Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106606
S Knaga, K Kasperek, G Zięba
This study aimed to evaluate the associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding the main albumen proteins (lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin) and hatchability traits in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The experiment involved 118 females of the F33 meat-type line, which were divided into groups with high and low hatchability. Grouping was based on hatch of set (HOS) measured in the present experiment. Eggs from each female were incubated under standardized conditions. Reproductive performance parameters were assessed, including fertility, hatch of set eggs, hatch of fertile eggs, high-quality chicks percentage, and embryo mortality during the early (days 1-14) and late (days 15-18) incubation periods. All exons of the analyzed genes were sequenced, leading to the identification of thirty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion-deletion. Significant associations between polymorphisms and reproductive traits were observed mainly in the high-hatchability group. In the lysozyme gene, five SNPs were associated with fertility (p = 0.011-0.030), hatch of set eggs (p = 0.019-0.036), and the high-quality chicks percentage (p = 0.035-0.047). In the ovomucoid gene, four variants were found to influence fertility (p = 0.001-0.030), hatch of set (p = 0.005-0.039), and the high-quality chicks percentage (p = 0.0001-0.039), whereas in the group with low hatchability, only one variant showed a significant association (p = 0.039). In the ovalbumin gene, polymorphisms located within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) were related to embryo mortality during both the early and late stages of incubation (p = 0.009-0.021). Diplotype analysis confirmed the influence of haplotype combinations within the lysozyme and ovomucoid genes on fertility and hatchability traits (p = 0.001-0.036). These findings suggest that genetic variation in the genes encoding the main albumen proteins may influence reproductive performance and embryo survival in Japanese quail. The lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin genes could serve as potential molecular markers in breeding programs aimed at improving fertility and hatchability in poultry.
{"title":"Ovalbumin, lysozyme, and ovomucoid gene polymorphisms: Implications for hatchability in Japanese quail.","authors":"S Knaga, K Kasperek, G Zięba","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding the main albumen proteins (lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin) and hatchability traits in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The experiment involved 118 females of the F33 meat-type line, which were divided into groups with high and low hatchability. Grouping was based on hatch of set (HOS) measured in the present experiment. Eggs from each female were incubated under standardized conditions. Reproductive performance parameters were assessed, including fertility, hatch of set eggs, hatch of fertile eggs, high-quality chicks percentage, and embryo mortality during the early (days 1-14) and late (days 15-18) incubation periods. All exons of the analyzed genes were sequenced, leading to the identification of thirty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion-deletion. Significant associations between polymorphisms and reproductive traits were observed mainly in the high-hatchability group. In the lysozyme gene, five SNPs were associated with fertility (p = 0.011-0.030), hatch of set eggs (p = 0.019-0.036), and the high-quality chicks percentage (p = 0.035-0.047). In the ovomucoid gene, four variants were found to influence fertility (p = 0.001-0.030), hatch of set (p = 0.005-0.039), and the high-quality chicks percentage (p = 0.0001-0.039), whereas in the group with low hatchability, only one variant showed a significant association (p = 0.039). In the ovalbumin gene, polymorphisms located within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) were related to embryo mortality during both the early and late stages of incubation (p = 0.009-0.021). Diplotype analysis confirmed the influence of haplotype combinations within the lysozyme and ovomucoid genes on fertility and hatchability traits (p = 0.001-0.036). These findings suggest that genetic variation in the genes encoding the main albumen proteins may influence reproductive performance and embryo survival in Japanese quail. The lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin genes could serve as potential molecular markers in breeding programs aimed at improving fertility and hatchability in poultry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"106606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106600
Wei Jing, Fang Wang, Fei Zhang, Yifan Nie, Shanshan Nan, Yuyang Xue, Tianyu Lu, Cunxi Nie
Short-chain fatty acid salts are known to influence lipid metabolism, yet the specific impact of dietary sodium acetate on adipose deposition and flavor profile in yellow-feathered broilers remains to be fully characterized. This study evaluated the effects of graded sodium acetate supplementation (0%, Con;0.15%, L; 0.30%, M and 0.45%H) on lipid metabolism, and meat quality over a 70-day feeding period in 640 one-day-old male broilers.While supplementation did not significantly alter overall growth performance metrics (average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), it elicited a dose-dependent modulation of lipid deposition and composition. Notably, the 0.30% sodium acetate group demonstrated a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the breast muscle (P < 0.05). This group also exhibited elevated levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n9) and saturated fatty acids,(C18:0) (P < 0.05),alongside enhanced concentrations of sweet and umami amino acids and a reduction in cooking loss.Hepatic analysis revealed increased concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and TG, accompanied by upregulated expression of lipogenic and modulatory genes (LXRα, SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS, SCD1, FABP4) in the 0.30% and 0.45% sodium acetate groups (P < 0.05). Cecal microbiota profiling indicated an enrichment of beneficial taxa such as Shuttleworthia. However, the highest sodium acetate dose (0.45%) was associated with an elevated abdominal fat rate and increased liver function indices (ALT, AST, TBIL), suggesting potential metabolic overload.Liver metabolomic analysis of the 0.30% sodium acetate group identified significant enrichment of metabolites involved in cofactor biosynthesis pathways. Collectively, these findings suggest that a 0.30% dietary sodium acetate supplementation optimally enhances intramuscular fat deposition and flavor attributes, potentially mediated by alterations in gut microbiota composition, hepatic lipogenic activity, and cofactor metabolism. In contrast, higher supplementation levels may impose hepatic metabolic stress. This study underscores the importance of precise sodium acetate dosing to improve meat quality while safeguarding metabolic health in poultry production.
