Progress in Oceanography最新文献

{"title":"Biogeochemical anatomy and ecosystem dynamics of a large phytoplankton bloom north of the Hawaiian Islands","authors":"Rhea K. Foreman ,&nbsp;Benedetto Barone ,&nbsp;Eric Grabowski ,&nbsp;Karin M. Björkman ,&nbsp;Fernanda Henderikx-Freitas ,&nbsp;Catherine A. Garcia ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Manck ,&nbsp;Angelicque E. White ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Church ,&nbsp;David M. Karl","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the eastern portion of the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), summertime phytoplankton blooms are recurrent events whose frequency and spatial distribution are primarily known through satellite ocean color observations. Field sampling of blooms has been sparse, so their biogeochemical structure, ecosystem dynamics, and mechanisms of initiation have not been well described, except to show that they are commonly driven by diatom-diazotroph associations (DDAs). To better understand bloom dynamics, an oceanographic expedition in the summer of 2022 targeted a large (225,000 km²), long-lived (3 months) <em>Hemiaulus-Richelia</em> bloom north of the Hawaiian Islands for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary investigation into the bloom’s microbial community composition, nutrient dynamics, suspended and sinking particulate matter, primary production and nitrogen (N₂) fixation, and abundances of genes catalyzing N₂ fixation and ammonia oxidation (<em>nifH</em> and <em>amoA</em> genes). These novel observations were interpreted together with previous bloom and non-bloom observations from Station ALOHA, the nearby field site of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series program, to gain a general understanding of bloom ecology and the biogeochemical conditions that regulate bloom initiation and demise. We found that a bloom is likely initiated from a ubiquitous summertime seed population of DDAs in the presence of (1) an above-average concentration of phosphate and silicate, (2) a shallow mixed layer that retains DDAs in high light, and (3) low mortality. The build-up of biomass in a bloom leads to a substantial increase in light attenuation; for example, in the 2022 bloom, the depth of the 1% surface light level shoaled by 50 m compared to non-bloom conditions. Decreased photon flux to the lower euphotic zone (&gt;50 m) had significant biological and chemical consequences for the water column, including a diminished abundance of <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and an accumulation of ammonium due to net heterotrophic conditions. The collapse of a bloom can be caused by nutrient depletion (most likely phosphorus in our study region), a deepening mixed layer, and/or enhanced mortality (e.g., a rise in the abundance of grazers, viruses, or parasites). The average carbon export efficiency is high from DDA blooms (in large part because they are mineral-ballasted organisms), and the contribution from blooms to annual, gyre-wide export of organic matter is expected to be substantial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 103620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145531172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing ecosystem and demersal stocks dynamics in the Chilean Patagonia system (41°28.6′S–57°S) from 1980 to 2020 using food web modelling","authors":"Sergio Neira ,&nbsp;Hugo Arancibia ,&nbsp;Mónica E. Barros ,&nbsp;Ana Arriagada ,&nbsp;Rubén Alarcón ,&nbsp;Claudio Gatica","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chilean Patagonia system (41°28.6′S–55° S) is influenced by the Cape Horn Current and exhibits high diversity, endemism, and important demersal stocks. However, food web structure and dynamics, the ecological role of key living components, and the impacts of fishing are poorly understood. In this paper, we model the structure and dynamics of the food web that sustains the demersal fish targeted by the fisheries operating in Chilean Patagonia, which takes place on the Patagonian Shelf and inshore waters. For this, we built a quantitative model for this ecosystem in 1980 using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, with 15 functional groups (from phytoplankton to top predators) including demersal target species such as hoki (<em>Macruronus magellanicus</em>), kingklip (<em>Genypterus blacodes</em>), southern blue whiting (<em>Micromesistius australis</em>), skates, and southern hake (<em>Merluccius australis</em>). We split hoki into juvenile and adult stanzas based on their importance as prey (juveniles) and landings (adults). Input data came from studies to estimate abundance, biomass, production, and