Abobakr Al-Ttowi, Akmal Nizam Mohammed, Sami Al-Alimi, Wenbin Zhou, Yazid Saif, Iman Fitri Ismail
This study presents a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation into the aerodynamic performance of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine, focusing on torque and power generation under different turbulence models. The primary objective was to analyse the effect of various turbulence models and their responses in wind turbine torque generation. Furthermore, it also investigates the distance effect on wind velocity deficit. The research utilizes 2D and 3D simulations of the S809 airfoil and the full rotor, examining the predictive capabilities of the k-epsilon, k-omega, and k-omega SST turbulence models. The study incorporates both experimental validation and wake analysis using the Gaussian wake model to assess wind velocity deficits. Simulations were conducted for a wind speed range of (6–10 m/s), with results indicating that the k-epsilon model provided the closest match to experimental data, particularly at higher wind speeds within the targeted range. Even though k-epsilon results had better agreement when validated with experimental data, theoretically k-omega (SST) should perform better as it combines k-epsilon and k-omega advantages in predicting the flow regardless of its farness from the wall. However, in simulations using the k-omega (SST), the separation of flow and the shear stress transients were only visible at wind speeds of 10 m/s or higher. Wake effects, on the other hand, were found to cause significant velocity deficits behind the turbine, following an exponential decay pattern. The findings offer valuable insights into improving wind turbine performance through turbulence model selection and wake impact analysis, providing practical guidelines for future wind energy optimizations.
{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Investigation of NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine Performance Using Various Turbulence Models","authors":"Abobakr Al-Ttowi, Akmal Nizam Mohammed, Sami Al-Alimi, Wenbin Zhou, Yazid Saif, Iman Fitri Ismail","doi":"10.3390/pr12091994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091994","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation into the aerodynamic performance of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine, focusing on torque and power generation under different turbulence models. The primary objective was to analyse the effect of various turbulence models and their responses in wind turbine torque generation. Furthermore, it also investigates the distance effect on wind velocity deficit. The research utilizes 2D and 3D simulations of the S809 airfoil and the full rotor, examining the predictive capabilities of the k-epsilon, k-omega, and k-omega SST turbulence models. The study incorporates both experimental validation and wake analysis using the Gaussian wake model to assess wind velocity deficits. Simulations were conducted for a wind speed range of (6–10 m/s), with results indicating that the k-epsilon model provided the closest match to experimental data, particularly at higher wind speeds within the targeted range. Even though k-epsilon results had better agreement when validated with experimental data, theoretically k-omega (SST) should perform better as it combines k-epsilon and k-omega advantages in predicting the flow regardless of its farness from the wall. However, in simulations using the k-omega (SST), the separation of flow and the shear stress transients were only visible at wind speeds of 10 m/s or higher. Wake effects, on the other hand, were found to cause significant velocity deficits behind the turbine, following an exponential decay pattern. The findings offer valuable insights into improving wind turbine performance through turbulence model selection and wake impact analysis, providing practical guidelines for future wind energy optimizations.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrián Hernández-Fernández, Eduardo Iniesta-López, Ana Isabel Hernández Baños, Yolanda Garrido, Ana Sánchez Zurano, Francisco J. Hernández-Fernández, Antonia Pérez De los Ríos
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microalgae–bacteria consortia represent two renewable and promising technologies of growing interest that enable wastewater treatment while obtaining high-value-added products. This study integrates MFCs and microalgae production systems to treat animal slurry, aiming to remove and recover organic and inorganic components while generating energy and producing biomass. The MFCs effectively eliminated Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), organic nitrogen, and a portion of the suspended solids, achieving a maximum voltage of 195 mV and a power density of 87.03 mW·m−2. After pre-treatment with MFCs, the slurry was diluted to concentrations of 10%, 50%, and 100% and treated with microalgae–bacteria consortia. The results showed a biomass production of 0.51 g·L−1 and a productivity of 0.04 g·L−1·day−1 in the culture fed with 10% slurry, with significant removal efficiencies: 40.71% for COD, 97.76% for N-NH4+, 39.66% for N-NO2−, 47.37% for N-NO3−, and 94.37% for P-PO4−3. The combination of both technologies allowed for obtaining a properly purified slurry and the recovery of nutrients in the form of bioelectricity and high-value biomass. Increasing the concentration of animal slurry to be treated is essential to optimize and scale both technologies.
