Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417528
Nikos G. Evgenidis;Nikos A. Mitsiou;Vasiliki I. Koutsioumpa;Sotiris A. Tegos;Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis;George K. Karagiannidis
This article focuses on the latest research and innovations in fundamental next-generation multiple access (NGMA) techniques and the coexistence with other key technologies for the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks. In more detail, we first examine multiaccess edge computing (MEC), which is critical to meeting the growing demand for data processing and computational capacity at the edge of the network, as well as network slicing. We then explore over-the-air (OTA) computing, which is considered to be an approach that provides fast and efficient computation of various functions. We also explore semantic communications, identified as an effective way to improve communication systems by focusing on the exchange of meaningful information, thus minimizing unnecessary data and increasing efficiency. The interrelationship between machine learning (ML) and multiple access technologies is also reviewed, with an emphasis on federated learning (FL), federated distillation (FD), split learning (SL), reinforcement learning (RL), and the development of ML-based multiple access protocols. Finally, the concept of digital twinning and its role in network management is discussed, highlighting how virtual replication of physical networks can lead to improvements in network efficiency and reliability.
{"title":"Multiple Access in the Era of Distributed Computing and Edge Intelligence","authors":"Nikos G. Evgenidis;Nikos A. Mitsiou;Vasiliki I. Koutsioumpa;Sotiris A. Tegos;Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis;George K. Karagiannidis","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417528","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417528","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the latest research and innovations in fundamental next-generation multiple access (NGMA) techniques and the coexistence with other key technologies for the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks. In more detail, we first examine multiaccess edge computing (MEC), which is critical to meeting the growing demand for data processing and computational capacity at the edge of the network, as well as network slicing. We then explore over-the-air (OTA) computing, which is considered to be an approach that provides fast and efficient computation of various functions. We also explore semantic communications, identified as an effective way to improve communication systems by focusing on the exchange of meaningful information, thus minimizing unnecessary data and increasing efficiency. The interrelationship between machine learning (ML) and multiple access technologies is also reviewed, with an emphasis on federated learning (FL), federated distillation (FD), split learning (SL), reinforcement learning (RL), and the development of ML-based multiple access protocols. Finally, the concept of digital twinning and its role in network management is discussed, highlighting how virtual replication of physical networks can lead to improvements in network efficiency and reliability.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 9","pages":"1497-1526"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3412423
Eduard Axel Jorswieck
The pressure to develop new network architectures and multiple access technologies is driven by increasing demands on network performance, number of devices, network traffic, and use cases. Recent advances in open radio access networks (RANs) with open interfaces and software-defined network functionalities allow adaptability in terms of medium access control and physical layer, but also flexibility in terms of network architectures. The aim of this tutorial is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current set of network architectures for wireless access together with next-generation multiple access technologies. It starts with the classical models for multiple access channel (MAC), broadcast channel (BC), and interference channel (IC) from network information theory and derives the fundamental results on capacity regions and their coding and signal processing schemes. Extensions to multicarrier, multiantenna, and multicell scenarios are discussed. The evolution from orthogonal to spatial-division multiple access (SDMA), nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) techniques and their performance guarantees are carefully explained. Recent advances toward multiconnectivity, cloud-RAN (C-RAN), and cell-free multiple access (CFMA) are explained. The data rate benefits of an anecdotal open RAN network are developed and the corresponding user data rates are calculated. Massive random and grant-free access schemes are also discussed. The tutorial concludes with a list of open research questions.