diets of fishing target species and other key functional groups, while catch data came from official statistics. The model was balanced and fit to biomass and catch series from 1980 to 2020 using fishing mortality (F), vulnerability to predation parameters (v), and primary productivity anomaly (PP) estimated by model that aims to simulate PP trend. Zooplankton and benthos were the most important prey at intermediate trophic level consumers, while small pelagic fish and hoki juveniles were the main prey for higher trophic levels (i.e., hoki adults, southern hake, and southern blue whiting). Predation mortality (M2) of target species was salient and variable in time. The dynamics of fishing target species and the whole food web from 1980 to 2000 was explained mostly by fishing mortality, but model fit increased when considering PP and v. We conclude that i) juvenile hoki is a key prey group in the system, especially for hoki adults (cannibalism) and southern hake (predation), ii) southern hake is the main predator among demersal fish, and ii) fishing and bottom-up changes were important drivers in the system likely mediated by trophic interactions. These findings are crucial in moving forward on the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management in Chilean Patagonia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 103631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145598716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient availability controls phytoplankton populations and their nutritional strategy in the eastern Indian Ocean","authors":"Mitsuhide Sato ,&nbsp;Fuminori Hashihama ,&nbsp;Hongbin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pico- and nanophytoplankton communities in the eastern Indian Ocean during the fall–winter inter-monsoon season were analyzed using flow cytometry to clarify the environmental factors that control the horizontal and vertical distributions of phytoplankton. The average <em>Synechococcus</em> abundance within the surface mixed layer showed a significant positive correlation with the temperature and nitrate + nitrite (N + N) concentration. Similarly, the cell concentration of eukaryotic phytoplankton in the surface mixed layer was correlated with temperature but did not decrease with decreasing N + N availability. Instead, the proportion of potentially phagotrophic eukaryotic phytoplankton, assessed using a fluorescent probe, increased with decreasing N + N concentrations in the surface mixed layer. This suggested that nitrogen uptake from particles can compensate for the decrease in inorganic nitrogen nutrients in the mixed layer, which may help eukaryotic phytoplankton maintain their biomass in oligotrophic areas. Phagotrophy by eukaryotic phytoplankton in this area may facilitate their growth, with photosynthesis driven by high irradiance within the surface mixed layer, which is depleted of nitrogen. Inter-provincial variations in cell concentrations at the subsurface peak were smaller than those within the surface mixed layer. The cell concentration of <em>Synechococcus</em> at the peak was positively correlated with temperature. By contrast, the peak cell concentration of eukaryotes was positively correlated with light intensity at that depth, suggesting a potential light limitation. The lower potential phagotrophy in eukaryotic phytoplankton with depth suggested that they do not use phagotrophy to compensate for diminished photosynthetic carbon acquisition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 103628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seamounts of Cabo Verde: A review of their ecological and economic significance, anthropogenic impacts, and conservation needs","authors":"Covadonga Orejas ,&nbsp;Beatriz Vinha ,&nbsp;Gillian B. Ainsworth ,&nbsp;Sarah Saldanha ,&nbsp;Teresa Militão ,&nbsp;Christian Mohn ,&nbsp;Thor H. Hansteen ,&nbsp;Sara S. Ratão ,&nbsp;Henk-Jan Hoving ,&nbsp;Teresa Amaro ,&nbsp;Dominique M.J. Anderson ,&nbsp;Deusa Araújo ,&nbsp;Ana Mafalda Correia ,&nbsp;Simon Berrow ,&nbsp;Herculano A. Dinis ,&nbsp;Rui Freitas ,&nbsp;Evandro Lopes ,&nbsp;Vanessa Lopes ,&nbsp;Pedro Lopez ,&nbsp;Thais Macedo ,&nbsp;Veerle A.I. Huvenne","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deep-sea areas of the Cabo Verde Archipelago remain largely unexplored, with seamounts standing out as the most prominent and abundant geomorphological features. The ecological significance of these underwater structures is well-documented in various regions of the planet, as they often serve as biodiversity hotspots, stepping stones for species connectivity and, in some cases, areas with high levels of endemism. However, the biology and ecology of the seamounts