{"title":"The effect of dietary supplementation with varying levels of sodium acetate on lipid metabolism and muscle quality in yellow feathered broiler chicken","authors":"Wei Jing, Fang Wang, Fei Zhang, Yifan Nie, Shanshan Nan, Yuyang Xue, Tianyu Lu, Cunxi Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short-chain fatty acid salts are known to influence lipid metabolism, yet the specific impact of dietary sodium acetate on adipose deposition and flavor profile in yellow-feathered broilers remains to be fully characterized. This study evaluated the effects of graded sodium acetate supplementation (0%, <strong>Con</strong>;0.15%, <strong>L</strong>; 0.30%, <strong>M</strong> and 0.45%<strong>H</strong>) on lipid metabolism, and meat quality over a 70-day feeding period in 640 one-day-old male broilers.While supplementation did not significantly alter overall growth performance metrics (average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), it elicited a dose-dependent modulation of lipid deposition and composition. Notably, the 0.30% sodium acetate group demonstrated a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the breast muscle (<em>P</em> < 0.05). This group also exhibited elevated levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n9) and saturated fatty acids,(C18:0) (<em>P</em> < 0.05),alongside enhanced concentrations of sweet and umami amino acids and a reduction in cooking loss.Hepatic analysis revealed increased concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and TG, accompanied by upregulated expression of lipogenic and modulatory genes (<em>LXRα, SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS, SCD1, FABP4</em>) in the 0.30% and 0.45% sodium acetate groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Cecal microbiota profiling indicated an enrichment of beneficial taxa such as <em>Shuttleworthia</em>. However, the highest sodium acetate dose (0.45%) was associated with an elevated abdominal fat rate and increased liver function indices (ALT, AST, TBIL), suggesting potential metabolic overload.Liver metabolomic analysis of the 0.30% sodium acetate group identified significant enrichment of metabolites involved in cofactor biosynthesis pathways. Collectively, these findings suggest that a 0.30% dietary sodium acetate supplementation optimally enhances intramuscular fat deposition and flavor attributes, potentially mediated by alterations in gut microbiota composition, hepatic lipogenic activity, and cofactor metabolism. In contrast, higher supplementation levels may impose hepatic metabolic stress. This study underscores the importance of precise sodium acetate dosing to improve meat quality while safeguarding metabolic health in poultry production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"Article 106600"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106599
Christl A. Donnelly , Stephen A. Ellwood , Stephen J. Roberts , Marian Stamp Dawkins
Farmers are understandably concerned that many proposed improvements to broiler chicken welfare such as ‘enrichments’ lead to the birds being more active, eating more and therefore result in financially detrimental effects on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The current evidence is inconclusive, but most research so far has relied on small-scale pen studies, not flocks studied under commercial conditions. We measured the life-long activity of 34 commercial flocks of Cobb broilers using smart camera technology and analyzed the data using four statistical descriptors of the patterns made by flock movements – mean, variance, skew and kurtosis of optical flow. For each day, we scored each flock by its scaled deviation from the median for each of the four descriptors and gave it 4 overall activity scores, based on its average lifetime deviation from median ([average optical flow value – median]/√median). The results showed that, contrary to widespread concerns, FCR was no higher in more active flocks and that on average more active flocks tended to have lower (i.e. more efficient) FCR (p = 0.060). There were positive correlations between FCR and the lifetime activity score using both the skew of optical flow (r = 0.608, p < 0.001) and kurtosis (r = 0.603, p < 0.001), both suggesting that increasing numbers of active birds within a flock were associated with lower FCR. There were also positive correlations between skew and kurtosis of optical flow and mortality (r = 0.388, p = 0.023 and r = 0.454; p = 0.007) respectively), as well as an even higher correlation between FCR and mortality (r = 0.698; p < 0.001), which suggests that the favorable effect of activity on FCR may at least in part, be via decreased mortality. While not all welfare improvement may result in improvements in FCR, these results show that increased flock activity is not itself the problem that might be feared.