对网络性能、设备数量、网络流量和用例的需求不断增加，推动了开发新网络架构和多址技术的压力。具有开放接口和软件定义网络功能的开放无线接入网络（RANs）的最新进展允许在介质访问控制和物理层方面具有适应性，但在网络架构方面也具有灵活性。本教程的目的是全面概述当前用于无线接入的网络体系结构集以及下一代多址接入技术。从网络信息理论出发，从多址信道（MAC）、广播信道（BC）和干扰信道（IC）的经典模型出发，推导出容量区域及其编码和信号处理方案的基本结果。讨论了多载波、多天线和多蜂窝场景的扩展。详细阐述了从正交到空分多址（SDMA）、非正交多址（NOMA）和分频多址（RSMA）技术的演变及其性能保证。介绍了多连接、云- ran （C-RAN）和无小区多址（CFMA）的最新进展。研究了开放式无线局域网的数据速率优势，并计算了相应的用户数据速率。还讨论了大规模随机访问和免费访问方案。本教程最后列出了一系列开放式研究问题。
{"title":"Next-Generation Multiple Access: From Basic Principles to Modern Architectures","authors":"Eduard Axel Jorswieck","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3412423","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3412423","url":null,"abstract":"The pressure to develop new network architectures and multiple access technologies is driven by increasing demands on network performance, number of devices, network traffic, and use cases. Recent advances in open radio access networks (RANs) with open interfaces and software-defined network functionalities allow adaptability in terms of medium access control and physical layer, but also flexibility in terms of network architectures. The aim of this tutorial is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current set of network architectures for wireless access together with next-generation multiple access technologies. It starts with the classical models for multiple access channel (MAC), broadcast channel (BC), and interference channel (IC) from network information theory and derives the fundamental results on capacity regions and their coding and signal processing schemes. Extensions to multicarrier, multiantenna, and multicell scenarios are discussed. The evolution from orthogonal to spatial-division multiple access (SDMA), nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) techniques and their performance guarantees are carefully explained. Recent advances toward multiconnectivity, cloud-RAN (C-RAN), and cell-free multiple access (CFMA) are explained. The data rate benefits of an anecdotal open RAN network are developed and the corresponding user data rates are calculated. Massive random and grant-free access schemes are also discussed. The tutorial concludes with a list of open research questions.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 9","pages":"1149-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10578301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417332
Xuelin Cao;Bo Yang;Kaining Wang;Xinghua Li;Zhiwen Yu;Chau Yuen;Yan Zhang;Zhu Han
With the rapidly increasing number of bandwidth-intensive terminals capable of intelligent computing and communication, such as smart devices equipped with shallow neural network (NN) models, the complexity of multiple access (MA) for these intelligent terminals is increasing due to the dynamic network environment and ubiquitous connectivity in sixth-generation (6G) systems. Traditional MA design and optimization methods are gradually losing ground to artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that have proven their superiority in handling complexity. AI-empowered MA and its optimization strategies aimed at achieving high quality-of-service (QoS) are attracting more attention, especially in the area of latency-sensitive applications in 6G systems. In this work, we aim to: 1) present the development and comparative evaluation of AI-enabled MA; 2) provide a timely survey focusing on spectrum sensing, protocol design, and optimization for AI-empowered MA; and 3) explore the potential use cases of AI-empowered MA in the typical application scenarios within 6G systems. Specifically, we first present a unified framework of AI-empowered MA for 6G systems by incorporating various promising machine learning (ML) techniques in spectrum sensing, resource allocation, MA protocol design, and optimization. We then introduce AI-empowered MA spectrum sensing related to spectrum sharing and spectrum interference management. Next, we discuss the AI-empowered MA protocol designs and implementation methods by reviewing and comparing the state of the art and further explore the optimization algorithms related to dynamic resource management, parameter adjustment, and access scheme switching. Finally, we discuss the current challenges, point out open issues, and outline potential future research directions in this field.
