Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288374
V. E. Bottom
The phenomenon of piezoelectricity, discovered in 1880, is the basis of a number of devices which are essential to the art and practice of electrical communication. The discovery of the phenomenon, the development of the quartz resonator, and its application as a frequency-stabilizing element in oscillator and filter circuits are described. Some of the technical problems encountered in the design and fabrication of quartz-crystal units are discussed. Using quartz crystal units for short-term stability and atomic resonators for long-term stability, frequency standards which are reliable and reproducible to 1×10-11 are now available.
{"title":"Piezoelectric Effect and Applications in Electrical Communication","authors":"V. E. Bottom","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288374","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of piezoelectricity, discovered in 1880, is the basis of a number of devices which are essential to the art and practice of electrical communication. The discovery of the phenomenon, the development of the quartz resonator, and its application as a frequency-stabilizing element in oscillator and filter circuits are described. Some of the technical problems encountered in the design and fabrication of quartz-crystal units are discussed. Using quartz crystal units for short-term stability and atomic resonators for long-term stability, frequency standards which are reliable and reproducible to 1×10-11 are now available.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"19 1","pages":"929-931"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87931636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288067
R. Watson-Watt
{"title":"Electrons and Elections","authors":"R. Watson-Watt","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"4 1","pages":"646-649"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86920810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287997
J. A. Morton
In 1962, a group of fellows of the Institute of Radio Engineers (one of the ancestor organizations of the IEEE) was invited to undertake the hazardous task of transporting themselves forward in thought some 50 years and then presenting the accomplishments of communications, electronics, and computer science, as well as other scientific topics, during the thus scanned era of 1962–2012. Within reason, no physical or engineering limits were placed on their vision or imagination. The narratives or prophecies resulting from this enterprise are being presented each month over the next several years as both a retrospective of the twentieth century and a preview of the next century. Each predictive paper reprint from 1962 will be accompanied by a companion predictive paper that discusses not only the 1962 paper’s contents but also its underlying premises. The companion predictive paper will hopefully provide some insight into the evolution of the subject during the latter part of the twentieth century and what factors might play a role in the evolution of the subject in the future. The following is a brief quote from one paper from the 1962 predictive paper series, “The Potential of Progress-An Optimistic View” by C. G. Suits:
{"title":"Functional Components and Integrated Circuits: Invention Today Synthesis in 2012 A.D.","authors":"J. A. Morton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287997","url":null,"abstract":"In 1962, a group of fellows of the Institute of Radio Engineers (one of the ancestor organizations of the IEEE) was invited to undertake the hazardous task of transporting themselves forward in thought some 50 years and then presenting the accomplishments of communications, electronics, and computer science, as well as other scientific topics, during the thus scanned era of 1962–2012. Within reason, no physical or engineering limits were placed on their vision or imagination. The narratives or prophecies resulting from this enterprise are being presented each month over the next several years as both a retrospective of the twentieth century and a preview of the next century. Each predictive paper reprint from 1962 will be accompanied by a companion predictive paper that discusses not only the 1962 paper’s contents but also its underlying premises. The companion predictive paper will hopefully provide some insight into the evolution of the subject during the latter part of the twentieth century and what factors might play a role in the evolution of the subject in the future. The following is a brief quote from one paper from the 1962 predictive paper series, “The Potential of Progress-An Optimistic View” by C. G. Suits:","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"86 1","pages":"601-602"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80705447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288079
S. Ramo
The ways in which government-sponsored research and development and procurement have influenced electronics in the U.S.A. are discussed. It is concluded that missiles and space have moved to first place in impact on technical advance, industrial organization, and industry-government relations. Major changes have taken place, as a result of these programs, on both technical and administrative fronts, with many unsolved problems remaining in adjusting to the coming expanding missile and space programs.
{"title":"The Impact of Missiles and Space on Electronics","authors":"S. Ramo","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288079","url":null,"abstract":"The ways in which government-sponsored research and development and procurement have influenced electronics in the U.S.A. are discussed. It is concluded that missiles and space have moved to first place in impact on technical advance, industrial organization, and industry-government relations. Major changes have taken place, as a result of these programs, on both technical and administrative fronts, with many unsolved problems remaining in adjusting to the coming expanding missile and space programs.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"30 1","pages":"1237-1241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88803139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287983
D. Israel
{"title":"Radio Communication in 2012 - An Obsolete Art","authors":"D. Israel","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287983","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"45 1","pages":"581-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88465443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288292
H. Chestnut
The past fifty years have seen the automatic control and electronic fields come close together and form an effective means for increasing man's productivity and his ability to control energy and materials. By extending automatic control concepts to new processes, by developing more flexible controls capable of changing their characteristics to optimize performance of the process being controlled, and by increasing the capability of the sensing means in difficult environments, man will be able to make even more effective his ability to control automatically in the years ahead. Electronics is increasingly able to provide physical means for providing the realization of automatic control principles and concepts. Increasing effort to achieve reliable electronic automatic control means must be continued in the years ahead to make possible the realization of the promised gains indicated by the automatic control theory. In addition, more use should be made of standardized design ranges of electrical and mechanical features so that all automatic control equipment can be made in less time and at a lower relative cost. The future appears bright for expanded use of automatic control and electronics as we look ahead for the next fifty years of the IRE.
