle fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal histomorphology. Eight hundred 1-d-old male broiler chickens were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two fat sources (soybean oil or beef tallow), two LPL levels (0 or 1 g/kg), and two inulin levels (0 or 1 g/kg). Interactive effects were detected for fat source × inulin on average daily gain (ADG), mortality, and the European Production Index (EPI), with inulin addition to soybean-oil–based diets yielding superior growth and survival rates (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The LPL × inulin interaction increased feed intake and improved gain-to-feed ratio (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The fat source × LPL interaction significantly influenced lipid-metabolism–related traits (<em>P</em> < 0.05); in tallow-based diets, LPL supplementation increased fat digestibility and AMEn, reduced breast fat deposition, and improved the fatty acid profile of thigh muscle by elevating n-3 PUFA and lowering the n-6/n-3 ratio, whereas no significant effects occurred in soybean-oil–based diets. When interaction terms were not significant, LPL increased protease and lipase activities and improved duodenal villus height and surface area, whereas inulin increased protease activity, improved protein digestibility, and enhanced jejunal villus architecture (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In conclusion, LPL is particularly beneficial in tallow-based diets by enhancing lipid digestibility, energy utilization, and the thigh-muscle fatty acid profile, while inulin improves growth performance, especially in soybean-oil–based diets—offering a practical strategy to optimize broiler production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106444
Zhigang Hu , Yingjie Cai , Zhuo Zhi, Mengmeng Cui, Huiya Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jianqin Zhang, Xiaolin Liu
<div><div>Yulin black duck with an all black body, is a native duck breed from Guangxi Province, China, and people like to use the duck to make soup because its meat is considered as a nutritious food and medicinal herb. At present, the molecular mechanisms related to its meat characteristics are still unclear. Furthermore, the differences in muscle development between Yulin black duck and Pekin duck need to be thoroughly investigated. This study aims to elucidate the disparities in muscle development between the two duck breeds and provide foundational data to enhance our understanding of the meat production mechanisms in Yulin black duck. In this study, three embryonic developmental stages (E15, E21 and E27) of Pekin duck and Yulin black duck were selected to investigate muscle development. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics were jointly analyzed to compare the significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with muscle development between the two duck breeds at identical embryonic stages. The RNA-seq results were further validated using qRT-PCR. The results revealed a total of 106 DEGs in BME 15 vs. PME 15 (BM: the muscle of Yulin black duck, PM: the muscle of Pekin duck), with 57 genes up-regulated and 49 genes down-regulated. A total of 135 DEGs were identified in BME 21 vs. PME 21, including 74 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated genes. In BME 27 vs. PME 27, 65 DEGs were up-regulated, and 70 were down-regulated. As important DEGs about muscle development, <em>CLDN18, PRKAR2B, PHGDH, GPT2, ASL, WIF1, CHRM5, NTNG1</em>, and <em>LOC101804261</em> were identified. Significant metabolic pathways included the Wnt signaling pathway (apla04310), regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (apla04810), biosynthesis of amino acids (apla01230), cell adhesion molecules (apla04514), and the insulin signaling pathway (apla04910). Meanwhile, 68, 80, and 69 differential metabolites were identified at three embryonic development stages (E15, E21, and E27), primarily involving the glycerophospholipid category: PE(22:4/0:0), PE(P-16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), PE(15:0/0:0), and PG 38:5. Combined analysis demonstrated that <em>ETNPPL</em> exhibited a negative correlation with the expression of differential metabolites such as PG and PI in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. In contrast, <em>HDC</em> and acetylhistamine showed a positive correlation in the histidine metabolism pathway. Additionally, <em>GAD1</em>, which was involved in the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway, displayed a negative correlation with specific metabolites. In conclusions, <em>CLDN18, PRKAR2B, PHGDH, GPT2, ASL, WIF1, CHRM5, NTNG1,</em> and <em>LOC101804261</em> were important DEGs in the breast muscles of the Pekin duck and Yulin black duck at the same period of the embryonic stage, and the SDMs of the two duck species were mainly glycerophospholipids. Significant metabolic pathways included the Wnt signali