{"title":"Optimization of Recovery of Nutrients from Pig Manure Slurry through Combined Microbial Fuel Cell and Microalgae Treatment","authors":"Adrián Hernández-Fernández, Eduardo Iniesta-López, Ana Isabel Hernández Baños, Yolanda Garrido, Ana Sánchez Zurano, Francisco J. Hernández-Fernández, Antonia Pérez De los Ríos","doi":"10.3390/pr12091989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091989","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microalgae–bacteria consortia represent two renewable and promising technologies of growing interest that enable wastewater treatment while obtaining high-value-added products. This study integrates MFCs and microalgae production systems to treat animal slurry, aiming to remove and recover organic and inorganic components while generating energy and producing biomass. The MFCs effectively eliminated Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), organic nitrogen, and a portion of the suspended solids, achieving a maximum voltage of 195 mV and a power density of 87.03 mW·m−2. After pre-treatment with MFCs, the slurry was diluted to concentrations of 10%, 50%, and 100% and treated with microalgae–bacteria consortia. The results showed a biomass production of 0.51 g·L−1 and a productivity of 0.04 g·L−1·day−1 in the culture fed with 10% slurry, with significant removal efficiencies: 40.71% for COD, 97.76% for N-NH4+, 39.66% for N-NO2−, 47.37% for N-NO3−, and 94.37% for P-PO4−3. The combination of both technologies allowed for obtaining a properly purified slurry and the recovery of nutrients in the form of bioelectricity and high-value biomass. Increasing the concentration of animal slurry to be treated is essential to optimize and scale both technologies.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunguang Zhao, Peng Gao, Jinlin Ruan, Yang Pu, Yuan Sun, Xiaoyang Cheng, Yu Sun
Mine gas accidents have received widespread attention at home and abroad, because mine gas accidents often cause casualties and property losses once they occur. This study was conducted in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the research status of and research hotspots in coal mine gas management at home and abroad, and to provide references for relevant researchers’ studies and literature searches. Using the Web of Science (WOS) core database as the data source, this paper analyzed the data from the period of 2000–2023 under the headings of “gas governance”, “Gas Control Technology”, “Pre-mining gas methods in coal mines”, “Methods of Gas Mining in Coal Mines”, “Post-mining gas”, and “Post-mining gas methods in coal mines”. “Methods in Coal Mines”, “Methods of Gas Mining in Coal Mines”, and “Post-mining Gas Methods in Coal Mines” were searched, and the CiteSpace tool was utilized to provide a multi-dimensional visual presentation of the literature, including authors, the number of journals issued, countries of issue, keywords, etc., in order to explore the research hotspots in this field. The analysis results show the following: the development process in the field of gas prevention and control is mainly divided into the three stages of initial exploration, steady development, and explosive surge; China, Australia, and the United States are the top three countries in terms of the number of articles published, and they have a greater influence in the field, but there is a closer connection between the regions in Europe; a certain group size has been formed by the researchers and research institutes in this field, the China University of Mining and Technology is more active in this field, ranking as the first in terms of the number of articles issued, and it has a cooperative relationship with many universities; Kai Wang and Enyuan Wang are the core authors in this field, while C. Ozgen Karacan also has a large body of research in the field, and his research results are widely recognized; the main journals issued in this field are Fuel and Energy Policy, while other journals have been frequently cited, and these journals have an important role in the field. In these journals, “Coal mine methane: A review of capture and utilization practices with benefits to mining safety and to greenhouse gas reduction” is one of the most important articles in the field. Thin coal seams, coal mining workings, and coal and gas protrusion are current research hotspots.
