The author has long been engaged in the study of cyclones in the temperate zone, as illustrated by those in Great Britain; but as doubts have been expressed by many meteorologists as to the identity between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, he visited, in the year 1886, the observatories at Mauritius, Madras, Calcutta, Manila, Hong Kong, and Tokiyo, so as not only to procure more published materials for the investigation, but still more to learn from conversation with those who have had great experience of tropical hurricanes, some minute details of weather which were of primary importance, but which could not always be extracted from existing reports. Though he was not fortunate enough to experience a hurricane himself, still he obtained sufficient information to enable him to arrive at a very definite conclusion on the matter, and now has the honour of laying before the Royal Society the results of his investigations.
{"title":"On the relation between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones","authors":"R. Abercromby","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1887.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1887.0108","url":null,"abstract":"The author has long been engaged in the study of cyclones in the temperate zone, as illustrated by those in Great Britain; but as doubts have been expressed by many meteorologists as to the identity between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, he visited, in the year 1886, the observatories at Mauritius, Madras, Calcutta, Manila, Hong Kong, and Tokiyo, so as not only to procure more published materials for the investigation, but still more to learn from conversation with those who have had great experience of tropical hurricanes, some minute details of weather which were of primary importance, but which could not always be extracted from existing reports. Though he was not fortunate enough to experience a hurricane himself, still he obtained sufficient information to enable him to arrive at a very definite conclusion on the matter, and now has the honour of laying before the Royal Society the results of his investigations.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1887.0108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62304347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction.—A preliminary account of this investigation was communicated to the Royal Society in 1901, and published in the Proceedings for that year. Subsequently the work has been carried further, and recently brought to a conclusion. The Œstrous Cycle.—In Scotch black-faced sheep the length of the sexual season is shown to vary with the locality, both in regard to the number of dioestrous cycles in a season, and to the duration of each cycle. It is shown further that there is a perfect gradation between the monoestrous condition of some wild sheep to the extreme polyoestrum of certain Merinos.
{"title":"The œstrous cycle and the formation of the corpus luteum in the sheep","authors":"F. Marshall","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1902.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1902.0107","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction.—A preliminary account of this investigation was communicated to the Royal Society in 1901, and published in the Proceedings for that year. Subsequently the work has been carried further, and recently brought to a conclusion. The Œstrous Cycle.—In Scotch black-faced sheep the length of the sexual season is shown to vary with the locality, both in regard to the number of dioestrous cycles in a season, and to the duration of each cycle. It is shown further that there is a perfect gradation between the monoestrous condition of some wild sheep to the extreme polyoestrum of certain Merinos.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1902.0107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61702296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Lecturer gave an account of the more interesting phenomena of the eclipse, and of the methods employed in observing and recording them; the details of his observations being given in an elaborate Paper bearing the above title. The Lecture was illustrated by a great number of diagrams and models. The photographic images of the eclipse were projected on a screen by means of the electric lamp, and some of the more striking phenomena were imitated by apparatus contrived for that purpose.
{"title":"Bakerian lecture - On the total solar Eclipse of July 18th, 1860, observed at Rivabellosa, near Miranda de Ebro, in Spain","authors":"W. D. L. Rue","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1862.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1862.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The Lecturer gave an account of the more interesting phenomena of the eclipse, and of the methods employed in observing and recording them; the details of his observations being given in an elaborate Paper bearing the above title. The Lecture was illustrated by a great number of diagrams and models. The photographic images of the eclipse were projected on a screen by means of the electric lamp, and some of the more striking phenomena were imitated by apparatus contrived for that purpose.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1862.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62151309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After referring to the observations of Stark, the discoverer of the skate’s electric organ, and to the work of Robin, Leydig, Babuchin, and others, the author describes the arrangement of the muscles in the tail of Selachians with a view to determining which muscles in the skate are transformed into the electric organs.
{"title":"V. The electric organ of the skate : observations on the structure, relations, progressive development, and growth of the electric organ of the skate","authors":"J. C. Ewart","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","url":null,"abstract":"After referring to the observations of Stark, the discoverer of the skate’s electric organ, and to the work of Robin, Leydig, Babuchin, and others, the author describes the arrangement of the muscles in the tail of Selachians with a view to determining which muscles in the skate are transformed into the electric organs.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62338158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper an attempt is made to investigate the normal circulation of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean north of 40° N. lat., and its changes, by means of a series of synoptic charts showing the distribution of temperature and salinity over the area for each month of the two years 1896 and 1897.
{"title":"The circulation of the surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean","authors":"H. N. Dickson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper an attempt is made to investigate the normal circulation of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean north of 40° N. lat., and its changes, by means of a series of synoptic charts showing the distribution of temperature and salinity over the area for each month of the two years 1896 and 1897.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61684488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, of which a preliminary note appeared at p. 331. The following are the main conclusions :— The tubercles always contain a fungus, allied to the Ustilaginese, which enters the root by way of the root hairs. The ultimate branches of the hyphge in the cells of the tubercle bud off minute bodies (gemmules), which are afterwards scattered in the soil. This process resembles the budding discovered in Ustilagineas by Brefeld. By means of cultures and observations the author shows that the infection from the soil is probably due to these minute gemmules acting as spores.