{"title":"AI-Empowered Multiple Access for 6G: A Survey of Spectrum Sensing, Protocol Designs, and Optimizations","authors":"Xuelin Cao;Bo Yang;Kaining Wang;Xinghua Li;Zhiwen Yu;Chau Yuen;Yan Zhang;Zhu Han","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417332","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3417332","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapidly increasing number of bandwidth-intensive terminals capable of intelligent computing and communication, such as smart devices equipped with shallow neural network (NN) models, the complexity of multiple access (MA) for these intelligent terminals is increasing due to the dynamic network environment and ubiquitous connectivity in sixth-generation (6G) systems. Traditional MA design and optimization methods are gradually losing ground to artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that have proven their superiority in handling complexity. AI-empowered MA and its optimization strategies aimed at achieving high quality-of-service (QoS) are attracting more attention, especially in the area of latency-sensitive applications in 6G systems. In this work, we aim to: 1) present the development and comparative evaluation of AI-enabled MA; 2) provide a timely survey focusing on spectrum sensing, protocol design, and optimization for AI-empowered MA; and 3) explore the potential use cases of AI-empowered MA in the typical application scenarios within 6G systems. Specifically, we first present a unified framework of AI-empowered MA for 6G systems by incorporating various promising machine learning (ML) techniques in spectrum sensing, resource allocation, MA protocol design, and optimization. We then introduce AI-empowered MA spectrum sensing related to spectrum sharing and spectrum interference management. Next, we discuss the AI-empowered MA protocol designs and implementation methods by reviewing and comparing the state of the art and further explore the optimization algorithms related to dynamic resource management, parameter adjustment, and access scheme switching. Finally, we discuss the current challenges, point out open issues, and outline potential future research directions in this field.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 9","pages":"1264-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3416050
Sisi Miao;Claus Kestel;Lucas Johannsen;Marvin Geiselhart;Laurent Schmalen;Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming;Gianluigi Liva;Norbert Wehn;Stephan Ten Brink
Error correction coding (i.e., channel coding) is a key ingredient of any digital communications system. In mobile wireless communications, channel codes have evolved from simple convolutional codes in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (2G), parallel concatenated (turbo) codes in Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) (3G), and long-term evolution (LTE) (4G), to carefully designed multirate/multilength low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in 5G, combined with polar codes for short messages on the synchronization channel. Based on this rich history, and by accounting for the technological advances in very large-scale integration, this article will outline some recent trends in channel coding as they may be applied in 6G systems, ranging from novel approaches for short blocklengths such as automorphism ensemble decoding, via ideas of coding for multiple access, to concepts for unified coding schemes that may simplify encoding/decoding hardware at competitive error-correcting performance.
{"title":"Trends in Channel Coding for 6G","authors":"Sisi Miao;Claus Kestel;Lucas Johannsen;Marvin Geiselhart;Laurent Schmalen;Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming;Gianluigi Liva;Norbert Wehn;Stephan Ten Brink","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3416050","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3416050","url":null,"abstract":"Error correction coding (i.e., channel coding) is a key ingredient of any digital communications system. In mobile wireless communications, channel codes have evolved from simple convolutional codes in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (2G), parallel concatenated (turbo) codes in Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) (3G), and long-term evolution (LTE) (4G), to carefully designed multirate/multilength low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in 5G, combined with polar codes for short messages on the synchronization channel. Based on this rich history, and by accounting for the technological advances in very large-scale integration, this article will outline some recent trends in channel coding as they may be applied in 6G systems, ranging from novel approaches for short blocklengths such as automorphism ensemble decoding, via ideas of coding for multiple access, to concepts for unified coding schemes that may simplify encoding/decoding hardware at competitive error-correcting performance.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 7","pages":"653-675"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141461602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409428