煤矿瓦斯事故受到国内外的广泛关注，因为煤矿瓦斯事故一旦发生往往会造成人员伤亡和财产损失。为了更全面地了解国内外煤矿瓦斯治理的研究现状和研究热点，为相关研究人员的研究和文献检索提供参考，特开展本研究。本文以 Web of Science（WOS）核心数据库为数据源，按照 "瓦斯治理"、"瓦斯治理技术"、"煤矿瓦斯开采前方法"、"煤矿瓦斯开采方法"、"瓦斯开采后"、"煤矿瓦斯开采后方法 "等标题，对 2000-2023 年期间的数据进行了分析。"煤矿开采方法"、"煤矿瓦斯开采方法 "和 "煤矿开采后瓦斯方法 "进行了检索，并利用 CiteSpace 工具对文献进行了多维度的直观展示，包括作者、期刊发行数量、期刊发行国家、关键词等，以探索该领域的研究热点。分析结果显示如下：瓦斯防治领域的发展进程主要分为初步探索、稳步发展和爆发式激增三个阶段；中国、澳大利亚和美国是发文量排名前三位的国家，在该领域的影响力较大，但欧洲地区之间的联系较为密切；该领域的研究人员和研究机构已经形成了一定的群体规模，中国矿业大学在该领域较为活跃，发文量排名第一，并与多所高校有合作关系；王凯和王恩远是该领域的核心作者，C.Ozgen Karacan 在该领域也有大量研究，其研究成果得到广泛认可；该领域的主要期刊为《燃料》和《能源政策》，其他期刊也经常被引用，这些期刊在该领域具有重要作用。在这些期刊中，《煤矿甲烷：对采矿安全和温室气体减排有益的捕获和利用实践综述》是该领域最重要的文章之一。薄煤层、采煤工作面、煤与瓦斯突出是当前的研究热点。
{"title":"Research on Hotspots and Evolutionary Trends in Coal Mine Gas Prevention","authors":"Chunguang Zhao, Peng Gao, Jinlin Ruan, Yang Pu, Yuan Sun, Xiaoyang Cheng, Yu Sun","doi":"10.3390/pr12091993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091993","url":null,"abstract":"Mine gas accidents have received widespread attention at home and abroad, because mine gas accidents often cause casualties and property losses once they occur. This study was conducted in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the research status of and research hotspots in coal mine gas management at home and abroad, and to provide references for relevant researchers’ studies and literature searches. Using the Web of Science (WOS) core database as the data source, this paper analyzed the data from the period of 2000–2023 under the headings of “gas governance”, “Gas Control Technology”, “Pre-mining gas methods in coal mines”, “Methods of Gas Mining in Coal Mines”, “Post-mining gas”, and “Post-mining gas methods in coal mines”. “Methods in Coal Mines”, “Methods of Gas Mining in Coal Mines”, and “Post-mining Gas Methods in Coal Mines” were searched, and the CiteSpace tool was utilized to provide a multi-dimensional visual presentation of the literature, including authors, the number of journals issued, countries of issue, keywords, etc., in order to explore the research hotspots in this field. The analysis results show the following: the development process in the field of gas prevention and control is mainly divided into the three stages of initial exploration, steady development, and explosive surge; China, Australia, and the United States are the top three countries in terms of the number of articles published, and they have a greater influence in the field, but there is a closer connection between the regions in Europe; a certain group size has been formed by the researchers and research institutes in this field, the China University of Mining and Technology is more active in this field, ranking as the first in terms of the number of articles issued, and it has a cooperative relationship with many universities; Kai Wang and Enyuan Wang are the core authors in this field, while C. Ozgen Karacan also has a large body of research in the field, and his research results are widely recognized; the main journals issued in this field are Fuel and Energy Policy, while other journals have been frequently cited, and these journals have an important role in the field. In these journals, “Coal mine methane: A review of capture and utilization practices with benefits to mining safety and to greenhouse gas reduction” is one of the most important articles in the field. Thin coal seams, coal mining workings, and coal and gas protrusion are current research hotspots.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Fahad Y. AlJuhaimi, Mehmet Musa Özcan, Nurhan Uslu, Emad Karrar
In this study, the role of different roasting temperatures on oil amount, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid quantities, antioxidant capacity, polyphenol, fatty acid and mineral profiles of roasted-carob fruit powders was revealed. The oil and protein amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 0.40 (90 °C) and 0.85% (control) to 8.40 (120 °C) and 10.27% (control), respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the raw (control—unroasted) and roasted carob powders were defined to be between 781.16 (control) and 903.07 mg GAE/100 g (150 °C) to 663.81 (control) and 1141.90 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities of the carob powders were measured