Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1962.288368
R. Heising
This paper covers briefly the early radio telephone experiments with efforts by the various inventors to modulate spark, arc and alternator outputs with microphones of various kinds, and also with variable reactances controlled by voice signals. The development of the high-vacuum triode provided a basis for a completely new art, both in sustained wave generation, and in modulation. A few of the methods of modulation by the triode, as well as the development of the first practical radio telephone which led the way to early broadcast transmitters, are outlined. The discovery of sidebands with its early influence on transmitter circuits, which led to channel spacing, and also to single sideband use for ether space conservation, is mentioned. The early fumbling with frequency modulation and then the eventual discovery of how it could be used to advantage is outlined. Pulse-modulation systems, which have not yet reached their full development, are covered briefly. Nothing is given about modulation methods for the infrared optical waves for which methods of generation have lately been discovered, but for which modulation methods have not yet been published.
{"title":"Modulation Methods","authors":"R. Heising","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1962.288368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1962.288368","url":null,"abstract":"This paper covers briefly the early radio telephone experiments with efforts by the various inventors to modulate spark, arc and alternator outputs with microphones of various kinds, and also with variable reactances controlled by voice signals. The development of the high-vacuum triode provided a basis for a completely new art, both in sustained wave generation, and in modulation. A few of the methods of modulation by the triode, as well as the development of the first practical radio telephone which led the way to early broadcast transmitters, are outlined. The discovery of sidebands with its early influence on transmitter circuits, which led to channel spacing, and also to single sideband use for ether space conservation, is mentioned. The early fumbling with frequency modulation and then the eventual discovery of how it could be used to advantage is outlined. Pulse-modulation systems, which have not yet reached their full development, are covered briefly. Nothing is given about modulation methods for the infrared optical waves for which methods of generation have lately been discovered, but for which modulation methods have not yet been published.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"30 1","pages":"896-901"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81749470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288102
E. Jordan, R. P. King
Progress in the quantitative understanding of antennas as circuit elements, transmitters, receivers and scatterers of electromagnetic radiation is reviewed briefly for the period 1945-1961. Advances in the design of selected radiating systems with special properties are indicated. Specific reference is made to the impedance, current distribution, and pattern characteristic of cylindrical dipoles, singly and in arrays. Particular developments touched upon include slot and surface wave antennas, microwave antennas and microwave lenses, super-gain antennas, and very large antennas and arrays for radio astronomy and satellite communication. Frequency-independent "angle" antennas and log-periodic structures are reviewed briefly.
{"title":"Advances in the Field of Antennas and Propagation since World War II: Part I - Antennas","authors":"E. Jordan, R. P. King","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288102","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in the quantitative understanding of antennas as circuit elements, transmitters, receivers and scatterers of electromagnetic radiation is reviewed briefly for the period 1945-1961. Advances in the design of selected radiating systems with special properties are indicated. Specific reference is made to the impedance, current distribution, and pattern characteristic of cylindrical dipoles, singly and in arrays. Particular developments touched upon include slot and surface wave antennas, microwave antennas and microwave lenses, super-gain antennas, and very large antennas and arrays for radio astronomy and satellite communication. Frequency-independent \"angle\" antennas and log-periodic structures are reviewed briefly.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"17 1","pages":"705-708"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81471411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288382
E. Weber
Graduate study in electrical engineering developed significantly after World War I when radio engineering came of age. The many new scientific discoveries preceding World War II and exploited technologically during and following that war lent tremendous impetus to the further growth of graduate study, particularly towards the doctor's degree. The keen competition for the outstanding students between industrial research laboratories and the faculties of the leading institutions has retarded the growth of the genuine full-time student body and has enormously accelerated the part-time enrollment for graduate degrees with the result that the numbers of degrees awarded have increased at a lesser rate. This has accentuated evaluative studies of graduate education and drawn the attention to national needs; namely, large-scale support of a sufficient number of outstanding graduate study and research centers with adequate support for genuine full-time graduate students in order to supply faculty needs as well as the needs of industry in this highly technological society.
{"title":"Graduate Study in Electrical Engineering","authors":"E. Weber","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288382","url":null,"abstract":"Graduate study in electrical engineering developed significantly after World War I when radio engineering came of age. The many new scientific discoveries preceding World War II and exploited technologically during and following that war lent tremendous impetus to the further growth of graduate study, particularly towards the doctor's degree. The keen competition for the outstanding students between industrial research laboratories and the faculties of the leading institutions has retarded the growth of the genuine full-time student body and has enormously accelerated the part-time enrollment for graduate degrees with the result that the numbers of degrees awarded have increased at a lesser rate. This has accentuated evaluative studies of graduate education and drawn the attention to national needs; namely, large-scale support of a sufficient number of outstanding graduate study and research centers with adequate support for genuine full-time graduate students in order to supply faculty needs as well as the needs of industry in this highly technological society.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"2012 1","pages":"960-966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82620860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288105
H. Booker
It is predicted that the future of propagation research and development will involve: 1) world-wide radio communication via satellites, 2) greatly increased interest in the magnetosphere and the solar atmosphere, 3) greatly increased interest in the atmospheres and surfaces of planets, 4) a far wider interpretation of the notion of radio frequency, both at the lower and the upper ends of the spectrum, 5) extensive use of new methods for investigating the top side of the ionosphere by both reflection and scattering techniques, 6) the discovery of new phenomena by the use of large antennas, high-power transmitters and low-noise receivers, and, 7) greatly increased interest in the propagation of sonic and tidal waves in the atmosphere.