{"title":"Integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses provide insights into skeletal muscle development of two duck breeds during embryonic stage","authors":"Zhigang Hu , Yingjie Cai , Zhuo Zhi, Mengmeng Cui, Huiya Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jianqin Zhang, Xiaolin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yulin black duck with an all black body, is a native duck breed from Guangxi Province, China, and people like to use the duck to make soup because its meat is considered as a nutritious food and medicinal herb. At present, the molecular mechanisms related to its meat characteristics are still unclear. Furthermore, the differences in muscle development between Yulin black duck and Pekin duck need to be thoroughly investigated. This study aims to elucidate the disparities in muscle development between the two duck breeds and provide foundational data to enhance our understanding of the meat production mechanisms in Yulin black duck. In this study, three embryonic developmental stages (E15, E21 and E27) of Pekin duck and Yulin black duck were selected to investigate muscle development. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics were jointly analyzed to compare the significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with muscle development between the two duck breeds at identical embryonic stages. The RNA-seq results were further validated using qRT-PCR. The results revealed a total of 106 DEGs in BME 15 vs. PME 15 (BM: the muscle of Yulin black duck, PM: the muscle of Pekin duck), with 57 genes up-regulated and 49 genes down-regulated. A total of 135 DEGs were identified in BME 21 vs. PME 21, including 74 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated genes. In BME 27 vs. PME 27, 65 DEGs were up-regulated, and 70 were down-regulated. As important DEGs about muscle development, <em>CLDN18, PRKAR2B, PHGDH, GPT2, ASL, WIF1, CHRM5, NTNG1</em>, and <em>LOC101804261</em> were identified. Significant metabolic pathways included the Wnt signaling pathway (apla04310), regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (apla04810), biosynthesis of amino acids (apla01230), cell adhesion molecules (apla04514), and the insulin signaling pathway (apla04910). Meanwhile, 68, 80, and 69 differential metabolites were identified at three embryonic development stages (E15, E21, and E27), primarily involving the glycerophospholipid category: PE(22:4/0:0), PE(P-16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), PE(15:0/0:0), and PG 38:5. Combined analysis demonstrated that <em>ETNPPL</em> exhibited a negative correlation with the expression of differential metabolites such as PG and PI in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. In contrast, <em>HDC</em> and acetylhistamine showed a positive correlation in the histidine metabolism pathway. Additionally, <em>GAD1</em>, which was involved in the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway, displayed a negative correlation with specific metabolites. In conclusions, <em>CLDN18, PRKAR2B, PHGDH, GPT2, ASL, WIF1, CHRM5, NTNG1,</em> and <em>LOC101804261</em> were important DEGs in the breast muscles of the Pekin duck and Yulin black duck at the same period of the embryonic stage, and the SDMs of the two duck species were mainly glycerophospholipids. Significant metabolic pathways included the Wnt signali","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106444"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106539
Yongqing Cao , Tao Zeng , Li Chen , Jindong Ren , Yong Tian , Tiantian Gu , Wei Han , Jing Feng , Lili Xian , Shuangbao Gun , Lizhi Lu
The Tibetan chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), a native breed inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has developed remarkable tolerance to chronic hypoxia. However, the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its high-altitude adaptation remain unclear. In this study, we integrated genome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome data from Tibetan chickens (TC) and three low-altitude breeds. Principal component analysis revealed clear genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional divergence between TC and lowland chickens. Cardiac enzyme assays showed significantly higher activities of LDH, SDH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in TC (p < 0.05), indicating enhanced oxidative metabolism and antioxidant defense under hypoxia. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2,532 common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs), with upregulated genes enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and hypoxia response pathways. Integration with methylome data demonstrated a significant negative correlation between promoter methylation and gene expression. Among 144 genes showing promoter hypomethylation coupled with transcriptional activation, five key genes—PDK4, BNIP3L, ATG3, SLC7A5, and OMA1—were identified as central regulators of hypoxia adaptation, participating in metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial homeostasis, and autophagy. Our findings reveal that promoter hypomethylation acts as a major epigenetic mechanism mediating transcriptional activation of hypoxia-responsive genes in Tibetan chickens. The coordinated regulation of energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and mitochondrial quality control contributes to their physiological resilience in high-altitude environments. This study provides novel insights into the molecular and epigenetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in avian species and offers valuable references for hypoxia-resistance breeding in poultry.