to be between 9.27 (150 °C) and 10.30 mmoL/kg (control). Gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 45.16 (control) and 120.66 (150 °C) to 7.06 (control) and 20.46 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the key fatty acids of carob oils. It is thought that the fatty acid compositions of carob powder oil, which is generally subjected to heat treatment, are negatively affected by high temperatures. Especially, the linoleic and linolenic acid amounts of the oil samples decreased significantly after 90 °C. The highest element was potassium, followed by Ca, P, Mg, S, Fe, Na, Pb, Cu, Zn B and Mn, in descending order.
{"title":"The Role of Different Roasting Temperatures on the Physico-Chemical Properties, Phenolic Compounds, Fatty Acid and Mineral Contents of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit Powder","authors":"Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Fahad Y. AlJuhaimi, Mehmet Musa Özcan, Nurhan Uslu, Emad Karrar","doi":"10.3390/pr12091990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091990","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the role of different roasting temperatures on oil amount, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid quantities, antioxidant capacity, polyphenol, fatty acid and mineral profiles of roasted-carob fruit powders was revealed. The oil and protein amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 0.40 (90 °C) and 0.85% (control) to 8.40 (120 °C) and 10.27% (control), respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the raw (control—unroasted) and roasted carob powders were defined to be between 781.16 (control) and 903.07 mg GAE/100 g (150 °C) to 663.81 (control) and 1141.90 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities of the carob powders were measured to be between 9.27 (150 °C) and 10.30 mmoL/kg (control). Gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 45.16 (control) and 120.66 (150 °C) to 7.06 (control) and 20.46 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the key fatty acids of carob oils. It is thought that the fatty acid compositions of carob powder oil, which is generally subjected to heat treatment, are negatively affected by high temperatures. Especially, the linoleic and linolenic acid amounts of the oil samples decreased significantly after 90 °C. The highest element was potassium, followed by Ca, P, Mg, S, Fe, Na, Pb, Cu, Zn B and Mn, in descending order.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abir Dahani, Chouaib Benqlilou, Markus Holz, Cornelia Scott
Morocco contains one of the greatest phosphate deposits and is the second-largest international phosphate fertilizer producer. However, it heavily relies on imported grey ammonia. To reduce this dependency, a paradigm shift is required toward local green ammonia production to strengthen the fertilizer industry. The purpose of the study is to identify the most promising locations in Morocco for hosting a green ammonia unit through a land suitability analysis. This was carried out using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and geographical information systems (GIS). Eight relevant criteria were considered, based on carefully studying the relevant literature and consultation with renewable energy experts and professionals. The land suitability analysis revealed high suitability locations and five sites were selected from the regions of Dakhla, Laayoune, Boujdour, and Tarfaya. These locations were introduced to Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER) software 3.16.2 for simulation. The simulation findings showed that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) ranges from 1.67 USD/kg to 1.82 USD/kg, with the lowest LCOH at Dakhla. The corresponding levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) ranges from 646 USD/t to 687 USD/t. Dakhla was identified as the location with the lowest LCOA, accounting for 646 USD/t. The outcomes showed a similar trend compared to other studies (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iran). Considering improvements in the electrolyzer’s efficiency and cost, a technical and financial sensitivity analysis was conducted, identifying highly promising LCOA in Morocco, reaching 548 USD/t.