{"title":"Automatic Control and Electronics","authors":"H. Chestnut","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288292","url":null,"abstract":"The past fifty years have seen the automatic control and electronic fields come close together and form an effective means for increasing man's productivity and his ability to control energy and materials. By extending automatic control concepts to new processes, by developing more flexible controls capable of changing their characteristics to optimize performance of the process being controlled, and by increasing the capability of the sensing means in difficult environments, man will be able to make even more effective his ability to control automatically in the years ahead. Electronics is increasingly able to provide physical means for providing the realization of automatic control principles and concepts. Increasing effort to achieve reliable electronic automatic control means must be continued in the years ahead to make possible the realization of the promised gains indicated by the automatic control theory. In addition, more use should be made of standardized design ranges of electrical and mechanical features so that all automatic control equipment can be made in less time and at a lower relative cost. The future appears bright for expanded use of automatic control and electronics as we look ahead for the next fifty years of the IRE.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"98 1","pages":"787-792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76114677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288078
R. Page
Five basic ideas are identified, the combination of which consitutes radar. A clear distinction is then made between this combination of ideas, the contemporary technology from which it grew, and the contemporary scientific knowledge on which it was based. The mainstream of the development of radar is traced in a sequence of related events from 1922 to 1941. The technical problems encountered and the solutions employed in the first radar development are outlined in some detail. Two sidestreams of radar development are identified. The relationships among the three streams are discussed.
{"title":"The Early History of Radar","authors":"R. Page","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288078","url":null,"abstract":"Five basic ideas are identified, the combination of which consitutes radar. A clear distinction is then made between this combination of ideas, the contemporary technology from which it grew, and the contemporary scientific knowledge on which it was based. The mainstream of the development of radar is traced in a sequence of related events from 1922 to 1941. The technical problems encountered and the solutions employed in the first radar development are outlined in some detail. Two sidestreams of radar development are identified. The relationships among the three streams are discussed.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"1 1","pages":"1232-1236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72974834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288019
Walther Richter
During the past two decades significant improvements have been made in all types of electron tubes. Small tubes became still smaller, and the output of large tubes has been increased. Greater reliability has been achieved, and frequency limits have been extended upward. Hydrogen thyratrons have been developed, providing high power for pulse work. Ignitron ratings have been increased significantly. The problem of shutting off gas tubes by grid control has received attention and has led to two new types of tubes which at this time have, however, only limited output. To the list of photosensitive devices have been added the leadsulfide and similar cells, providing means of detecting infrared radiation of long wave length. A host of ingenious transducers has extended the use of electron tubes in the measurement and control field; smaller magnitudes of physical quantities, such as distance, pressure and magnetic field intensity can be observed and recorded. On the other end of the scale, tubes have provided HF power for induction and dielectric heating. But by far the most outstanding development of the last 15 years has been in the field of solid state or semiconductor devices. Here the transistor, announced in 1948, occupies first place, and improvements in its characteristics are coming at a breath-taking pace. In 1957 the silicon-controlled rectifier, aptly called a solid-state thyratron, joined the march. These two devices are giving industrial electronics a tremendous new drive.