{"title":"The Future of Propagation Research and Development","authors":"H. Booker","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288105","url":null,"abstract":"It is predicted that the future of propagation research and development will involve: 1) world-wide radio communication via satellites, 2) greatly increased interest in the magnetosphere and the solar atmosphere, 3) greatly increased interest in the atmospheres and surfaces of planets, 4) a far wider interpretation of the notion of radio frequency, both at the lower and the upper ends of the spectrum, 5) extensive use of new methods for investigating the top side of the ionosphere by both reflection and scattering techniques, 6) the discovery of new phenomena by the use of large antennas, high-power transmitters and low-noise receivers, and, 7) greatly increased interest in the propagation of sonic and tidal waves in the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"40 1","pages":"717-718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80926077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288379
P. Darnell
Increasingly complex electronic systems are creating the need for greater numbers of components, with consequent serious problems of systems reliability and maintenance. Rockets, satellites and space vehicles demand small, lightweight, highly reliable electronic equipment. It is noted that miniaturized assemblies, integrated circuits, and functional solid-state devices provide solutions to these critical demands. Opinions are offered as to the time scale of availability of these new approaches. However, a continuing need for conventional parts in certain applications is noted, and possible trends in further development of several kinds are discussed. To derive maximum benefits inherent in the application of truly functional devices, the necessity of changes in points of view and design philosophies of both systems and device engineers is indicated. Certain factors other than those of a technical nature are considered which may have an important influence on the rate of transition from classical components to functional entities. Finally it is opined that the device engineer of the future should have a breadth and depth of intellectual disciplines which not only allows him to appreciate systems objectives, but also enables him to implement these objectives by functional devices through the media of basic properties of substances.
{"title":"Future of the Component Parts Field","authors":"P. Darnell","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288379","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly complex electronic systems are creating the need for greater numbers of components, with consequent serious problems of systems reliability and maintenance. Rockets, satellites and space vehicles demand small, lightweight, highly reliable electronic equipment. It is noted that miniaturized assemblies, integrated circuits, and functional solid-state devices provide solutions to these critical demands. Opinions are offered as to the time scale of availability of these new approaches. However, a continuing need for conventional parts in certain applications is noted, and possible trends in further development of several kinds are discussed. To derive maximum benefits inherent in the application of truly functional devices, the necessity of changes in points of view and design philosophies of both systems and device engineers is indicated. Certain factors other than those of a technical nature are considered which may have an important influence on the rate of transition from classical components to functional entities. Finally it is opined that the device engineer of the future should have a breadth and depth of intellectual disciplines which not only allows him to appreciate systems objectives, but also enables him to implement these objectives by functional devices through the media of basic properties of substances.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"73 1","pages":"950-954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90809252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288015
H. P. Birmingham
The growth of the new science dealing with manmachine relationships is traced from the first organized efforts during World War II to the present. The current rapid growth is underlined by the organization of professional societies, the largest of which is the IRE Professional Group on Human Factors in Electronics. The discussion includes reference to the several government, university and industrial laboratories which have pioneered in this field.
{"title":"Human Factors in Electronics-Historical Sketch","authors":"H. P. Birmingham","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288015","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the new science dealing with manmachine relationships is traced from the first organized efforts during World War II to the present. The current rapid growth is underlined by the organization of professional societies, the largest of which is the IRE Professional Group on Human Factors in Electronics. The discussion includes reference to the several government, university and industrial laboratories which have pioneered in this field.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"53 1","pages":"1116-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288101
K. Norton
Many publications have appeared which describe the very extensive wartime radio-wave propagation research. References to some of these summaries are given which cover some aspects of this research as carried out in the United States, England, the U.S.S.R., Japan and Germany. These summaries are most complete for the work done in the United States, England and Japan. A summary is then given of some of the wartime research in the United States on direction finders and the polarization of downcoming ionospheric radio waves. This is followed by some heretofore unpublished material on Japanese ionospheric research which, by way of example, clearly indicates that an April, 1942, paper by Maeda, Uyeda and Shinkawa contains the first definite identification and interpretation of the F2-layer longitude effect. Finally a brief summary is given of a few selected topics in propagation research which arose out of the wartime development of radar.