{"title":"Land Suitability Analysis for Green Ammonia Unit Implementation in Morocco Using the Geographical Information System–Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach","authors":"Abir Dahani, Chouaib Benqlilou, Markus Holz, Cornelia Scott","doi":"10.3390/pr12091991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091991","url":null,"abstract":"Morocco contains one of the greatest phosphate deposits and is the second-largest international phosphate fertilizer producer. However, it heavily relies on imported grey ammonia. To reduce this dependency, a paradigm shift is required toward local green ammonia production to strengthen the fertilizer industry. The purpose of the study is to identify the most promising locations in Morocco for hosting a green ammonia unit through a land suitability analysis. This was carried out using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and geographical information systems (GIS). Eight relevant criteria were considered, based on carefully studying the relevant literature and consultation with renewable energy experts and professionals. The land suitability analysis revealed high suitability locations and five sites were selected from the regions of Dakhla, Laayoune, Boujdour, and Tarfaya. These locations were introduced to Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER) software 3.16.2 for simulation. The simulation findings showed that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) ranges from 1.67 USD/kg to 1.82 USD/kg, with the lowest LCOH at Dakhla. The corresponding levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) ranges from 646 USD/t to 687 USD/t. Dakhla was identified as the location with the lowest LCOA, accounting for 646 USD/t. The outcomes showed a similar trend compared to other studies (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iran). Considering improvements in the electrolyzer’s efficiency and cost, a technical and financial sensitivity analysis was conducted, identifying highly promising LCOA in Morocco, reaching 548 USD/t.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study introduces a novel deep learning framework for detecting leakage in water distribution systems (WDSs). The key innovation lies in a two-step process: First, the WDS is partitioned using a K-means clustering algorithm based on pressure sensitivity analysis. Then, an encoder–decoder neural network (EDNN) model is employed to extract and process the pressure and flow sensitivities. The core of the framework is the PP-LCNetV2 architecture that ensures the model’s lightweight, which is optimized for CPU devices. This combination ensures rapid, accurate leakage detection. Three cases are employed to evaluate the method. By applying data augmentation techniques, including the demand and measurement noises, the framework demonstrates robustness across different noise levels. Compared with other methods, the results show this method can efficiently detect over 90% of leakage across different operating conditions while maintaining a higher recognition of the magnitude of leakages. This research offers a significant improvement in computational efficiency and detection accuracy over existing approaches.
{"title":"Identification of Flow Pressure-Driven Leakage Zones Using Improved EDNN-PP-LCNetV2 with Deep Learning Framework in Water Distribution System","authors":"Bo Dong, Shihu Shu, Dengxin Li","doi":"10.3390/pr12091992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091992","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel deep learning framework for detecting leakage in water distribution systems (WDSs). The key innovation lies in a two-step process: First, the WDS is partitioned using a K-means clustering algorithm based on pressure sensitivity analysis. Then, an encoder–decoder neural network (EDNN) model is employed to extract and process the pressure and flow sensitivities. The core of the framework is the PP-LCNetV2 architecture that ensures the model’s lightweight, which is optimized for CPU devices. This combination ensures rapid, accurate leakage detection. Three cases are employed to evaluate the method. By applying data augmentation techniques, including the demand and measurement noises, the framework demonstrates robustness across different noise levels. Compared with other methods, the results show this method can efficiently detect over 90% of leakage across different operating conditions while maintaining a higher recognition of the magnitude of leakages. This research offers a significant improvement in computational efficiency and detection accuracy over existing approaches.