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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology最新文献

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Properties and tribological evaluation of graphene and fullerene nanoparticles as additives in oil lubrication 石墨烯和富勒烯纳米颗粒作为润滑油添加剂的性能和摩擦学评价
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231175540
Muhammad Hazman bin Sharuddin, MH Sulaiman, S. Kamaruddin, AH Dahnel, N. A. Abd Halim, Mjm Ridzuan, A. M. Abdul-Rani
In this study, SAE-0W20 engine oil was mixed with graphene and fullerene nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different carbon nanoparticles on the thermal, rheological, and tribological properties of engine oil, such as thermal degradation, viscosity, friction, and wear. Using a two-step process, graphene and fullerene nanostructures were dispersed in low-viscosity SAE-0W20 engine oil at a concentration of 0.05 wt.%. The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in a customized cylindrical block-on-ring tribology test according to the ASTM G77 standard. Graphene and fullerene nanoparticles protect contact surfaces by forming a very thin protective film between moving mechanical parts thus resulting in wear and friction reduction. The results showed graphene nanoparticles have improved significantly the tribological performance of SAE-0W20 engine oil.
在这项研究中,SAE-0W20发动机油与石墨烯和富勒烯纳米颗粒混合。这项研究的目的是评估和比较不同的碳纳米颗粒对发动机油的热、流变和摩擦学性能的影响,如热降解、粘度、摩擦和磨损。采用两步法,石墨烯和富勒烯纳米结构以0.05 wt.%的浓度分散在低粘度SAE-0W20机油中。根据ASTM G77标准,在定制的圆柱形块环摩擦学测试中评估摩擦和磨损特性。石墨烯和富勒烯纳米颗粒通过在运动机械部件之间形成非常薄的保护膜来保护接触面,从而减少磨损和摩擦。结果表明,石墨烯纳米颗粒显著改善了SAE-0W20发动机油的摩擦学性能。
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引用次数: 1
Support recycling in additive manufacturing: A case study for enhanced wear performance of Ti6Al4V alloy 支持增材制造中的回收:Ti6Al4V合金增强磨损性能的案例研究
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231159447
R. Yamanoğlu, A. Bahador, K. Kondoh
The production of metals by additive manufacturing is developing rapidly. After production, support structures emerge as waste materials. In this study, Ti6Al4V support structures recycled from the selective laser melting process were consolidated by vacuum hot pressing. Spherical and irregularly shaped Ti6Al4V alloy particles were also used for the comparison as raw materials. All raw materials have been subjected to the same sintering process by hot pressing. The microstructures of the samples were carried out, and their dry sliding wear performance was studied. The samples produced from support structures showed the highest wear performance compared to the powder forms of raw materials. This study showed that the support structures from additive manufacturing could be recycled and transformed into full dense structures by pressure-assisted sintering techniques, and enhanced wear performance can be obtained.
金属增材制造技术正在迅速发展。生产后,支撑结构作为废料出现。在本研究中,采用真空热压的方法对选择性激光熔化工艺回收的Ti6Al4V支撑结构进行固结。还采用球形和不规则形状的Ti6Al4V合金颗粒作为原料进行了比较。所有原料都经过相同的热压烧结工艺。对试样进行了显微组织分析,并对其干滑动磨损性能进行了研究。与粉末形式的原材料相比,由支撑结构生产的样品显示出最高的磨损性能。研究表明,增材制造的支撑结构可以通过压力辅助烧结技术回收并转化为全致密结构,并且可以获得增强的耐磨性能。
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引用次数: 0
Research on time-varying meshing stiffness of wind turbine gearbox considering tooth surface wear 考虑齿面磨损的风电齿轮箱时变啮合刚度研究
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231172258
Shuai Mo, Qingsen Hu, Meng-Lin Liu, Lei Wang, Heyun Bao, Guojian Cen, Yunsheng Huang
The time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS) is an important element of the gear system. In this paper, the TVMS of each gear set of a wind turbine gearbox is calculated based on the principle of potential energy method, where wear is the most likely failure in the operation of a wind turbine gearbox. Therefore, the Archard wear model is brought into it, and theoretically the analytical formula of stiffness considering tooth wear is derived, and the time-varying wear depth is deduced as the natural wind speed keeps changing and the input torque of the wind turbine gearbox keeps changing. The interrelationship between gear tooth wear and meshing pressure angle and number of meshes is studied in depth, and the TVMS of each gear set under wear is calculated using the modified tooth profile model. The results show that the tooth profile wear depth is related to the gear meshing angle, and the tooth profile wear depth becomes larger as the number of meshes increases, thus reducing the TVMS of the wind turbine, and the TVMS shows irregular fluctuations under time-varying wear.