可以理解的是，农民们担心，许多拟议的改善肉鸡福利的措施，如“富集”，会导致鸡更活跃，吃得更多，从而对饲料转化率（FCR）产生不利的经济影响。目前的证据尚无定论，但到目前为止，大多数研究都依赖于小规模的围栏研究，而不是在商业条件下对鸡群进行研究。利用智能摄像技术测量了34只科布肉鸡商业鸡群的终身活动，并利用光流均值、方差、偏态和峰度4个统计描述因子对数据进行了分析。在每一天，我们根据四种描述符中的每一种与中位数的比例偏差对每个鸟群进行评分，并根据其与中位数的平均寿命偏差（[平均光流值-中位数]/√中位数）给其4个总体活动分数。结果表明，与人们普遍担心的相反，越活跃的鸡群的FCR并不高，而且越活跃的鸡群的平均FCR往往越低（即效率更高）（p = 0.060）。利用光流偏度（r = 0.608, p < 0.001）和峰度（r = 0.603, p < 0.001）计算，FCR与终生活动评分呈正相关，均表明鸟群中活跃鸟类数量的增加与FCR的降低有关。光流偏度和光流峰度与死亡率之间也存在正相关（r = 0.388, p = 0.023和r = 0.454; p = 0.007），而FCR与死亡率之间的相关性更高（r = 0.698; p < 0.001），这表明活动对FCR的有利影响可能至少部分是通过降低死亡率来实现的。虽然并非所有的福利改善都可能导致FCR的改善，但这些结果表明，增加的群体活动本身并不是可能担心的问题。
{"title":"Increased activity in broiler chickens is associated with better feed conversion","authors":"Christl A. Donnelly , Stephen A. Ellwood , Stephen J. Roberts , Marian Stamp Dawkins","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farmers are understandably concerned that many proposed improvements to broiler chicken welfare such as ‘enrichments’ lead to the birds being more active, eating more and therefore result in financially detrimental effects on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The current evidence is inconclusive, but most research so far has relied on small-scale pen studies, not flocks studied under commercial conditions. We measured the life-long activity of 34 commercial flocks of Cobb broilers using smart camera technology and analyzed the data using four statistical descriptors of the patterns made by flock movements – mean, variance, skew and kurtosis of optical flow. For each day, we scored each flock by its scaled deviation from the median for each of the four descriptors and gave it 4 overall activity scores, based on its average lifetime deviation from median ([average optical flow value – median]/√median). The results showed that, contrary to widespread concerns, FCR was no higher in more active flocks and that on average more active flocks tended to have lower (i.e. more efficient) FCR (<em>p</em> = 0.060). There were positive correlations between FCR and the lifetime activity score using both the skew of optical flow (<em>r</em> = 0.608, <em>p</em> < 0.001) and kurtosis (<em>r</em> = 0.603, <em>p</em> < 0.001), both suggesting that increasing numbers of active birds within a flock were associated with lower FCR. There were also positive correlations between skew and kurtosis of optical flow and mortality (<em>r</em> = 0.388, <em>p</em> = 0.023 and <em>r</em> = 0.454; <em>p</em> = 0.007) respectively), as well as an even higher correlation between FCR and mortality (<em>r</em> = 0.698; <em>p</em> < 0.001), which suggests that the favorable effect of activity on FCR may at least in part, be via decreased mortality. While not all welfare improvement may result in improvements in FCR, these results show that increased flock activity is not itself the problem that might be feared.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"Article 106599"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106597
Ying Peng, Xiaoyu Zhao, Tiantian Gu, Li Chen, Tao Zeng, Yong Tian, Wenwu Xu, Haiying Li, Lizhi Lu
Tumbler pigeons (Columba livia) were shaped by long-term artificial selection, and their superior flight performance is closely linked to neural regulatory mechanisms. However, the molecular bases of neural regulation-particularly at the hypothalamic transcriptomic level-remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we conducted neurochemical and whole-transcriptome comparisons of the hypothalamus (HYP) in tumbler pigeons (FF) and meat-type White King pigeons (BY), analyzing neurotransmitters and the transcriptome, including mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). Neurotransmitter quantitation revealed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in FF HYP were significantly higher than those in BY. Transcriptome analysis identified 514 differentially expressed mRNAs, 317 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 49 differentially expressed miRNAs and 304 differentially expressed circRNAs. Functional enrichment showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly overrepresented in metabolic pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and TGF-β signaling. Differential expression changes in PDK4, PCK1, and POMC reveal complex molecular mechanisms during flight in tumbler pigeons, characterized by increased energy dependence on fatty acids, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and enhanced stress response. In this study, we systematically elucidated the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the pigeon hypothalamus (HYP) controlling energy metabolism, neural excitability, and stress response through neurochemical and transcriptomic analyses. It provides a theoretical basis for the neurogenetic basis of behavioral adaptation in birds and for the conservation and selective breeding of local pigeon genetic resources.