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on a vertical axial flow pump and employs a 1D-3D coupling method to investigate the effects of different gate pre-opening angles on the internal and external flow characteristics of the axial flow pump during startup. Through comparative analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: In the study, a fully open gate is defined as 1, while a fully closed gate is defined as 0. When starting the axial flow pump with different valve pre-opening degrees, backflow occurs within the first 20 s of startup, and the backflow rate inside the pump gradually increases with the increase in the valve pre-opening degree. At a valve pre-opening degree of 0.6, the maximum backflow rate inside the pump reaches 5.89% of the rated flow rate. When starting the pump with the valve fully open, the maximum backflow rate reaches 10.98% of the rated flow rate, and the efficiency is affected by the backflow rate. The valve pre-opening degree has little impact on the axial force acting on the impeller during startup. When starting with a valve pre-opening degree of 0.6, the internal pressure difference in the pump is minimized. Within the first 20 s of startup, the internal pressure difference in the impeller is 28.96% higher and the flow velocity is 14.62% higher with valve pre-opening degrees of 0.8 and 1.0 compared to a 0.6 degree opening. During the initial stage of pump startup, with valve pre-opening degrees of 0.8 and 1.0, the pressure fluctuation amplitude inside the pump is minimal, with maximum relative amplitudes of only 0.621 and 0.525, which are 41.00% and 28.51% lower than the maximum amplitudes at 0 and 0.2 degrees, respectively. In summary, the peak pressure inside the pump is minimized when the valve pre-opening degree is around 0.8, while the pressure difference and flow velocity are relatively lower at a pre-opening degree of 0.6. It is recommended to start the pump with a valve pre-opening degree of around 0.6 to 0.8.
{"title":"The Influence of Pre-Lift Gate Opening on the Internal and External Flow Characteristics During the Startup Process of an Axial Flow Pump","authors":"You Fu, Lingling Deng","doi":"10.3390/pr12091984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091984","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on a vertical axial flow pump and employs a 1D-3D coupling method to investigate the effects of different gate pre-opening angles on the internal and external flow characteristics of the axial flow pump during startup. Through comparative analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: In the study, a fully open gate is defined as 1, while a fully closed gate is defined as 0. When starting the axial flow pump with different valve pre-opening degrees, backflow occurs within the first 20 s of startup, and the backflow rate inside the pump gradually increases with the increase in the valve pre-opening degree. At a valve pre-opening degree of 0.6, the maximum backflow rate inside the pump reaches 5.89% of the rated flow rate. When starting the pump with the valve fully open, the maximum backflow rate reaches 10.98% of the rated flow rate, and the efficiency is affected by the backflow rate. The valve pre-opening degree has little impact on the axial force acting on the impeller during startup. When starting with a valve pre-opening degree of 0.6, the internal pressure difference in the pump is minimized. Within the first 20 s of startup, the internal pressure difference in the impeller is 28.96% higher and the flow velocity is 14.62% higher with valve pre-opening degrees of 0.8 and 1.0 compared to a 0.6 degree opening. During the initial stage of pump startup, with valve pre-opening degrees of 0.8 and 1.0, the pressure fluctuation amplitude inside the pump is minimal, with maximum relative amplitudes of only 0.621 and 0.525, which are 41.00% and 28.51% lower than the maximum amplitudes at 0 and 0.2 degrees, respectively. In summary, the peak pressure inside the pump is minimized when the valve pre-opening degree is around 0.8, while the pressure difference and flow velocity are relatively lower at a pre-opening degree of 0.6. It is recommended to start the pump with a valve pre-opening degree of around 0.6 to 0.8.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Difen Shi, Kai Bodemann, Yao Wang, Changliang Xu, Lulu Liu, Chungui Feng
This article proposes a novel nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control (N-NFTSMC) with a sliding mode disturbance observer (SDOB) for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo control. Firstly, to reduce the chattering issue, a new sliding mode reaching law (NSRL) is proposed for the N-NFTSMC. Secondly, to further improve the dynamic tracking accuracy, we introduce a sliding disturbance observer to estimate unknown disturbances for feedforward compensation. Comparative simulations via Matlab/Simulink 2018 are conducted using the traditional NFTSMC and N-NFTSMC; the step simulation results show that the chattering phenomenon was suppressed well via the N-NFTSMC scheme. The sine wave tracking simulation proves that the N-NFTSMC has better dynamic tracking performance when compared with traditional NFTSMC. Finally, we carry out experiments to validate that the N-NFTSMC adequately suppresses the chattering issue and possesses better anti-disturbance performance.