时变啮合刚度(TVMS)是齿轮系统的重要组成部分。本文根据势能法原理计算风电齿轮箱各齿轮组的TVMS,其中磨损是风电齿轮箱运行中最可能出现的故障。为此,引入Archard磨损模型,从理论上推导出考虑齿磨损的刚度解析公式,并推导出风力机齿轮箱在自然风速和输入转矩不断变化时的随时间变化的磨损深度。深入研究了齿轮齿磨损与啮合压力角和啮合数的相互关系,并利用改进的齿形模型计算了各齿轮组在磨损情况下的TVMS。结果表明:齿形磨损深度与齿轮啮合角度有关,且齿形磨损深度随着啮合数的增加而增大,从而降低了风力机的TVMS,且TVMS在时变磨损下呈不规则波动;
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引用次数: 0
Test method for determining the scuffing capacity of oils with reduced oil volume 测定油体积减小的油的耐磨损能力的试验方法
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231172637
Wassem Gerges, O. Heipl, Bernd Pfeifer, D. Bartel, M. Wettlaufer
Previous studies by several researchers have shown that the aging of the transmission fluid in dual clutch transmissions has a major impact on the wear protection of the highly loaded tribological contacts. Depending on the transmission design, oil sump temperature, transmitted torque, rotational speed and oil volume, the scuffing ability decreases significantly. Since typically only limited quantities of oil from gearbox tests are available to evaluate oil condition with respect to wear protection properties, available analytical standards are currently limited to methods such as viscometry, TAN, elemental analysis, and IR. A test method is presented that can be used to determine the gear scuffing load capacity of transmission fluids with a reduced oil volume. For this purpose, a standard test rig is modified to reduce the test oil volume from 1.25 liters, as specified in the public standards, to 0.5 liters. The applicability of the reduced test oil volume is demonstrated and the remaining scuffing wear protection of several used oil samples from durability testing is presented. A comparison of the tribological results with the chemical oil analysis results shows the advantage of direct testing of the oil's service properties.
几位研究人员先前的研究表明,在双离合器变速器中,传动液的老化对高负荷摩擦接触的磨损保护有重大影响。根据变速器设计、油底壳温度、传递扭矩、转速和油量的不同,磨损能力会显著降低。由于通常只能从齿轮箱试验中获得有限数量的油来评估油的磨损保护性能,因此可用的分析标准目前仅限于粘度法、TAN、元素分析和IR等方法。提出了一种可用于确定减少油量的传动液的齿轮磨损负荷能力的试验方法。为此,对标准测试台进行了修改,以将公共标准规定的1.25升测试油量减少到0.5升。论证了减小试验油量的适用性,并介绍了几种耐久性试验废油样的剩余磨损保护。摩擦学结果与化学油分析结果的比较表明,直接测试油品的使用性能具有优势。
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引用次数: 1
Guest Editorial Preface 客座社论前言
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231174134
M. Abdollah, H. Amiruddin, Shahira Liza Kamis, N. Zulkifli
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study of sintered and composite brake pad for wind turbine applications 风力发电机用烧结与复合刹车片的对比研究
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231159188
M. A. Sai Balaji, J. Katiyar, A. Eakambaram, P. Baskara Sethupathi, J. Kamalakannan, A. Baskar
The sintered brake pads have been the most commonly utilized brake pads in wind turbines, as it stalls the rotor after shutdown or in case of emergencies. It is a mixture of metallic particles that are pressed together. But it has been noticed that the friction at interface generates the spark in adverse conditions, which cause a fire in nacelle. Due to this a compact unit for fire suppression is used, which adds the additional cost in brake system. Therefore, it is necessary to address the spark issues coming from brake pads under adverse conditions through developing a brake pad using alternate route. Hence, a composite brake button was developed through a compression moulding route, that is, cost economic route. Despite the different compositions and manufacturing routes of materials, a similar frictional behaviour is observed after testing using friction test rig. Further, it is observed a marginally higher friction values for sintered pads. Moreover, the physical and mechanical properties like density, hardness, porosity, shear strength, compression strength, etc., are also found to be similar. In fact, the density of a composite pad is observed 34.7% lesser than sintered pad. Both the developed brake pads have a mean dynamic friction coefficient (∼0.4–0.5) with a mean static friction coefficient of approximately 0.45. In spite of more hardness, the wear resistance is found poorer in sintered pads as compared with composite pads. Hence, it can be concluded that the developed composite pad shows better tribomechanical performance and suitable for application without spark issues.