Bruno Clerckx;Yijie Mao;Zhaohui Yang;Mingzhe Chen;Ahmed Alkhateeb;Liang Liu;Min Qiu;Jinhong Yuan;Vincent W. S. Wong;Juan Montojo
Multiple access (MA) is a crucial part of any wireless system and refers to techniques that make use of the resource dimensions (e.g., time, frequency, power, antenna, code, and message) to serve multiple users/devices/machines/ services, ideally in the most efficient way. Given the increasing need of multifunctional wireless networks for integrated communications, sensing, localization, and computing, coupled with the surge of machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) in wireless networks, MA techniques are expected to experience a paradigm shift in 6G and beyond. In this article, we provide a tutorial, survey, and outlook on past, emerging, and future MA techniques and pay particular attention to how wireless network intelligence and multifunctionality will lead to a rethinking of those techniques. This article starts with an overview of orthogonal, physical-layer multicasting, space domain, power domain (PD), rate-splitting, code-domain MAs, MAs in other domains, and random access (RA), and highlights the importance of conducting research in universal MA (UMA) to shrink instead of grow the knowledge tree of MA schemes by providing a unified understanding of MA schemes across all resource dimensions. It then jumps into rethinking MA schemes in the era of wireless network intelligence, covering AI for MA such as AI-empowered resource allocation, optimization, channel estimation, and receiver designs, for different MA schemes, and MA for AI such as federated learning (FL)/edge intelligence and over-the-air computation (AirComp). We then discuss MA for network multifunctionality and the interplay between MA and integrated sensing, localization, and communications, covering MA for joint sensing and communications, multimodal sensing-aided communications, multimodal sensing and digital twin-assisted communications, and communication-aided sensing/localization systems. We finish with studying MA for emerging intelligent applications such as semantic communications (SeComs), virtual reality (VR), and smart radio and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), before presenting a roadmap toward 6G standardization. Throughout the text, we also point out numerous directions that are promising for future research.
多重接入（MA）是任何无线系统的重要组成部分，是指利用资源维度（如时间、频率、功率、天线、代码和信息）为多个用户/设备/机器/服务提供服务的技术，最好是以最有效的方式提供服务。鉴于多功能无线网络对集成通信、传感、定位和计算的需求与日俱增，再加上机器学习（ML）/人工智能（AI）在无线网络中的迅猛发展，预计 MA 技术将在 6G 及以后经历一次范式转变。在本文中，我们将对过去、新兴和未来的 MA 技术进行介绍、调查和展望，并特别关注无线网络的智能性和多功能性将如何导致对这些技术的重新思考。本文首先概述了正交、物理层组播、空间域、功率域 (PD)、速率分割、码域 MA、其他域中的 MA 以及随机接入 (RA)，并强调了开展通用 MA (UMA) 研究的重要性，通过提供对所有资源维度 MA 方案的统一理解，缩小而不是扩大 MA 方案的知识树。然后，我们将跳转到对无线网络智能时代的无线宽带接入方案的重新思考，其中包括针对不同无线宽带接入方案的无线宽带接入人工智能，如人工智能驱动的资源分配、优化、信道估计和接收器设计，以及针对人工智能的无线宽带接入，如联合学习（FL）/边缘智能和空中计算（AirComp）。然后，我们将讨论用于网络多功能性的人工智能，以及人工智能与综合传感、定位和通信之间的相互作用，包括用于联合传感和通信、多模态传感辅助通信、多模态传感和数字孪生辅助通信，以及通信辅助传感/定位系统的人工智能。最后，我们研究了用于新兴智能应用的 MA，如语义通信 (SeComs)、虚拟现实 (VR)、智能无线电和可重构智能表面 (RIS)，然后提出了实现 6G 标准化的路线图。在全文中，我们还指出了许多很有希望的未来研究方向。
{"title":"Multiple Access Techniques for Intelligent and Multifunctional 6G: Tutorial, Survey, and Outlook","authors":"Bruno Clerckx;Yijie Mao;Zhaohui Yang;Mingzhe Chen;Ahmed Alkhateeb;Liang Liu;Min Qiu;Jinhong Yuan;Vincent W. S. Wong;Juan Montojo","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409428","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409428","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple access (MA) is a crucial part of any wireless system and refers to techniques that make use of the resource dimensions (e.g., time, frequency, power, antenna, code, and message) to serve multiple users/devices/machines/ services, ideally in the most efficient way. Given the increasing need of multifunctional wireless networks for integrated communications, sensing, localization, and computing, coupled with the surge of machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) in wireless networks, MA techniques are expected to experience a paradigm shift in 6G and beyond. In this article, we provide a tutorial, survey, and outlook on past, emerging, and future MA techniques and pay particular attention to how wireless network intelligence and multifunctionality will lead to a rethinking of those techniques. This article starts with an overview of orthogonal, physical-layer multicasting, space domain, power domain (PD), rate-splitting, code-domain MAs, MAs in other domains, and random access (RA), and highlights the importance