{"title":"A Novel Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control with Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo Control","authors":"Difen Shi, Kai Bodemann, Yao Wang, Changliang Xu, Lulu Liu, Chungui Feng","doi":"10.3390/pr12091986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091986","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control (N-NFTSMC) with a sliding mode disturbance observer (SDOB) for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo control. Firstly, to reduce the chattering issue, a new sliding mode reaching law (NSRL) is proposed for the N-NFTSMC. Secondly, to further improve the dynamic tracking accuracy, we introduce a sliding disturbance observer to estimate unknown disturbances for feedforward compensation. Comparative simulations via Matlab/Simulink 2018 are conducted using the traditional NFTSMC and N-NFTSMC; the step simulation results show that the chattering phenomenon was suppressed well via the N-NFTSMC scheme. The sine wave tracking simulation proves that the N-NFTSMC has better dynamic tracking performance when compared with traditional NFTSMC. Finally, we carry out experiments to validate that the N-NFTSMC adequately suppresses the chattering issue and possesses better anti-disturbance performance.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to solve the problems of existing spiral fertilizer apparatuses, such as the variation in cavity filling rate with rotational speed, fluctuation of fertilizer discharge flow, and inability to discharge fertilizer precisely, a triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is designed, which gradually compresses fertilizer particles through the triple-head reducing fertilizer spiral structure to achieve complete cavity filling and uniform fertilizer discharge. The main factors that affect the particle motion state and the structural size of the spiral fertilizer through theoretical analysis are determined, and its theoretical fertilizer discharge amount and rotational speed are calculated. Using EDEM (Discrete Element Method Software 2022) to establish a simulation model of a single-head gradually reducing fertilizer apparatus, the spiral lead reduction percentage x1, spiral diameter reduction percentage x2, and rotational speed x3 are determined as experimental factors, and the filling rate μ and spiral torque Yaverage are used as experimental indicators to conduct a simulation study on the secondary universal rotation combination design experiment. The results show that when the rotational speed is 95 r/min, the spiral lead reduction percentage is 60.00~73.21%, the spiral diameter reduction percentage is 86.55~97.05%, the filling rate μ is greater than 95%, and the spiral torque Yaverage is less than 16 N·m. In order to further improve the uniformity of fertilizer discharge and ensure the controllable accuracy of fertilizer discharge, comparative verification experiments are conducted on single-, double-, and triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer discharge devices and ordinary spiral fertilizer discharge devices. The results show that the precision of the gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is better than that of the ordinary spiral fertilizer apparatus. Moreover, it is determined that the three-head style performed best. The triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is also validated by randomly adjusting six rotational speeds. The experiment results show that the average deviation of the fertilizer discharge flow rate of the fertilizer apparatus from the preset value is 3.16%. The two have a minor deviation, and the fertilizer precision is high. Precise control of the amount of fertilizer discharged can be achieved by adjusting the rotational speed, and the research can provide a specific reference for the improved design and precise control of the spiral fertilizer apparatus.