{"title":"Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the hypothalamus between tumbler and white king pigeons.","authors":"Ying Peng, Xiaoyu Zhao, Tiantian Gu, Li Chen, Tao Zeng, Yong Tian, Wenwu Xu, Haiying Li, Lizhi Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumbler pigeons (Columba livia) were shaped by long-term artificial selection, and their superior flight performance is closely linked to neural regulatory mechanisms. However, the molecular bases of neural regulation-particularly at the hypothalamic transcriptomic level-remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we conducted neurochemical and whole-transcriptome comparisons of the hypothalamus (HYP) in tumbler pigeons (FF) and meat-type White King pigeons (BY), analyzing neurotransmitters and the transcriptome, including mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). Neurotransmitter quantitation revealed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in FF HYP were significantly higher than those in BY. Transcriptome analysis identified 514 differentially expressed mRNAs, 317 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 49 differentially expressed miRNAs and 304 differentially expressed circRNAs. Functional enrichment showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly overrepresented in metabolic pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and TGF-β signaling. Differential expression changes in PDK4, PCK1, and POMC reveal complex molecular mechanisms during flight in tumbler pigeons, characterized by increased energy dependence on fatty acids, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and enhanced stress response. In this study, we systematically elucidated the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the pigeon hypothalamus (HYP) controlling energy metabolism, neural excitability, and stress response through neurochemical and transcriptomic analyses. It provides a theoretical basis for the neurogenetic basis of behavioral adaptation in birds and for the conservation and selective breeding of local pigeon genetic resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"106597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106598
Taylor M. Miller , Sara-Belle F. Ozburn , Sara J. Hoover , Kristen J. Navara
In the poultry industry, green tea extract (GTE) is becoming an increasingly popular dietary supplement due to its observed beneficial effects on performance and egg quality. However, work in mammals indicates that the active ingredients in green tea extract, catechins, act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with the actions of estrogen. Given that GTE is often supplemented to hens during egg-laying, there is potential for the endocrine-disrupting properties of catechins to interfere with the sensitive process of sexual differentiation in embryos. We tested whether green tea extract (GTE) alters gonadal differentiation in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) embryos. We injected eggs with either GTE or a Control vehicle before the onset of differentiation on the 4th day of incubation. On day 15, we evaluated phenotypic sex (gonadal morphology) and genetic sex (via PCR). Embryos from eggs that were injected with GTE had increased genotype-phenotype mismatches, which occurred exclusively in genetic females (ZW) who developed bilateral gonads resembling testes. Among genetic females, GTE significantly increased the probability of a male phenotype. Treatment with GTE did not increase embryonic mortality compared to Controls. We conclude that GTE modifies the developmental trajectory of embryonic gonads, specifically for female embryos. We propose that GTE disrupts the critical estrogen-dependent window of female sex differentiation, leading to sex reversal.
{"title":"Green tea extract disrupts gonadal differentiation in a model avian system","authors":"Taylor M. Miller , Sara-Belle F. Ozburn , Sara J. Hoover , Kristen J. Navara","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the poultry industry, green tea extract (GTE) is becoming an increasingly popular dietary supplement due to its observed beneficial effects on performance and egg quality. However, work in mammals indicates that the active ingredients in green tea extract, catechins, act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with the actions of estrogen. Given that GTE is often supplemented to hens during egg-laying, there is potential for the endocrine-disrupting properties of catechins to interfere with the sensitive process of sexual differentiation in embryos. We tested whether green tea extract (GTE) alters gonadal differentiation in Japanese quail (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>) embryos. We injected eggs with either GTE or a Control vehicle before the onset of differentiation on the 4th day of incubation. On day 15, we evaluated phenotypic sex (gonadal morphology) and genetic sex (via PCR). Embryos from eggs that were injected with GTE had increased genotype-phenotype mismatches, which occurred exclusively in genetic females (ZW) who developed bilateral gonads resembling testes. Among genetic females, GTE significantly increased the probability of a male phenotype. Treatment with GTE did not increase embryonic mortality compared to Controls. We conclude that GTE modifies the developmental trajectory of embryonic gonads, specifically for female embryos. We propose that GTE disrupts the critical estrogen-dependent window of female sex differentiation, leading to sex reversal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"Article 106598"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106594
Anas Abdelqader , Zeinab Mahasneh , Samah Albataineh , Lana Abdelhafiz
Assessment of antiparasitic efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia judaica using in vitro, in silico, and animal-based models against Ascaridia galli was conducted. Ethanolic extracts from each Artemisia species were separately prepared in 0.5% DMSO. For the in vitro analysis, a total of 180 adult Ascaridia galli worms were harvested from naturally infected chicks and randomly assigned into four equal groups. Group 1 received Fenbendazole (0.5 mg/mL), Group 2 was treated with A. herba-alba extract (50 mg/mL), Group 3 with A. Judaica extract (50 mg/mL), and Group 4 served as the control, exposed to 0.5% DMSO. All treatments were applied for a duration of 13 hours. For the in vivo investigation, 540 A. galli-infected chicks were divided into six equally sized groups. Groups 1 and 2 received A. herba-alba at 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, Groups 3 and 4 were treated with A. Judaica at 1000 and 3000 mg/kg. Group 5 was administered Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg) as a positive control, while Group 6 served as the untreated control. Both A. herba-alba and A. Judaica significantly inhibited worm motility in vitro compared to the control group. Fenbendazole achieved 100% inhibition (P < 0.001), while A. herba-alba showed 30.1% inhibition (P < 0.05), and A. Judaica demonstrated 23.1% inhibition (P < 0.05). At 14 days post-treatment, Artemisia-treated groups showed a significant decrease in female fecundity, fecal egg count (FEC), and worm burden relative to the control group. Notably, there was no significant variation (P > 0.05) based on the Artemisia species or dose level used. In vitro exposure of nematodes to A. judaica and A. herba-alba extracts resulted in a significant, time-dependent reduction in worm motility compared with control treatments, whereas fenbendazole induced rapid and complete immobilization; no significant differences were observed between the two herbal extracts. Molecular docking analysis indicates that camphor demonstrated robust affinity score of -6.25 kcal/mol against ATP synthase, while camphor against glutathione transferase showed promising interactions with an affinity score of -6.90 kcal/mol. In conclusion, extracts of A. herba-alba and A. Judaica demonstrate significant potential as effective and suitable alternatives for managing A. galli infections in poultry by targeting ATP synthase and glutathione transferase in A. galli.