{"title":"III. On the tubercular swellings on the roots of vicia faba","authors":"H. M. Ward","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, of which a preliminary note appeared at p. 331. The following are the main conclusions :— The tubercles always contain a fungus, allied to the Ustilaginese, which enters the root by way of the root hairs. The ultimate branches of the hyphge in the cells of the tubercle bud off minute bodies (gemmules), which are afterwards scattered in the soil. This process resembles the budding discovered in Ustilagineas by Brefeld. By means of cultures and observations the author shows that the infection from the soil is probably due to these minute gemmules acting as spores.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62303316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An account is given by the author, of the experiments he has recently made, with a view to increase the accuracy of the results given in his former paper, published in the “Philosophical Transactions” for 1850. The result he has now arrived at, from the thermal effects of the friction of water, is, that taking the unit of heat as that which can raise a pound of water, weighed in vacuo, from 60° to 61° of the mercurial thermometer; its mechanical equivalent, reduced to the sea-level at the latitude of Greenwich, is 772·55 foot-pounds.
{"title":"I. New determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat","authors":"J. P. Joule","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","url":null,"abstract":"An account is given by the author, of the experiments he has recently made, with a view to increase the accuracy of the results given in his former paper, published in the “Philosophical Transactions” for 1850. The result he has now arrived at, from the thermal effects of the friction of water, is, that taking the unit of heat as that which can raise a pound of water, weighed in vacuo, from 60° to 61° of the mercurial thermometer; its mechanical equivalent, reduced to the sea-level at the latitude of Greenwich, is 772·55 foot-pounds.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62238965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I ask permission of the Royal Society to draw the attention of chemists to a form or method of experiment which, though obvious, is, I am informed, unknown, and which, I doubt not, will in their hands become a new experimental power. It consists in subjecting the vapours of volatile liquids to the action of concentrated sunlight, or to the concentrated beam of the electric light.
{"title":"IX. On a new series of chemical reactions produced by light","authors":"J. Tyndall","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","url":null,"abstract":"I ask permission of the Royal Society to draw the attention of chemists to a form or method of experiment which, though obvious, is, I am informed, unknown, and which, I doubt not, will in their hands become a new experimental power. It consists in subjecting the vapours of volatile liquids to the action of concentrated sunlight, or to the concentrated beam of the electric light.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62186899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An abstract of the first part of this memoir, which dealt with the structure and relations of the air-bladder and Weber’s ossicles in the Siluridæ, was published in the Proceedings of this Society three years ago (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 46, 1889, pp. 309—328). The present contribution is a discussion of the physiology not only of this remarkable mechanism, but of the air-bladder in general.
{"title":"XIII. Contributions to the anatomy of fishes. II. The air-bladder and Weberian ossicles in the siluroid fishes","authors":"T. W. Bridge, A. C. Haddon","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract of the first part of this memoir, which dealt with the structure and relations of the air-bladder and Weber’s ossicles in the Siluridæ, was published in the Proceedings of this Society three years ago (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 46, 1889, pp. 309—328). The present contribution is a discussion of the physiology not only of this remarkable mechanism, but of the air-bladder in general.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62342793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the earlier discussions of this problem, it has been tacitly assumed that it was only necessary to find forces sufficient to balance a head of water equal to the height of the loftiest tree to explain the ascent of sap in it. The problem is, however, rather one of dynamics than of statics, for we have to find forces sufficient not only to balance the head of water, but also to keep this water moving upwards in narrow tubes with a velocity varying from a few centimetres to as much as 6 metres per hour. Janse has in fact shown empirically, and his results have been confirmed by Strasburger, that to drive water through the stem of a Conifer at the transpiration rate requires a head of water several times the length of the stem. Water is a liquid of definite viscosity, and the resistance offered even to its slow flow through tubes of small diameter and considerable length is a factor of great importance. The purpose of the following research has been to find the amount of this resistance in definite cases, the forces required to overcome it, and hence the total force required to raise the water with sufficient rapidity to the summit of an actively transpiring tall tree. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to determine the possible means by which this force could be generated, and propagated in the conducting wood.
{"title":"The Ascent of Water in Trees.","authors":"A. J. Ewart","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","url":null,"abstract":"In the earlier discussions of this problem, it has been tacitly assumed that it was only necessary to find forces sufficient to balance a head of water equal to the height of the loftiest tree to explain the ascent of sap in it. The problem is, however, rather one of dynamics than of statics, for we have to find forces sufficient not only to balance the head of water, but also to keep this water moving upwards in narrow tubes with a velocity varying from a few centimetres to as much as 6 metres per hour. Janse has in fact shown empirically, and his results have been confirmed by Strasburger, that to drive water through the stem of a Conifer at the transpiration rate requires a head of water several times the length of the stem. Water is a liquid of definite viscosity, and the resistance offered even to its slow flow through tubes of small diameter and considerable length is a factor of great importance. The purpose of the following research has been to find the amount of this resistance in definite cases, the forces required to overcome it, and hence the total force required to raise the water with sufficient rapidity to the summit of an actively transpiring tall tree. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to determine the possible means by which this force could be generated, and propagated in the conducting wood.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61716953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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