烧结刹车片是风力涡轮机中最常用的刹车片,因为它在停机后或在紧急情况下使转子失速。它是一种金属微粒被压在一起的混合物。但人们注意到,在不利条件下,接触面摩擦会产生火花,从而引起机舱着火。由于这是一个紧凑的单位用于灭火,这增加了额外的成本,在制动系统。因此,有必要通过开发使用备选路线的刹车片来解决不利条件下刹车片产生的火花问题。因此,通过压缩成型路线,即成本经济路线,开发了复合制动按钮。尽管材料的成分和制造路线不同,但在摩擦试验台测试后观察到相似的摩擦行为。此外,观察到烧结垫片的摩擦值略高。此外,密度、硬度、孔隙率、抗剪强度、抗压强度等物理力学性能也相似。事实上,复合衬垫的密度比烧结衬垫低34.7%。两种开发的刹车片具有平均动态摩擦系数(~ 0.4-0.5),平均静摩擦系数约为0.45。尽管硬度更高,但与复合衬垫相比,烧结衬垫的耐磨性较差。由此可见,所研制的复合衬垫具有较好的摩擦力学性能,适合无火花问题的应用。
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引用次数: 1
The Influence of the Metalworking Fluid on Tool Wear in Milling Inconel 718 金属加工液对铣削Inconel 718刀具磨损的影响
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231169320
L. Meier, M. Eglin
The understanding of tool wear mechanisms is fundamental to developing more productive machining processes. Therefore, the influence of different metalworking fluids on tool wear is studied when milling Inconel 718 using a rotating dynamometer, a stationary dynamometer, and a 3D microscope. A newly developed force model allows the interpretation of more than the maximal cutting force and explains the relation between tribological conditions, tool wear and process forces. In a novel setup, the coolant type was changed in the middle of the tool life to differentiate the direct influence of the coolant on the process forces and the indirect effect via tool wear. By fitting the model to the data, it is found that the metalworking fluid and the process parameters not only influence the wear rate globally, but also lead to different wear mechanisms. The 3D data of worn cutting edges confirms the existence of different wear mechanisms.