{"title":"Anthelmintic effects of Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia judaica extracts on Ascaridia galli in poultry","authors":"Anas Abdelqader , Zeinab Mahasneh , Samah Albataineh , Lana Abdelhafiz","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessment of antiparasitic efficacy of <em>Artemisia herba-alba</em> and <em>Artemisia judaica</em> using <em>in vitro, in silico</em>, and animal-based models against <em>Ascaridia galli</em> was conducted. Ethanolic extracts from each <em>Artemisia</em> species were separately prepared in 0.5% DMSO. For the <em>in vitro</em> analysis, a total of 180 adult <em>Ascaridia galli</em> worms were harvested from naturally infected chicks and randomly assigned into four equal groups. Group 1 received Fenbendazole (0.5 mg/mL), Group 2 was treated with <em>A. herba-alba</em> extract (50 mg/mL), Group 3 with <em>A. Judaica</em> extract (50 mg/mL), and Group 4 served as the control, exposed to 0.5% DMSO. All treatments were applied for a duration of 13 hours. For the <em>in vivo</em> investigation, 540 <em>A. galli</em>-infected chicks were divided into six equally sized groups. Groups 1 and 2 received <em>A. herba-alba</em> at 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, Groups 3 and 4 were treated with <em>A. Judaica</em> at 1000 and 3000 mg/kg. Group 5 was administered Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg) as a positive control, while Group 6 served as the untreated control. Both <em>A. herba-alba</em> and <em>A. Judaica</em> significantly inhibited worm motility <em>in vitro</em> compared to the control group. Fenbendazole achieved 100% inhibition (<em>P</em> < 0.001), while <em>A. herba-alba</em> showed 30.1% inhibition (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and <em>A. Judaica</em> demonstrated 23.1% inhibition (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At 14 days post-treatment, <em>Artemisia</em>-treated groups showed a significant decrease in female fecundity, fecal egg count (FEC), and worm burden relative to the control group. Notably, there was no significant variation (<em>P</em> > 0.05) based on the <em>Artemisia</em> species or dose level used. In vitro exposure of nematodes to <em>A. judaica</em> and <em>A. herba-alba</em> extracts resulted in a significant, time-dependent reduction in worm motility compared with control treatments, whereas fenbendazole induced rapid and complete immobilization; no significant differences were observed between the two herbal extracts. Molecular docking analysis indicates that camphor demonstrated robust affinity score of -6.25 kcal/mol against ATP synthase, while camphor against glutathione transferase showed promising interactions with an affinity score of -6.90 kcal/mol. In conclusion, extracts of <em>A. herba-alba</em> and <em>A. Judaica</em> demonstrate significant potential as effective and suitable alternatives for managing <em>A. galli</em> infections in poultry by targeting ATP synthase and glutathione transferase in <em>A. galli</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"Article 106594"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106587
Yuguang Guo, Tenghui Zheng, Min Wang, Dandie Chen, Zhiyi Huang, Ge Liu, Lishan Zhong, Yangyuan Li, Zipeng Jiang, Hongfang Du, Cheng Zhang
In Experiment 1, a total of 300 one-day-old yellow-feathered broiler chicks randomly allocated to three groups, with 10 replicates per group and 10 birds per pen. The treatments included: (C1) control diet (basal); (G2 and G4) control diet supplemented with 2000 U/kg and 4000 U/kg of GOD. The results showed that, compared with C1 and G4, G2 significantly increased the final weight and ADG of broilers in the starter phase and resulted in the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Based on the results of Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was conducted using 400 one-day-old yellow-feathered broiler chicks randomly allocated to four groups, with 10 replicates per group and 10 birds per pen. The treatments included: (C2) control diet (basal); (GO) control diet supplemented with GOD (2000 U/kg); (CB) control diet supplemented with CB (2 × 108 CFU/kg); and (GC) a GOD + CB combination (at the aforementioned doses). Over the entire experimental period, the survival rate in the GO and the FCR in the CB were significantly improved compared with C2 (P < 0.05). Supplementation with GOD or CB alone significantly increased total phosphorus utilization and serum glutathione peroxidase activity compared with C2, and the combined supplementation of GOD + CB resulted in a significantly greater increase in superoxide dismutase activity than either additive alone (P < 0.05). Dietary CB supplementation increased the duodenal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (V/C), whereas GOD supplementation increased jejunal V/C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the GOD + CB combination induced a more pronounced upregulation of jejunal ZO-1 and Claudin-1 mRNA expression compared with individual supplementation (P < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis showed that all treatment groups increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Akkermansia in the caecum. In conclusion, the combined supplementation of GOD and CB in broiler diets enhances intestinal digestion, promotes the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria, improves intestinal health, and increases the apparent digestibility of nutrients, thereby ultimately improving broiler growth performance.