{"title":"DNA methylation-mediated regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes facilitates high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan chickens","authors":"Yongqing Cao , Tao Zeng , Li Chen , Jindong Ren , Yong Tian , Tiantian Gu , Wei Han , Jing Feng , Lili Xian , Shuangbao Gun , Lizhi Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan chicken (<em>Gallus gallus domesticus</em>), a native breed inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has developed remarkable tolerance to chronic hypoxia. However, the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its high-altitude adaptation remain unclear. In this study, we integrated genome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome data from Tibetan chickens (TC) and three low-altitude breeds. Principal component analysis revealed clear genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional divergence between TC and lowland chickens. Cardiac enzyme assays showed significantly higher activities of LDH, SDH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in TC (<em>p</em> < 0.05), indicating enhanced oxidative metabolism and antioxidant defense under hypoxia. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2,532 common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs), with upregulated genes enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and hypoxia response pathways. Integration with methylome data demonstrated a significant negative correlation between promoter methylation and gene expression. Among 144 genes showing promoter hypomethylation coupled with transcriptional activation, five key genes—<em>PDK4, BNIP3L, ATG3, SLC7A5</em>, and <em>OMA1</em>—were identified as central regulators of hypoxia adaptation, participating in metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial homeostasis, and autophagy. Our findings reveal that promoter hypomethylation acts as a major epigenetic mechanism mediating transcriptional activation of hypoxia-responsive genes in Tibetan chickens. The coordinated regulation of energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and mitochondrial quality control contributes to their physiological resilience in high-altitude environments. This study provides novel insights into the molecular and epigenetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in avian species and offers valuable references for hypoxia-resistance breeding in poultry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106537
Sara E. Cloft , Prafulla Regmi , Cara I. Robison , Deana Jones , Darrin M. Karcher
The transition from conventional cages to cage-free aviary systems in egg production presents unique challenges for performance, welfare, and skeletal health of laying hens. While extensive data exists for conventional systems, aviary systems require comprehensive investigation due to larger colony sizes and increased opportunities for vertical and lateral movement. This study evaluated the production, welfare, and skeletal characteristics of four commercial laying hen hybrids, two brown egg (brown) and two white egg (white) strains, in an aviary housing system under common management. Brown strains were consistently heavier with larger tibia volume, surface area, and mineral content compared to white strains. All 4 strains achieved at least 91 % hen day egg production, with white strain C having 8 percentage point higher production rates throughout the majority of lay. Feather coverage deteriorated as all hens aged, but white strains, especially strain C, had more frequent feather damage during assessments. Brown strains had more incidence of keel damage based on manual palpation. However, visual inspection of excised keel bones revealed brown strain B had fewer fractures than all other strains, though 90 % of the keel bones had fractures, frequently in the tip. These findings reveal significant strain-specific differences in production, skeletal health, and welfare in aviary systems. Our use of common management may have hindered hens from achieving their full genetic potential; thus, tailoring management and housing practices to accommodate these differences is crucial for successful cage-free egg production and hen welfare.