刀具磨损机理的理解是开发更有效的加工工艺的基础。因此,在使用旋转测功仪、固定式测功仪和三维显微镜铣削Inconel 718时,研究了不同金属加工液对刀具磨损的影响。一个新开发的力模型允许解释更多的最大切削力,并解释了摩擦条件,刀具磨损和过程力之间的关系。在一种新的设置中,在刀具寿命的中期改变冷却剂的类型,以区分冷却剂对过程力的直接影响和通过刀具磨损产生的间接影响。通过对数据的拟合,发现金属加工流体和工艺参数不仅影响整体磨损率,而且会导致不同的磨损机制。切削刃磨损的三维数据证实了不同磨损机制的存在。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable tribology for reliability and efficiency 可持续摩擦学,提高可靠性和效率
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231169548
J. Katiyar, T. Rao
This special issue includes a collection of papers presented at the International Tribology Research Symposium (ITRS) 2021, held from 8th to 10th December 2021 in a virtual mode with the Tribology for Sustainability and Reliability theme. It has been observed that the types of machinery and components are improving daily as per the requirements to fulfill human needs. Due to these requirements in human necessities, new tribological challenges have developed that affect the reliability and efficiency of machinery and engineering components. Furthermore, the governments have also implemented stringent rules and regulations on industries to reduce environmental pollution. Researchers have developed sustainable (green) lubricants, superlubricity concepts in many engineering components, and new methodologies for contact area reduction, such as self-lubricating coatings, surface texturing, and surface modification. Therefore, this editorial has explored tribological advances, and Triboinformatics approaches for achieving sustainability and reliability. The practical, sustainable tribological approaches for the well-being of the society highlighted in this editorial are 1. Sustainable lubrication, 2. Space tribology, 3. Triboinformatics, 4. Biotribology, 5. Additive manufacturing, 6. Light metal matrix composites, 7. Sustainable machining, 8. Electric vehicles. These sustainable tribological approaches deliberated by the plenary, keynote, and invited speakers and participants of ITRS 2021 are guidelines for future research directions of tribology.
本期特刊包括在2021年12月8日至10日以摩擦学可持续发展和可靠性主题的虚拟模式举行的2021年国际摩擦学研究研讨会(ITRS)上发表的论文集。据观察,机器和部件的类型每天都在改进,以满足人类的需求。由于人类生活必需品的这些要求,新的摩擦学挑战已经发展到影响机械和工程部件的可靠性和效率。此外,政府还对工业实施了严格的规章制度,以减少环境污染。研究人员开发了可持续(绿色)润滑剂,在许多工程部件中使用超润滑概念,以及减少接触面积的新方法,如自润滑涂层、表面纹理和表面改性。因此,这篇社论探讨了摩擦学的进展,以及实现可持续性和可靠性的摩擦信息学方法。实用的,可持续的摩擦学方法为社会福祉强调在这篇社论是1。2.可持续润滑;空间摩擦学,3;Triboinformatics 4。Biotribology 5。增材制造;7.轻金属基复合材料;可持续加工;8;电动汽车。ITRS 2021的全体会议、主题演讲、特邀演讲者和参与者审议的这些可持续摩擦学方法是摩擦学未来研究方向的指导方针。
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引用次数: 1
The effect of aviation anti-wear additives on tribofilm formation and micropitting propensity 航空抗磨添加剂对摩擦膜形成和微点蚀倾向的影响
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231167621
J. Airey, James Simpson, M. Spencer, R. Greenwood, M. Simmons
This article studies the effect of anti-wear additives on micropitting and tribofilm formation. In particular, anti-wear additives used in aviation applications have been compared against a commonly used automotive anti-wear additive (zinc dialkyldithiophosphate ((ZDDP)) that is known to promote micropitting. All tests were performed under test conditions representative of the Power GearBox within Rolls-Royce's new engine, the UltraFan©. Tests using a micropitting rig found that ZDDP formed micropits the fastest, which then propagated onto the largest amount of wear showing the catastrophic effects of micropitting. Whereas other aviation anti-wear additives, such as tricresyl phosphate and additive X, formed micropits more slowly but faster than the formulation without additives containing only base oil. Focus variation microscopy was used to characterise the micropits and found that ZDDP formed smaller and shallower micropits than the other anti-wear additives, and as a result, the wear track of the ZDDP roller had the lowest roughness. The unadditised base oil, whilst it generated micropits more slowly, propagated quickly to a more severe failure mode, showing the harmful effects of having no anti-wear additive present. The profilometer results showed the counterface ring roughness for ZDDP remained the highest, confirming that ZDDP forms a tribofilm quickly. This protects asperities, which consequently promotes micropitting, as high localised asperity contact pressures are maintained. This was further confirmed by evaluating the tribofilms using a mini traction machine with spacer layer imaging to form tribofilms under representative conditions. This demonstrated that ZDDP forms a thicker tribofilm than the aviation anti-additives and at a faster rate. Overall, the study showed that the aviation anti-wear additives promote micropitting less than ZDDP but more than base oil alone. The slower action of the tribofilm formation allows the initial running-in of surfaces, which slows down the initiation of micropitting.