{"title":"Effects of glucose oxidase combined with clostridium butyricum on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant function, intestinal barrier, and intestinal microbiota.","authors":"Yuguang Guo, Tenghui Zheng, Min Wang, Dandie Chen, Zhiyi Huang, Ge Liu, Lishan Zhong, Yangyuan Li, Zipeng Jiang, Hongfang Du, Cheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Experiment 1, a total of 300 one-day-old yellow-feathered broiler chicks randomly allocated to three groups, with 10 replicates per group and 10 birds per pen. The treatments included: (C1) control diet (basal); (G2 and G4) control diet supplemented with 2000 U/kg and 4000 U/kg of GOD. The results showed that, compared with C1 and G4, G2 significantly increased the final weight and ADG of broilers in the starter phase and resulted in the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Based on the results of Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was conducted using 400 one-day-old yellow-feathered broiler chicks randomly allocated to four groups, with 10 replicates per group and 10 birds per pen. The treatments included: (C2) control diet (basal); (GO) control diet supplemented with GOD (2000 U/kg); (CB) control diet supplemented with CB (2 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/kg); and (GC) a GOD + CB combination (at the aforementioned doses). Over the entire experimental period, the survival rate in the GO and the FCR in the CB were significantly improved compared with C2 (P < 0.05). Supplementation with GOD or CB alone significantly increased total phosphorus utilization and serum glutathione peroxidase activity compared with C2, and the combined supplementation of GOD + CB resulted in a significantly greater increase in superoxide dismutase activity than either additive alone (P < 0.05). Dietary CB supplementation increased the duodenal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (V/C), whereas GOD supplementation increased jejunal V/C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the GOD + CB combination induced a more pronounced upregulation of jejunal ZO-1 and Claudin-1 mRNA expression compared with individual supplementation (P < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis showed that all treatment groups increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Akkermansia in the caecum. In conclusion, the combined supplementation of GOD and CB in broiler diets enhances intestinal digestion, promotes the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria, improves intestinal health, and increases the apparent digestibility of nutrients, thereby ultimately improving broiler growth performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"106587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106596
Ali Hassanlou, Shahriyar Khalilzadeh, Bahareh Sadat-Hosseini, Roya Hassani, Motaleb Ebrahimi
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of in-ovo injection and early feeding on performance, intestinal morphology, ileum microbiota, digestive enzyme activities, and immune system development in broiler chickens. 1,800 Ross 308 eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 30 eggs in a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental treatments included six groups as follows: NI-NF: Non-injected eggs and as hatches chicks with 48 h delayed access to feed (negative control); NI-YF: Non-injected eggs and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access; SL-NF: In-ovo saline injection and delayed feed access; SL-YF: In-ovo saline injection and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access; PB-NF: In-ovo probiotic injection (100 μL per egg) and delayed feed access; PB-YF: In-ovo probiotic injection and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access. Hatchability did not differ among treatments (P = 0.721). Chicks from probiotic-injected eggs (PB-NF and PB-YF) exhibited higher body weight at hatch than those from non-injected (NI-NF, NI-YF) and saline-injected (SL-NF, SL-YF) eggs (P = 0.043). At 48 h post-hatch, the PB-YF group recorded the greatest body weight (P = 0.004). During 11-24 days, PB-YF birds showed the highest BWG, differing from all other groups (P = 0.004). From 25-42 days, PB-YF, SL-YF, and NI-YF maintained higher BWG values compared with NI-NF and SL-NF (P = 0.017). At all ages, chicks with early feeding access (NI-YF, SL-YF, and PB-YF) exhibited significantly greater villus height compared with their delayed-fed counterparts (NI-NF, SL-NF, and PB-NF) (P < 0.05). At 10 days, the PB-NF group exhibited the lowest C. perfringens and E. coli population, significantly lower than NI-NF and SL-NF (P = 0.034; P = 0.001). At 10 days, PB-YF group chicks exhibited the highest amylase, lipase and protease activity (P < 0.05). A significant interaction between in ovo probiotic injection and early feeding was detected for IgM, IgA, IL-10, and IL-6 at 3 and 10 days of age (P < 0.05). At day 3, the PB-YF group showed the lowest corticosterone level (P = 0.001), while no significant difference was detected at day 10 (P = 0.128). In conclusion, in ovo probiotic injection improved early survival, immunity, and initial growth, whereas early feeding provided more persistent advantages throughout the production period; together, these strategies acted synergistically to optimize broiler health, gut development, and overall performance.