{"title":"Performance, Skeletal traits, and welfare indicators of four laying hen strains in aviary housing under common management","authors":"Sara E. Cloft , Prafulla Regmi , Cara I. Robison , Deana Jones , Darrin M. Karcher","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from conventional cages to cage-free aviary systems in egg production presents unique challenges for performance, welfare, and skeletal health of laying hens. While extensive data exists for conventional systems, aviary systems require comprehensive investigation due to larger colony sizes and increased opportunities for vertical and lateral movement. This study evaluated the production, welfare, and skeletal characteristics of four commercial laying hen hybrids, two brown egg (brown) and two white egg (white) strains, in an aviary housing system under common management. Brown strains were consistently heavier with larger tibia volume, surface area, and mineral content compared to white strains. All 4 strains achieved at least 91 % hen day egg production, with white strain C having 8 percentage point higher production rates throughout the majority of lay. Feather coverage deteriorated as all hens aged, but white strains, especially strain C, had more frequent feather damage during assessments. Brown strains had more incidence of keel damage based on manual palpation. However, visual inspection of excised keel bones revealed brown strain B had fewer fractures than all other strains, though 90 % of the keel bones had fractures, frequently in the tip. These findings reveal significant strain-specific differences in production, skeletal health, and welfare in aviary systems. Our use of common management may have hindered hens from achieving their full genetic potential; thus, tailoring management and housing practices to accommodate these differences is crucial for successful cage-free egg production and hen welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106537"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106437
Jiayi Xu , Chao Wang , Guoan Yin , Shuai Zhao , Xin Liu , Weiguo Cui
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of fermented sweet potato residue (FSPR) as a partial substitute for corn in goose diets, determine its optimal inclusion level, and assess its effects on intestinal morphology, immune status, and cecal microbiota. A 42-day feeding trial was conducted with 144 twenty-eight-day-old male Sichuan white geese randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and three test diets replacing corn with 5%, 8%, or 12% of the corn with FSPR on a dry matter basis. Growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota were comprehensively assessed. Dietary FSPR inclusion induced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in average daily feed intake (P < 0.001). However, feed conversion ratio was linearly improved (P < 0.001), which compensated for the reduced intake and sustained growth performance. Despite reduced intake, the 8% FSPR group achieved the highest final body weight, and the feed conversion ratio was significantly improved in the 8% and 12% FSPR groups (P < 0.001). Additionally, FSPR improved meat quality by maintaining higher postmortem thigh muscle pH. Systemically, supplementation enhanced immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 without inducing pro-inflammatory markers. Ileal morphology was optimized, evidenced by a significantly increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P < 0.001). Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that FSPR enriched beneficial taxa (e.g., Phocaeicola, Lachnospiraceae), enhanced microbial diversity, and upregulated metabolic pathways for carbohydrate and amino acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, FSPR effectively replaces corn in goose diets, enhancing feed efficiency, meat quality, and immunity, likely associated with through gut microbiota modulation, with 8% identified as the optimal inclusion level.
{"title":"Effects of dietary fermented sweet potato residue on growth performance and cecal microbiota in sichuan white geese during the finisher period (28 to 70 days of age)","authors":"Jiayi Xu , Chao Wang , Guoan Yin , Shuai Zhao , Xin Liu , Weiguo Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the potential of fermented sweet potato residue (FSPR) as a partial substitute for corn in goose diets, determine its optimal inclusion level, and assess its effects on intestinal morphology, immune status, and cecal microbiota. A 42-day feeding trial was conducted with 144 twenty-eight-day-old male Sichuan white geese randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and three test diets replacing corn with 5%, 8%, or 12% of the corn with FSPR on a dry matter basis. Growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota were comprehensively assessed. Dietary FSPR inclusion induced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in average daily feed intake (<em>P</em> < 0.001). However, feed conversion ratio was linearly improved (<em>P</em> < 0.001), which compensated for the reduced intake and sustained growth performance. Despite reduced intake, the 8% FSPR group achieved the highest final body weight, and the feed conversion ratio was significantly improved in the 8% and 12% FSPR groups (<em>P</em> < 0.001). Additionally, FSPR improved meat quality by maintaining higher postmortem thigh muscle pH. Systemically, supplementation enhanced immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 without inducing pro-inflammatory markers. Ileal morphology was optimized, evidenced by a significantly increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (<em>P</em> < 0.001). Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that FSPR enriched beneficial taxa (e.g., <em>Phocaeicola, Lachnospiraceae</em>), enhanced microbial diversity, and upregulated metabolic pathways for carbohydrate and amino acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, FSPR effectively replaces corn in goose diets, enhancing feed efficiency, meat quality, and immunity, likely associated with through gut microbiota modulation, with 8% identified as the optimal inclusion level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106437"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106507
Ruibiao Wang , Yukai Lin , Yu Xia , Suxian Liu , Doudou Feng , Siyang Li , Tengyue Zhou , Huarun Sun , Jiyuan Shen , Bo Wen , Minghui Li , Chengshui Liao , Baoliang Qin , Jianhe Hu , Yuanfang Ma , Ke Ding , Lei Wang
Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to global food safety and poultry production, prompting the need for effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics in food-producing animals. In this study, a recombinant food-grade strain, L. lactis NZ-BB, was engineered to express a fusion antimicrobial peptide (BMAP18-BSN37), and evaluated its probiotic characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella, a major foodborne pathogen in chicken. The recombinant plasmid pUBB was successfully constructed and introduced into L. lactis NZ9000, with optimal peptide expression achieved following Nisin induction (20 ng/mL, 6 h). NZ-BB demonstrated stable plasmid maintenance, high expression levels, and no detectable metabolic burden. In vivo trials using BALB/c murine and 817 strain avian models showed that NZ-BB enhanced body weight gain, supported immune organ development, and improved intestinal barrier integrity through upregulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-4), while reducing pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17a). Importantly, oral administration of NZ-BB significantly reduced intestinal and systemic Salmonella burdens, mitigated tissue damage, and restored immune balance in both mice and chicks. Furthermore, NZ-BB regulated the expression of innate immune receptors (e.g., NLRC3) and matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP-1), highlighting its immunomodulatory potential. These results underscore the dual probiotic and antimicrobial functionality of NZ-BB and support its potential use as a food-safe microbial agent to improve animal health and reduce the risk of Salmonella contamination in the food chain.
{"title":"Probiotic and antibacterial properties of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing the fusion antimicrobial peptides BMAP18-BSN37 in mice and chickens","authors":"Ruibiao Wang , Yukai Lin , Yu Xia , Suxian Liu , Doudou Feng , Siyang Li , Tengyue Zhou , Huarun Sun , Jiyuan Shen , Bo Wen , Minghui Li , Chengshui Liao , Baoliang Qin , Jianhe Hu , Yuanfang Ma , Ke Ding , Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to global food safety and poultry production, prompting the need for effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics in food-producing animals. In this study, a recombinant food-grade strain, <em>L. lactis</em> NZ-BB, was engineered to express a fusion antimicrobial peptide (BMAP18-BSN37), and evaluated its probiotic characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy against <em>Salmonella</em>, a major foodborne pathogen in chicken. The recombinant plasmid pUBB was successfully constructed and introduced into <em>L. lactis</em> NZ9000, with optimal peptide expression achieved following Nisin induction (20 ng/mL, 6 h). NZ-BB demonstrated stable plasmid maintenance, high expression levels, and no detectable metabolic burden. <em>In vivo</em> trials using BALB/c murine and 817 strain avian models showed that NZ-BB enhanced body weight gain, supported immune organ development, and improved intestinal barrier integrity through upregulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-4), while reducing pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17a). Importantly, oral administration of NZ-BB significantly reduced intestinal and systemic <em>Salmonella</em> burdens, mitigated tissue damage, and restored immune balance in both mice and chicks. Furthermore, NZ-BB regulated the expression of innate immune receptors (e.g., NLRC3) and matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP-1), highlighting its immunomodulatory potential. These results underscore the dual probiotic and antimicrobial functionality of NZ-BB and support its potential use as a food-safe microbial agent to improve animal health and reduce the risk of <em>Salmonella</em> contamination in the food chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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