of conducting research in universal MA (UMA) to shrink instead of grow the knowledge tree of MA schemes by providing a unified understanding of MA schemes across all resource dimensions. It then jumps into rethinking MA schemes in the era of wireless network intelligence, covering AI for MA such as AI-empowered resource allocation, optimization, channel estimation, and receiver designs, for different MA schemes, and MA for AI such as federated learning (FL)/edge intelligence and over-the-air computation (AirComp). We then discuss MA for network multifunctionality and the interplay between MA and integrated sensing, localization, and communications, covering MA for joint sensing and communications, multimodal sensing-aided communications, multimodal sensing and digital twin-assisted communications, and communication-aided sensing/localization systems. We finish with studying MA for emerging intelligent applications such as semantic communications (SeComs), virtual reality (VR), and smart radio and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), before presenting a roadmap toward 6G standardization. Throughout the text, we also point out numerous directions that are promising for future research.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 7","pages":"832-879"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intelligent surfaces (ISs) have emerged as a key technology to empower a wide range of appealing applications for wireless networks, due to their low cost, high energy efficiency, flexibility of deployment, and capability of constructing favorable wireless channels/radio environments. Moreover, the recent advent of several new IS architectures further expanded their electromagnetic functionalities from passive reflection to active amplification, simultaneous reflection, and refraction, as well as holographic beamforming. However, the research on ISs is still in rapid progress and there have been recent technological advances in ISs and their emerging applications that are worthy of a timely review. Thus, in this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on the recent development and advances of ISs-aided wireless networks. Specifically, we start with an overview on the anticipated use cases of ISs in future wireless networks such as 6G, followed by a summary of the recent standardization activities related to ISs. Then, the main design issues of the commonly adopted reflection-based IS and their state-of-the-art solutions are presented in detail, including reflection optimization, deployment, signal modulation, wireless sensing, and integrated sensing and communications. Finally, recent progress and new challenges in advanced IS architectures are discussed to inspire future research.
智能表面（ISs）因其低成本、高能效、部署灵活以及能够构建有利的无线信道/无线电环境，已成为无线网络广泛应用的关键技术。此外，最近出现的几种新型 IS 架构进一步扩展了其电磁功能，从被动反射扩展到主动放大、同步反射和折射以及全息波束成形。然而，对 IS 的研究仍在快速进行中，IS 的最新技术进展及其新兴应用值得及时回顾。因此，在本文中，我们将对 ISs 辅助无线网络的最新发展和进展进行全面考察。具体来说，我们首先概述了 ISs 在未来无线网络（如 6G）中的预期用例，然后总结了近期与 ISs 相关的标准化活动。然后，详细介绍通常采用的基于反射的 IS 的主要设计问题及其最新解决方案，包括反射优化、部署、信号调制、无线传感以及集成传感和通信。最后，讨论了先进 IS 架构的最新进展和新挑战，以启发未来的研究。
{"title":"Intelligent Surfaces Empowered Wireless Network: Recent Advances and the Road to 6G","authors":"Qingqing Wu;Beixiong Zheng;Changsheng You;Lipeng Zhu;Kaiming Shen;Xiaodan Shao;Weidong Mei;Boya Di;Hongliang Zhang;Ertugrul Basar;Lingyang Song;Marco Di Renzo;Zhi-Quan Luo;Rui Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3397910","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3397910","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent surfaces (ISs) have emerged as a key technology to empower a wide range of appealing applications for wireless networks, due to their low cost, high energy efficiency, flexibility of deployment, and capability of constructing favorable wireless channels/radio environments. Moreover, the recent advent of several new IS architectures further expanded their electromagnetic functionalities from passive reflection to active amplification, simultaneous reflection, and refraction, as well as holographic beamforming. However, the research on ISs is still in rapid progress and there have been recent technological advances in ISs and their emerging applications that are worthy of a timely review. Thus, in this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on the recent development and advances of ISs-aided wireless networks. Specifically, we start with an overview on the anticipated use cases of ISs in future wireless networks such as 6G, followed by a summary of the recent standardization activities related to ISs. Then, the main design issues of the commonly adopted reflection-based IS and their state-of-the-art solutions are presented in detail, including reflection optimization, deployment, signal modulation, wireless sensing, and integrated sensing and communications. Finally, recent progress and new challenges in advanced IS architectures are discussed to inspire future research.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 7","pages":"724-763"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3405351