{"title":"Design Optimization and Experimentation of Triple-Head Gradually Reducing Spiral Precision Fertilizer Apparatus","authors":"Guoqiang Dun, Quanbao Sheng, Haitian Sun, Xinxin Ji, Zhenzhen Yu, Hongxuan Wang, Xingpeng Wu, Yuhan Wei, Chaoxia Zhang, Shang Gao, Hailiang Li","doi":"10.3390/pr12091988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091988","url":null,"abstract":"In order to solve the problems of existing spiral fertilizer apparatuses, such as the variation in cavity filling rate with rotational speed, fluctuation of fertilizer discharge flow, and inability to discharge fertilizer precisely, a triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is designed, which gradually compresses fertilizer particles through the triple-head reducing fertilizer spiral structure to achieve complete cavity filling and uniform fertilizer discharge. The main factors that affect the particle motion state and the structural size of the spiral fertilizer through theoretical analysis are determined, and its theoretical fertilizer discharge amount and rotational speed are calculated. Using EDEM (Discrete Element Method Software 2022) to establish a simulation model of a single-head gradually reducing fertilizer apparatus, the spiral lead reduction percentage x1, spiral diameter reduction percentage x2, and rotational speed x3 are determined as experimental factors, and the filling rate μ and spiral torque Yaverage are used as experimental indicators to conduct a simulation study on the secondary universal rotation combination design experiment. The results show that when the rotational speed is 95 r/min, the spiral lead reduction percentage is 60.00~73.21%, the spiral diameter reduction percentage is 86.55~97.05%, the filling rate μ is greater than 95%, and the spiral torque Yaverage is less than 16 N·m. In order to further improve the uniformity of fertilizer discharge and ensure the controllable accuracy of fertilizer discharge, comparative verification experiments are conducted on single-, double-, and triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer discharge devices and ordinary spiral fertilizer discharge devices. The results show that the precision of the gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is better than that of the ordinary spiral fertilizer apparatus. Moreover, it is determined that the three-head style performed best. The triple-head gradually reducing spiral fertilizer apparatus is also validated by randomly adjusting six rotational speeds. The experiment results show that the average deviation of the fertilizer discharge flow rate of the fertilizer apparatus from the preset value is 3.16%. The two have a minor deviation, and the fertilizer precision is high. Precise control of the amount of fertilizer discharged can be achieved by adjusting the rotational speed, and the research can provide a specific reference for the improved design and precise control of the spiral fertilizer apparatus.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergio Taraglio, Stefano Chiesa, Saverio De Vito, Marco Paoloni, Gabriele Piantadosi, Andrea Zanela, Girolamo Di Francia
The energy transition relies on an increasingly massive and pervasive use of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind, characterized by an intrinsic degree of production uncertainty, mostly due to meteorological conditions variability that, even if accurately estimated, can hardly be kept under control. Because of this limit, continuously monitoring the operative status of each renewable energy-based power plant becomes relevant in order to timely face any other uncertainty source such as those related to the plant operation and maintenance (O&M), whose effect may become relevant in terms of the levelized cost of energy. In this frame, the use of robots, which incorporate fully automatic platforms capable of monitoring each plant and also allow effective and efficient process operation, can be considered a feasible solution. This paper carries out a review on the use of robots for the O&M of photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, and concentrated solar power, including robot applications for controlling power lines, whose role can in fact be considered a key complementary issue within the energy transition. It is shown that various robotic solutions have so far been proposed both by the academy and by industries and that implementing their use should be considered mandatory for the energy transition scenario.
{"title":"Robots for the Energy Transition: A Review","authors":"Sergio Taraglio, Stefano Chiesa, Saverio De Vito, Marco Paoloni, Gabriele Piantadosi, Andrea Zanela, Girolamo Di Francia","doi":"10.3390/pr12091982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091982","url":null,"abstract":"The energy transition relies on an increasingly massive and pervasive use of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind, characterized by an intrinsic degree of production uncertainty, mostly due to meteorological conditions variability that, even if accurately estimated, can hardly be kept under control. Because of this limit, continuously monitoring the operative status of each renewable energy-based power plant becomes relevant in order to timely face any other uncertainty source such as those related to the plant operation and maintenance (O&M), whose effect may become relevant in terms of the levelized cost of energy. In this frame, the use of robots, which incorporate fully automatic platforms capable of monitoring each plant and also allow effective and efficient process operation, can be considered a feasible solution. This paper carries out a review on the use of robots for the O&M of photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, and concentrated solar power, including robot applications for controlling power lines, whose role can in fact be considered a key complementary issue within the energy transition. It is shown that various robotic solutions have so far been proposed both by the academy and by industries and that implementing their use should be considered mandatory for the energy transition scenario.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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