{"title":"Radio-Wave Propagation during World War II","authors":"K. Norton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288101","url":null,"abstract":"Many publications have appeared which describe the very extensive wartime radio-wave propagation research. References to some of these summaries are given which cover some aspects of this research as carried out in the United States, England, the U.S.S.R., Japan and Germany. These summaries are most complete for the work done in the United States, England and Japan. A summary is then given of some of the wartime research in the United States on direction finders and the polarization of downcoming ionospheric radio waves. This is followed by some heretofore unpublished material on Japanese ionospheric research which, by way of example, clearly indicates that an April, 1942, paper by Maeda, Uyeda and Shinkawa contains the first definite identification and interpretation of the F2-layer longitude effect. Finally a brief summary is given of a few selected topics in propagation research which arose out of the wartime development of radar.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"3 1","pages":"698-704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88075233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288104
M. Adcock, R. Hiatt, K. Siegel
Although the rate and direction of advancement of the antenna field depends to a large extent on new inventions and techniques, and on the discovery of new materials, it is possible to indicate some of the trends which may be expected. The major advances in the near future will probably come in the areas of data-processing antennas and dynamic antennas. In the data-processing antenna, increased information is obtained by processing the signals available at the antenna terminals; in dynamic antennas, antenna performance is enhanced by time-modulating the aperture transfer function. It is likely that the most significant applications of dataprocessing antennas will be in the fields of radio astronomy and communications. Electronic scanning, another well-known technique of beam pointing, should lend itself naturally to the data-processing antenna approach, particularly since, for other purposes, the arrays will be used with computers. Such antennas will supersede movable large reflector types, for communication with space vehicles. Very large electronic scanning antennas will probably be built on the ground or on a horizontal plane, for minimum wind resistance. It may be expected, further, that electronic scanning arrays will be built in various shapes for installation on missiles or satellites. In order to achieve larger antennas for increased tracking and communications capability, greater transmitted power, larger apertures, and natural geographic features may be used as foundation elements of the antenna. Canyons and cliffs, for example, could be used as reflecting surfaces if suitably coated.
{"title":"The Future of Antennas","authors":"M. Adcock, R. Hiatt, K. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288104","url":null,"abstract":"Although the rate and direction of advancement of the antenna field depends to a large extent on new inventions and techniques, and on the discovery of new materials, it is possible to indicate some of the trends which may be expected. The major advances in the near future will probably come in the areas of data-processing antennas and dynamic antennas. In the data-processing antenna, increased information is obtained by processing the signals available at the antenna terminals; in dynamic antennas, antenna performance is enhanced by time-modulating the aperture transfer function. It is likely that the most significant applications of dataprocessing antennas will be in the fields of radio astronomy and communications. Electronic scanning, another well-known technique of beam pointing, should lend itself naturally to the data-processing antenna approach, particularly since, for other purposes, the arrays will be used with computers. Such antennas will supersede movable large reflector types, for communication with space vehicles. Very large electronic scanning antennas will probably be built on the ground or on a horizontal plane, for minimum wind resistance. It may be expected, further, that electronic scanning arrays will be built in various shapes for installation on missiles or satellites. In order to achieve larger antennas for increased tracking and communications capability, greater transmitted power, larger apertures, and natural geographic features may be used as foundation elements of the antenna. Canyons and cliffs, for example, could be used as reflecting surfaces if suitably coated.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"30 1","pages":"712-716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84435026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_100611
B. McMillan, D. Slepian
{"title":"Information Theory","authors":"B. McMillan, D. Slepian","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_100611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_100611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"28 1","pages":"1151-1157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86950342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-05-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288076
P. Coleman
The basic problems encountered in both classical and quantum electronics when attempting to produce coherent radiation in the microwave-infrared gap region extending from roughly 100- to 1000-microns wavelength are reviewed. Brief historical accounts are given of past work leading up to the submillimeter wave frontier. Some selected examples of current work are described to indicate the direction research in this area is taking. While it is the conclusion that a real breakthrough in the microwave infrared problem is not imminent, it is felt that the new background knowledge and the increased applied physics experience now acquired by the ultramicrowave engineer will hasten the day when a solution to the problem will be obtained.
{"title":"Spanning the Microwave Infrared Gap","authors":"P. Coleman","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288076","url":null,"abstract":"The basic problems encountered in both classical and quantum electronics when attempting to produce coherent radiation in the microwave-infrared gap region extending from roughly 100- to 1000-microns wavelength are reviewed. Brief historical accounts are given of past work leading up to the submillimeter wave frontier. Some selected examples of current work are described to indicate the direction research in this area is taking. While it is the conclusion that a real breakthrough in the microwave infrared problem is not imminent, it is felt that the new background knowledge and the increased applied physics experience now acquired by the ultramicrowave engineer will hasten the day when a solution to the problem will be obtained.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"58 1","pages":"1219-1224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73089359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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