around Cabo Verde are still largely unknown. Preliminary studies of the geomorphology, oceanographic characteristics and ecology of specific features suggest that the Cabo Verde seamount network — comprising 14 known conspicuous seamounts as well as smaller elevations less than 1000 m — harbours high biological diversity. That biodiversity associated with the Cabo Verde seamounts spans a wide range of forms, from microscopic organisms to cetaceans, encompassing both pelagic and benthic communities. Commercial activities associated with seamounts, in particular fishing, are a critical aspect to consider for ecosystem management. Evaluating their current uses, future prospects, and the existing and potential threats the Cabo Verde seamounts face is essential for effective and sustainable marine spatial planning. This study reviews and synthesises the current knowledge on the Cabo Verde seamounts within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), focusing on their environmental and biological aspects, including geology, oceanography, and associated biological communities. Key topics include primary production, zooplankton communities, benthic organisms, large vertebrates such as elasmobranchs, sea turtles, seabirds, and cetaceans, as well as microbes and trophic linkages. Additionally, this review explores the socio-economic dimensions linked to seamounts, highlighting their importance to the local economy and emphasizing the need for effective marine spatial management plans. These considerations are crucial for balancing conservation efforts with sustainable use, ensuring the long-term health of these vital underwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 103579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, drivers, and dispersal of high Arctic meroplanktonic communities","authors":"Kharis R. Schrage ,&nbsp;Johanna N.J. Weston ,&nbsp;Alexandra Kraberg ,&nbsp;Rebecca McPherson ,&nbsp;Wilken-Jon Von Appen ,&nbsp;Loreley Lago ,&nbsp;Kirstin S. Meyer-Kaiser","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid Arctic warming is altering marine ecosystems, yet the diversity and dispersal of meroplankton—larval stages of benthic invertebrates—remain poorly understood in the region. This study presents the first detailed characterization of meroplanktonic communities in the Fram Strait, based on summer collections made in 2023 and 2024 across the Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN. Using integrated and depth-stratified vertical net tows and DNA barcoding, we identified 77 taxa, 33 of which were identified to the species level. Meroplankton were most dense in the upper 200 m, dominated by bivalves and ophiuroids, with significant patchiness across depths and regions. Community composition was related to water mass and phytoplankton community composition (explaining 25 % of the variability among stations), but not to sea ice cover, reflecting a complex coupling between benthic reproduction and pelagic conditions. Lagrangian particle tracking revealed that larvae in the West Spitsbergen Current may originate from as far south as northern Norway, while East Greenland Current larvae likely derive from central Arctic waters. Species-level investigations of meroplankton distribution are critical for assessing existing biodiversity and detecting changes to species composition. Here, most larvae belonged to local or Arcto-Boreal species, though seven taxa had no adult records in the Fram Strait, which may indicate larvae being wasted (not surviving to settlement), broad connectivity among coastal Arctic populations, and/or range expansions. These findings highlight the interplay between hydrography and hydrodynamics, larval ecology, and climate-driven change, and establish a baseline for monitoring Arctic benthic connectivity and biodiversity under ongoing ocean warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 103656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of mesozooplankton to extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) and cold-core eddy in the eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean and southern Bay of Bengal during 2019/2020 winter","authors":"Ping Du ,&nbsp;Xiao Ma ,&nbsp;Yuanli Zhu ,&nbsp;Ruijie Ye ,&nbsp;Shenran Zhang ,&nbsp;WNC Priyadarshani ,&nbsp;P.A.K.N. Dissanayake ,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yibo Liao ,&nbsp;Yanbin Tang ,&nbsp;Zhibing Jiang ,&nbsp;Hongliang Li ,&nbsp;Feng Zhou ,&nbsp;Lu Shou","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organic carbon produced by photosynthesis can only be stored over centennial time scales when it is transported to the meso- and bathypelagic zones. The increase in chlorophyll-<em>a</em> (Chl<em>a</em>) influenced by positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events and cold-core eddies, and the higher mesozooplankton biomass and abundance around cold-core eddies have been reported in the mixed layer. However, there is a gap in understanding the response of deep-sea mesozooplankton to pIOD events and eddies. Mesozooplankton communities within 0–3000 m were sampled in the eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) and southern Bay of Bengal (BOB) between December 2019 and January 2020, and were used to analyze the responses of communities in epi- (0–100 m), meso- (100–1000 m), and bathypelagic (1000–3000 m) layers to the anomalous Chl<em>a</em> in the upper water column caused by the pIOD event and eddies. The results found the higher mesozooplankton biomass in the epipelagic layer existed in the eastern EIO and south-central and south-eastern BOB, coinciding well with the higher surface and subsurface Chl<em>a</em> concentration influenced by both the pIOD event and cold-core eddies. Meanwhile, cold-core eddies that lasted longer-time and caused a stronger upwelling process increased biomass and affected composition of mesozooplankton community in the mesopelagic layer. However, the pIOD event had little effect on the biomass and composition of mesopelagic mesozooplankton community. The study did not detect obvious effects of the pIOD event and eddies on the bathypelagic mesozooplankton community. This study highlights the important role of long-time lasting and strong cold-core eddies on carbon export and sequestration in the BOB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 103612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Kuroshio Current on the benthic communities in the southern seas of Korea","authors":"Sang Lyeol Kim ,&nbsp;Hyung-Gon Lee ,&nbsp;Kyung-Hee Oh ,&nbsp;Kongtae Ra ,&nbsp;Ok Hwan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kuroshio Current, a major western boundary current in the North Pacific, intrudes into the southern seas of Korea through the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) and exerts strong influence on benthic ecosystems. From 2015 to 2024, we assessed seasonal variability in hydrography, sediments, and benthic macrofauna. Summer conditions featured warmer surface waters (27.8 °C), lower dissolved oxygen, and more organic-rich, coarse sediments. Benthic communities showed clear seasonality, with all community metrics highest in spring, lowest in winter, and intermediate in summer and autumn. Sediments were mainly sandy silt and silty sand, dominated by polychaetes, with higher species density and biomass observed in summer and autumn. Bottom temperature was modestly related to richness and density, while biomass declined with surface warming. These patterns closely resemble observations from other Kuroshio-affected regions, including seasonal oxygen depletion and organic enrichment on the East China Sea shelf, enhanced nutrient flux and benthic shifts off Taiwan, and polychaete-dominated assemblages in southern Japan. The convergence of these features across Kuroshio-influenced margins provides evidence that the benthic ecosystems of Korea are directly shaped by the hydrographic and biogeochemical forcing of the Kuroshio system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 103658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate variability induces changes in phytoplankton phenology across Spanish marine ecoregions","authors":"Manuel Fernández-Barba,&nbsp;Pablo Almaraz,&nbsp;I. Emma Huertas,&nbsp;Gabriel Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is altering the global phenology of phytoplankton (i.e., the timing and magnitude of blooms) by influencing upper-ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions. However, less is known about regional phytoplankton responses to short-term climate extremes, despite their increasing severity and profound ecological impacts. In this study, we broadly investigate spatiotemporal changes in phytoplankton phenology across Spanish marine ecoregions using 26 years of high-resolution L4 chlorophyll-a data from Copernicus’ multisatellite observations. We identify a regionally dependent trend toward less intense, longer-lasting coastal phytoplankton blooms that initiate and terminate earlier, accompanied by a decline in seasonality over the past decade. Notably, we find greater variability in the reproducibility of phytoplankton seasonal cycles during years of pronounced climatic instability. Further, using cutting-edge analytical methods, we empirically reveal causal, nonlinear relationships between dynamical changes in phytoplankton phenology and thermal (i.e., marine heatwaves) and