本文研究了抗磨添加剂对微点蚀和摩擦膜形成的影响。特别是,已经将航空应用中使用的抗磨添加剂与常用的汽车抗磨添加剂(二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP))进行了比较,后者已知会促进微点蚀。所有测试都是在劳斯莱斯新发动机UltraFan©的动力变速箱测试条件下进行的。使用微点蚀装置进行的测试发现,ZDDP形成微坑的速度最快,然后传播到最大的磨损上,显示出微点蚀的灾难性影响。而其他航空抗磨添加剂,如磷酸三甲酯和添加剂X,形成微坑的速度比只含基础油的配方慢,但速度更快。用焦点变化显微镜对微坑进行表征,发现ZDDP形成的微坑比其他抗磨添加剂更小、更浅,因此ZDDP辊的磨损轨迹粗糙度最低。未添加的基础油虽然产生微坑的速度较慢,但会迅速传播到更严重的失效模式,显示出没有添加抗磨添加剂的有害影响。轮廓仪结果表明,ZDDP的表面环粗糙度保持最高,证实了ZDDP快速形成摩擦膜。这可以保护凹凸不平,从而促进微点蚀,因为保持了较高的局部凹凸不平接触压力。通过使用具有间隔层成像的小型牵引机评估摩擦膜,在代表性条件下形成摩擦膜,进一步证实了这一点。这表明ZDDP比航空抗添加剂形成更厚的摩擦膜,且速度更快。总的来说,研究表明,航空抗磨添加剂对微点蚀的促进作用小于ZDDP,但大于基础油。摩擦膜形成的缓慢作用允许表面的初始磨合,这减缓了微点蚀的开始。
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引用次数: 0
Probing asymmetric uncertain effect on symmetric three-lobe journal bearing 对称三瓣滑动轴承的探测不对称不确定效应
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1177/13506501231165564
B. Roy, L. Roy, S. Dey
The conventional design process of journal bearings is completely based on deterministic theoretical predictions. The deterministic approach ignores the probabilistic and random nature of input variables and consequently, poses an arbitrary tolerance or safety factor on the performance parameters. However, such arbitrary safety factors result in performance loss when the factor is very high or failure of the system when the factor is low. This paper presents a probabilistic approach for the design of a three-lobe journal bearing considering the uncertainty in geometric parameters such as clearance, preload, and offset factor. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) algorithm is used for the propagation of input uncertainties to the systems’ output. To increase the efficiency of computationally expensive MCS, the moving least square (MLS) method is used as a surrogate model. The training data of the surrogate model is obtained by solving the Reynolds equation, at selective design points, using the finite difference method. To explain the probabilistic response of the bearing for various applications and different operating conditions, the results are presented for long, short, and finite bearings at three different supply pressures considering three different eccentricity ratios. The results of the probabilistic analysis show a significant deviation of the system response from its deterministically predicted values and suggest safe design values for the reliable operation of a three-lobe bearing.
滑动轴承的常规设计过程完全基于确定性的理论预测。确定性方法忽略了输入变量的概率性和随机性,因此对性能参数提出了任意容差或安全系数。然而,这种任意的安全系数在系数很高时会导致性能损失,在系数很低时会导致系统失效。本文提出了一种考虑间隙、预紧力和偏移系数等几何参数不确定性的三瓣滑动轴承的概率设计方法。蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)算法用于将输入不确定性传播到系统的输出。为了提高计算量大的MCS的效率,采用移动最小二乘(MLS)方法作为代理模型。代理模型的训练数据是用有限差分法在选定的设计点上求解Reynolds方程得到的。为了解释轴承在各种应用和不同运行条件下的概率响应,给出了考虑三种不同偏心比的三种不同供应压力下的长、短和有限轴承的结果。概率分析结果表明,系统响应与其确定性预测值存在显著偏差,为三瓣轴承的可靠运行提供了安全设计值。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology
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