{"title":"Comparative and combined effects of in ovo probiotic injection and early feeding on growth development, intestinal morphology, ileum microbiota, digestive enzymes, and immune responses in broiler chickens.","authors":"Ali Hassanlou, Shahriyar Khalilzadeh, Bahareh Sadat-Hosseini, Roya Hassani, Motaleb Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of in-ovo injection and early feeding on performance, intestinal morphology, ileum microbiota, digestive enzyme activities, and immune system development in broiler chickens. 1,800 Ross 308 eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 30 eggs in a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental treatments included six groups as follows: NI-NF: Non-injected eggs and as hatches chicks with 48 h delayed access to feed (negative control); NI-YF: Non-injected eggs and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access; SL-NF: In-ovo saline injection and delayed feed access; SL-YF: In-ovo saline injection and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access; PB-NF: In-ovo probiotic injection (100 μL per egg) and delayed feed access; PB-YF: In-ovo probiotic injection and as hatched chicks with immediate nutrient gel access. Hatchability did not differ among treatments (P = 0.721). Chicks from probiotic-injected eggs (PB-NF and PB-YF) exhibited higher body weight at hatch than those from non-injected (NI-NF, NI-YF) and saline-injected (SL-NF, SL-YF) eggs (P = 0.043). At 48 h post-hatch, the PB-YF group recorded the greatest body weight (P = 0.004). During 11-24 days, PB-YF birds showed the highest BWG, differing from all other groups (P = 0.004). From 25-42 days, PB-YF, SL-YF, and NI-YF maintained higher BWG values compared with NI-NF and SL-NF (P = 0.017). At all ages, chicks with early feeding access (NI-YF, SL-YF, and PB-YF) exhibited significantly greater villus height compared with their delayed-fed counterparts (NI-NF, SL-NF, and PB-NF) (P < 0.05). At 10 days, the PB-NF group exhibited the lowest C. perfringens and E. coli population, significantly lower than NI-NF and SL-NF (P = 0.034; P = 0.001). At 10 days, PB-YF group chicks exhibited the highest amylase, lipase and protease activity (P < 0.05). A significant interaction between in ovo probiotic injection and early feeding was detected for IgM, IgA, IL-10, and IL-6 at 3 and 10 days of age (P < 0.05). At day 3, the PB-YF group showed the lowest corticosterone level (P = 0.001), while no significant difference was detected at day 10 (P = 0.128). In conclusion, in ovo probiotic injection improved early survival, immunity, and initial growth, whereas early feeding provided more persistent advantages throughout the production period; together, these strategies acted synergistically to optimize broiler health, gut development, and overall performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"106596"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), used to be recognized as non-malignant pathogens, have now evolved into notable pathogens threatening global poultry productions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the escalating challenges posed by FAdVs. There is already a wide variety of genetic types or strains within the virus population of the genus Aviadenovirus, FAdVs, where distinct serotypes are already present as the causative agent of Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) and Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome (HHS). These viruses are widely distributed throughout the globe, hypervirulent strains are arising particularly novel genotypes of FAdV-4, spreading from Asia into new regions. As these pathogens cause high mortality, decreased growth performance, carcass being unfit for consumption, and various measures are needed to be taken for controlling these pathogens by vaccination and other control measures, its economic impact is considerably significant. Intensive farming system, new virus strain formation via mutation and recombination, immunosuppressive co-infection worsening the health of host usually facilitates the appearance of these pathogens. Controlling these diseases is hard because of having different serotypes and prevention includes mainly maintaining proper biosecurity and specific vaccination against specific serotype of the virus. However, it is more important to conduct more research into cross-protective vaccines, improved molecular diagnostics, and enhanced global surveillance. This review focuses on the importance of integrating strategies to lessen the adverse effects of FAdVs, as it's endangering poultry health, economic sustainability, and food security.