wind-speed (i.e., Windiness) extremes. Our findings improve predictive skill for phytoplankton responses to transient climate events, providing evidence of their influence in shaping phytoplankton dynamics; insights particularly relevant for anticipating ecological and socioeconomic impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 103583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of Atlantidae heteropods along the west coast of Baja California, Mexico","authors":"María Moreno-Alcántara ,&nbsp;Gerardo Aceves-Medina ,&nbsp;Bertha E. Lavaniegos ,&nbsp;J. Martín Hernández-Ayón ,&nbsp;Sylvia P.A. Jiménez-Rosenberg ,&nbsp;Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Atlantidae are holoplanktonic gastropods with aragonitic shells that inhabit the epipelagic habitat primarily in tropical and subtropical oceans, as well as in certain transitional and temperate regions, such as the California Current System. However, there is limited knowledge about how their diversity, distribution, and abundance respond to environmental changes over different time scales. The strongest seasonal changes of zooplankton species composition and environmental conditions in the southern California Current System occur between winter and spring. El Niño Southern Oscillation and marine heat waves are two additional environmental change drivers of interannual scale. Our aim was to infer the effect of the seasonal (winter-spring) and interannual (2012–2016) environmental variability on the diversity, distribution, and abundance of the Atlantidae species assemblage along the Pacific coast off the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Atlantidae diversity was higher during winters than during springs. Their horizontal distribution recorded during winter was statistically correlated with temperature, salinity, and the seawater masses distribution, and during spring was correlated with the depth of hypoxic conditions (&lt;60 μmol O₂/kg oxyline) and the depth of Ω aragonite saturation horizon. <em>Atlanta californiensis</em> was the most abundant species, mainly during spring and its relative abundance decreased during anomalously warm periods, while tropical/subtropical species showed an opposite abundance pattern. The maximum species richness was associated with the 2013–2015 marine heat wave and El Niño 2015–2016 events, when tropical species were observed in the study area. Differences in the species community structure, their response to Ω aragonite undersaturated waters and hypoxia, and their seawater mass affinity showed that atlantids are useful biological indicators of environmental changes, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 103562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoplankton growth driven by submesoscale processes under convective turbulence: Lagrangian plankton model results","authors":"Yeonju Choi,&nbsp;Yign Noh,&nbsp;Hajoon Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Submesoscale turbulence influences phytoplankton growth by enhancing upper-ocean stratification, nutrient entrainment, and horizontal tracer variability. However, the specific mechanisms and their relative contributions under convective forcing remain unclear. Here, we use large-eddy simulations coupled with a Lagrangian plankton model to quantify the physical and biological impacts of submesoscale turbulence across varying cooling intensities and nutrient levels, comparing cases with and without submesoscale turbulence. Under weak cooling with low nutrients, submesoscale turbulence enhances nutrient entrainment but initially suppresses growth by subducting phytoplankton into deeper, light-limited waters. As restratification progresses, greater surface retention yields net growth enhancement alongside higher nutrient supply. Conversely, when nutrients are abundant, submesoscale turbulence enhances light exposure and promotes growth. Under strong cooling conditions, convective mixing dominates, homogenizing tracers and diminishing submesoscale influence. Nonethelss, weak restratification from submesoscale turbulence still yields small gains in light exposure and growth. Additionally, horizontal heterogeneity suppresses growth when cooling is weak and nutrients are low, but is negligible otherwise. These findings highlight the need to represent interacting physical processes in ocean models. Simplified parameterizations that omit these interactions may misrepresent biological responses, especially under weak cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20620,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Oceanography","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 103593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}