Xidong Mu;Jiaqi Xu;Zhaolin Wang;Naofal Al-Dhahir
The ultimate goal of next generation multiple access (NGMA) is to support massive terminals and facilitate multiple functionalities over the limited radio resources of wireless networks in the most efficient manner possible. However, the random and uncontrollable wireless radio environment is a major obstacle to realizing this NGMA vision. Given the prominent feature of achieving a 360° smart radio environment, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting surfaces (STARS) are emerging as one key enabling technology among the family of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for NGMA. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research progress of STARS, focusing on fundamentals, performance analysis, and full-space beamforming design, as well as promising employments of STARS in NGMA. In particular, we first introduce the basics of STARS by elaborating on the foundational principles and operating protocols as well as discussing different STARS categories and prototypes. Moreover, we systematically survey the existing performance analysis and beamforming design for STARS-aided wireless communications in terms of diverse objectives and different mathematical approaches. Given the superiority of STARS, we further discuss advanced STARS applications as well as the attractive interplay between STARS and other emerging techniques to motivate future works for realizing efficient NGMA.
{"title":"Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Surfaces for Ubiquitous Next-Generation Multiple Access in 6G and Beyond","authors":"Xidong Mu;Jiaqi Xu;Zhaolin Wang;Naofal Al-Dhahir","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3405351","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3405351","url":null,"abstract":"The ultimate goal of next generation multiple access (NGMA) is to support massive terminals and facilitate multiple functionalities over the limited radio resources of wireless networks in the most efficient manner possible. However, the random and uncontrollable wireless radio environment is a major obstacle to realizing this NGMA vision. Given the prominent feature of achieving a 360° smart radio environment, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting surfaces (STARS) are emerging as one key enabling technology among the family of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for NGMA. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research progress of STARS, focusing on fundamentals, performance analysis, and full-space beamforming design, as well as promising employments of STARS in NGMA. In particular, we first introduce the basics of STARS by elaborating on the foundational principles and operating protocols as well as discussing different STARS categories and prototypes. Moreover, we systematically survey the existing performance analysis and beamforming design for STARS-aided wireless communications in terms of diverse objectives and different mathematical approaches. Given the superiority of STARS, we further discuss advanced STARS applications as well as the attractive interplay between STARS and other emerging techniques to motivate future works for realizing efficient NGMA.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 9","pages":"1346-1371"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3402265
Muhammad A. Imran;Marco Zennaro;Olaoluwa R. Popoola;Luca Chiaraviglio;Hongwei Zhang;Pietro Manzoni;Jaap van de Beek;Robert Stewart;Mitchell Arij Cox;Luciano Leonel Mendes;Ermanno Pietrosemoli
Cellular communication standards have been established to ensure connectivity across most urban environments, complemented by deployment hardware and facilities tailored for city life. At the same time, numerous initiatives seek to broaden connectivity to rural and developing areas. However, with nearly half the global population still offline, there is an urgent need to drive research toward enhancing connectivity in areas and conditions that deviate from the norm. This article delves into innovative communication solutions not only for hard-to-reach and extreme environments but also introduces “hard-to-serve” areas as a crucial, yet underexplored, category within the broader spectrum of connectivity challenges. We explore the latest advancements in communication systems designed for environments subject to extreme temperatures, harsh weather, excessive dust, or even disasters such as fires. Our exploration spans the entire communication stack, covering communications on isolated islands, sparsely populated regions, mountainous terrains, and even underwater and underground