{"title":"Industrial Electronic Developments in the Last Two Decades and a Glimpse into the Future","authors":"Walther Richter","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288019","url":null,"abstract":"During the past two decades significant improvements have been made in all types of electron tubes. Small tubes became still smaller, and the output of large tubes has been increased. Greater reliability has been achieved, and frequency limits have been extended upward. Hydrogen thyratrons have been developed, providing high power for pulse work. Ignitron ratings have been increased significantly. The problem of shutting off gas tubes by grid control has received attention and has led to two new types of tubes which at this time have, however, only limited output. To the list of photosensitive devices have been added the leadsulfide and similar cells, providing means of detecting infrared radiation of long wave length. A host of ingenious transducers has extended the use of electron tubes in the measurement and control field; smaller magnitudes of physical quantities, such as distance, pressure and magnetic field intensity can be observed and recorded. On the other end of the scale, tubes have provided HF power for induction and dielectric heating. But by far the most outstanding development of the last 15 years has been in the field of solid state or semiconductor devices. Here the transistor, announced in 1948, occupies first place, and improvements in its characteristics are coming at a breath-taking pace. In 1957 the silicon-controlled rectifier, aptly called a solid-state thyratron, joined the march. These two devices are giving industrial electronics a tremendous new drive.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"6 1","pages":"1136-1142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74226911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288377
S. Danko
In the two decades since the concept of ceramic based "printed circuits" was first suggested for an Army Ordnance application, substantial changes have taken place in the techniques of electronic circuit construction in the United States. Today, such ceramic circuits, in simple and complex networks, are complemented by printed wiring assemblies in several variations. Both technologies, now well established and in mass use on production lines, represent the current plateaus in miniature circuit construction for general commercial and military usage. Other construction philosophies and technologies are now shaping in the country's industrial and military laboratories, all aimed at new orders of size reduction of electronic equipments. In the several microelectronic techniques under development, the elemental electronic part appears destined to lose its logistic identity completely, and yield its classical position as a building block to black boxes called "circuit functions." The paper provides a summary review of the evolution of current ceramic printed circuits and printed wiring practices and, in the light of today's microelectronic activities, frames the trend in equipment design in the years ahead.
{"title":"Printed Circuits and Microelectronics","authors":"S. Danko","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288377","url":null,"abstract":"In the two decades since the concept of ceramic based \"printed circuits\" was first suggested for an Army Ordnance application, substantial changes have taken place in the techniques of electronic circuit construction in the United States. Today, such ceramic circuits, in simple and complex networks, are complemented by printed wiring assemblies in several variations. Both technologies, now well established and in mass use on production lines, represent the current plateaus in miniature circuit construction for general commercial and military usage. Other construction philosophies and technologies are now shaping in the country's industrial and military laboratories, all aimed at new orders of size reduction of electronic equipments. In the several microelectronic techniques under development, the elemental electronic part appears destined to lose its logistic identity completely, and yield its classical position as a building block to black boxes called \"circuit functions.\" The paper provides a summary review of the evolution of current ceramic printed circuits and printed wiring practices and, in the light of today's microelectronic activities, frames the trend in equipment design in the years ahead.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"43 1","pages":"937-945"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79323966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288003
B. Lax, J. G. Mavroides
The solid-state properties of matter are of interest not only to the research scientist but also to the engineer who has translated the findings of basic research into endeavors of great technological significance. The research in ferromagnetism has led to the magnetic amplifier, which for certain applications is superior to amplifiers using vacuum tubes and to the development of new materials such as ferrites, which are now finding use at radio frequencies in pulse transformers, radio frequency inductors, antenna rods, magnetic core delay lines, computer elements, and magnetic recording media. Ferrites and antiferromagnetic materials are now also widely used at microwave frequencies and millimeter wavelengths as nonreciprocal phase shifters, load isolators, filters, ferrite switches, ferrod radiators, modulators and power limiters. Such phenomena as piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and magnetostriction have resulted in the use of ultrasonic waves for the study of phononelectron and phonon-spin interactions as well for such practical devices as the detection of imperfections and faults in solids, electromechanical transducers, resonators, filters, delay lines, computer memories, ultrasonic soldering, cleaning, drilling and cutting, and strain and acceleration gauges. Dielectric materials have found applications as prisms, polarizers, restrahlen plates and more recently in dielectric wave guides and fiber optics.
{"title":"Solid-State Devices Other than Semiconductors","authors":"B. Lax, J. G. Mavroides","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288003","url":null,"abstract":"The solid-state properties of matter are of interest not only to the research scientist but also to the engineer who has translated the findings of basic research into endeavors of great technological significance. The research in ferromagnetism has led to the magnetic amplifier, which for certain applications is superior to amplifiers using vacuum tubes and to the development of new materials such as ferrites, which are now finding use at radio frequencies in pulse transformers, radio frequency inductors, antenna rods, magnetic core delay lines, computer elements, and magnetic recording media. Ferrites and antiferromagnetic materials are now also widely used at microwave frequencies and millimeter wavelengths as nonreciprocal phase shifters, load isolators, filters, ferrite switches, ferrod radiators, modulators and power limiters. Such phenomena as piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and magnetostriction have resulted in the use of ultrasonic waves for the study of phononelectron and phonon-spin interactions as well for such practical devices as the detection of imperfections and faults in solids, electromechanical transducers, resonators, filters, delay lines, computer memories, ultrasonic soldering, cleaning, drilling and cutting, and strain and acceleration gauges. Dielectric materials have found applications as prisms, polarizers, restrahlen plates and more recently in dielectric wave guides and fiber optics.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"45 1","pages":"1011-1024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84623481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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