{"title":"Fowl adenovirus infections: A comprehensive review of prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control, and economic impact.","authors":"Md Mominul Islam, Mst Marium Akter Nadia, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Sadequl Islam, Shanaz Alam Sunny, Mahfuzul Islam, Sajeda Sultana, Md Jahangir Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), used to be recognized as non-malignant pathogens, have now evolved into notable pathogens threatening global poultry productions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the escalating challenges posed by FAdVs. There is already a wide variety of genetic types or strains within the virus population of the genus Aviadenovirus, FAdVs, where distinct serotypes are already present as the causative agent of Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) and Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome (HHS). These viruses are widely distributed throughout the globe, hypervirulent strains are arising particularly novel genotypes of FAdV-4, spreading from Asia into new regions. As these pathogens cause high mortality, decreased growth performance, carcass being unfit for consumption, and various measures are needed to be taken for controlling these pathogens by vaccination and other control measures, its economic impact is considerably significant. Intensive farming system, new virus strain formation via mutation and recombination, immunosuppressive co-infection worsening the health of host usually facilitates the appearance of these pathogens. Controlling these diseases is hard because of having different serotypes and prevention includes mainly maintaining proper biosecurity and specific vaccination against specific serotype of the virus. However, it is more important to conduct more research into cross-protective vaccines, improved molecular diagnostics, and enhanced global surveillance. This review focuses on the importance of integrating strategies to lessen the adverse effects of FAdVs, as it's endangering poultry health, economic sustainability, and food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 4","pages":"106565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106593
Alexis McDade , Md Raihanul Hoque , Virginia R. Sykes , Ali Taheri , Samuel Nahashon , Pramir Maharjan
Soybeans are the primary protein ingredient source in poultry diets fed as soybean meals (SBM). In a typical corn-soy-based poultry (broiler) diet, SBM contributes up to 70% of dietary crude protein (CP), which dictates the significance of quantity and quality of protein/amino acids (AA) in SBM in dietary formulation. The objective of these studies was to evaluate different varieties of soybean from different maturity groups based on amino acid and protein digestibility in vitro and in-vivo experiments. The soybean varieties that are considered in this study were from different MGs, including MG 3, MG 4, MG 4.5, and MG 5, which are mostly grown in the southeastern region of the United States. First, an in vitro study was conducted using a multi enzyme approach mimicking broiler gut digestion processes to evaluate the digestibility of soybean meal (full-fat and defatted SBM) from 12 different varieties. Second, an in-vivo study with four varieties representing four different maturity groups was selected. A total of 144 birds (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments in cages (six replicate cages per treatment). Semi-purified treatment diets were formulated as follows: TRT1, diet formulated with MG 3 soybean meal; TRT2, diet formulated with MG 4 soybean meal; TRT3, diet formulated with MG 4.5 soybean meal; and TRT4, diet formulated with MG 5 soybean meal. For both experiments, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple range test was conducted. The in-vitro results showed the highest digestibility values for amino acids for variety 7 of MG 4.5 group than other varieties (P < 0.05) for full-fat soybeans. The in vivo results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in TRT3 and TRT4 groups compared to the TRT1 and TRT2 (P = 0.002). Both in-vitro and in-vivo findings implied that soybeans from MGs 4.5 and 5 could have favorable nutritional significance.
{"title":"Crude protein and amino acid digestibility values in broilers for different soybean varieties and/or maturity groups","authors":"Alexis McDade , Md Raihanul Hoque , Virginia R. Sykes , Ali Taheri , Samuel Nahashon , Pramir Maharjan","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2026.106593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soybeans are the primary protein ingredient source in poultry diets fed as soybean meals (SBM). In a typical corn-soy-based poultry (broiler) diet, SBM contributes up to 70% of dietary crude protein (CP), which dictates the significance of quantity and quality of protein/amino acids (AA) in SBM in dietary formulation. The objective of these studies was to evaluate different varieties of soybean from different maturity groups based on amino acid and protein digestibility <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in-vivo</em> experiments. The soybean varieties that are considered in this study were from different MGs, including MG 3, MG 4, MG 4.5, and MG 5, which are mostly grown in the southeastern region of the United States. First, an <em>in vitro</em> study was conducted using a multi enzyme approach mimicking broiler gut digestion processes to evaluate the digestibility of soybean meal (full-fat and defatted SBM) from 12 different varieties. Second, an <em>in-vivo</em> study with four varieties representing four different maturity groups was selected. A total of 144 birds (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments in cages (six replicate cages per treatment). Semi-purified treatment diets were formulated as follows: TRT1, diet formulated with MG 3 soybean meal; TRT2, diet formulated with MG 4 soybean meal; TRT3, diet formulated with MG 4.5 soybean meal; and TRT4, diet formulated with MG 5 soybean meal. For both experiments, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple range test was conducted. The in-vitro results showed the highest digestibility values for amino acids for variety 7 of MG 4.5 group than other varieties (<em>P</em> < 0.05) for full-fat soybeans. The <em>in vivo</em> results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in TRT3 and TRT4 groups compared to the TRT1 and TRT2 (<em>P</em> = 0.002). Both <em>in-vitro</em> and <em>in-vivo</em> findings implied that soybeans from MGs 4.5 and 5 could have favorable nutritional significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"105 5","pages":"Article 106593"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号