settings. We highlight system architectures, hardware, materials, algorithms, and other pivotal technologies that promise to connect these challenging areas. Through case studies, we explore the application of 5G for innovative research, long range (LoRa) for audio messages and emails, LoRa wireless connections, free-space optics, communications in underwater and underground scenarios, delay-tolerant networks, satellite links, and the strategic use of shared spectrum and TV white space (TVWS) to improve mobile connectivity in secluded and remote regions. These studies also touch on prevalent challenges such as power outages, regulatory gaps, technological availability, and human resource constraints, where we introduce the concept of peri-urban hard-to-serve areas where populations might struggle with affordability or lack the skills for traditional connectivity solutions. This article provides an exhaustive summary of our research, showcasing how 6G and future networks will play a crucial role in delivering connectivity to areas that are hard-to-reach, hard-to-serve, or subject to extreme conditions (ECs).
{"title":"Exploring the Boundaries of Connected Systems: Communications for Hard-to-Reach Areas and Extreme Conditions","authors":"Muhammad A. Imran;Marco Zennaro;Olaoluwa R. Popoola;Luca Chiaraviglio;Hongwei Zhang;Pietro Manzoni;Jaap van de Beek;Robert Stewart;Mitchell Arij Cox;Luciano Leonel Mendes;Ermanno Pietrosemoli","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3402265","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3402265","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular communication standards have been established to ensure connectivity across most urban environments, complemented by deployment hardware and facilities tailored for city life. At the same time, numerous initiatives seek to broaden connectivity to rural and developing areas. However, with nearly half the global population still offline, there is an urgent need to drive research toward enhancing connectivity in areas and conditions that deviate from the norm. This article delves into innovative communication solutions not only for hard-to-reach and extreme environments but also introduces “hard-to-serve” areas as a crucial, yet underexplored, category within the broader spectrum of connectivity challenges. We explore the latest advancements in communication systems designed for environments subject to extreme temperatures, harsh weather, excessive dust, or even disasters such as fires. Our exploration spans the entire communication stack, covering communications on isolated islands, sparsely populated regions, mountainous terrains, and even underwater and underground settings. We highlight system architectures, hardware, materials, algorithms, and other pivotal technologies that promise to connect these challenging areas. Through case studies, we explore the application of 5G for innovative research, long range (LoRa) for audio messages and emails, LoRa wireless connections, free-space optics, communications in underwater and underground scenarios, delay-tolerant networks, satellite links, and the strategic use of shared spectrum and TV white space (TVWS) to improve mobile connectivity in secluded and remote regions. These studies also touch on prevalent challenges such as power outages, regulatory gaps, technological availability, and human resource constraints, where we introduce the concept of peri-urban hard-to-serve areas where populations might struggle with affordability or lack the skills for traditional connectivity solutions. This article provides an exhaustive summary of our research, showcasing how 6G and future networks will play a crucial role in delivering connectivity to areas that are hard-to-reach, hard-to-serve, or subject to extreme conditions (ECs).","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 7","pages":"912-945"},"PeriodicalIF":23.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3406010
{"title":"Future Special Issues/Special Sections of the Proceedings","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3406010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2024.3406010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 4","pages":"399-399"},"PeriodicalIF":20.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10556792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141319705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409931
{"title":"IEEE Connects You to a Universe of Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2024.3409931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"112 4","pages":"400-400"},"PeriodicalIF":20.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10556789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141319585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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