Proceedings of the Royal Society of London最新文献_第2页

III. Further experiments on the Effect of Alcohol and Exercise on the Elimination of Nitrogen and on the Pulse and Temperature of the Body.” 3关于酒精和运动对氮的消除以及对身体脉搏和体温影响的进一步实验。”

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1871.0076

E. Parkes

In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society’ (xviii. p. 362, xix. p. 73) are some observations by the late Count Wollowicz and myself on the effect of alcohol, brandy, and claret on the elimination of nitrogen. As the experiments were on one man, I have taken an opportunity of repeating them on another person; and as the late observations of Dr. Austin Flint (junior) on a man who walked 317 miles in five days have appeared to some persons to run counter to the now generally accepted view that exercise produces either no change or only insignificant changes in the urea, I have combined experiments on exercise with those on alcohol. With respect, however, to Dr. Austin Flint’s experiments, it would appear that while the egress of nitrogen was determined with the greatest accuracy, the amount taken in was for the most part merely estimated by reference to Payen’s Tables, and therefore there is no certainty that the ingress was what it is assumed to have been. The food also was very varied, so that the difficulty of properly estimating the nitrogen was still more increased. The following experiments were made on a soldier, W. D., aged 30. I He is a powerfully built man, 5 feet 6 inches in height, and measuring 40 inches round the chest. As a young man, he had been employed in a distillery near Glasgow, and at that time drank largely of whisky, some times taking half a piut before breakfast. For the last ten years, since he t has been in the army, he has been very temperate, taking chiefly beer in moderate quantities, and only occasionally spirits. He bears the character of a very steady soldier, and has always had perfect health, with the exception of an attack of “spotted typhus” six years ago. He has never served abroad.

在《英国皇家学会学报》(十八)。第362页，第19页。第73页)是已故的沃罗维茨伯爵和我对酒精、白兰地和红葡萄酒对氮的消除效果的一些观察。既然实验是在一个人身上进行的，我就找机会在另一个人身上重复实验;在一些人看来，奥斯丁·弗林特博士最近对一个在5天内走了317英里的人的观察，似乎与现在普遍接受的观点背道而驰，即运动对尿素要么没有变化，要么只有微不足道的变化，所以我把运动实验和酒精实验结合起来。然而，就奥斯丁·弗林特博士的实验而言，虽然氮的输出是最精确的，但吸收的量在很大程度上只是根据帕恩表估计出来的，因此不能肯定输入的量是假设的那样。食物也非常多样化，所以正确估计氮含量的难度就更大了。下面的实验是在一个30岁的士兵w.d.身上做的。他身材魁梧，身高5英尺6英寸，胸围40英寸。年轻时，他曾在格拉斯哥附近的一家酿酒厂工作，那时他喝了很多威士忌，有时在早餐前喝半品脱。自从他从军十年以来，他一直很节制，主要是喝适量的啤酒，偶尔喝点烈酒。他是一名非常稳重的军人，除了六年前染上斑疹伤寒外，身体一直很好。他从未在国外服过役。

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引用次数: 0

II On the structure of magelona 二、关于麦哲伦的结构

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1876.0086

W. Mcintosh

The rest of the diagram represents the forces which we found when the disks were at distances of 10 and 5 millims. asunder. The forces which presented themselves at these distances are to be attributed mainly to a true Crookes’s reaction between the disks ; and they seem to warrant the conclusion that Crookes’s reaction was manifested at a dis tance of at least 10 millims. in a hydrogen vacuum, when the outstand ing tension was as much as 5 millims. of mercury. At distances of from 20 to 80 millims. the very feeble force acting on the glass disk in our apparatus seemed to vary about inversely as the tension. As already mentioned, it appeared to be nearly independent of the distance when the distance exceeded 20 millims. _ At distances of 5, 10, and 20 millims. the force on the swinging disk made some approach to varying at each tension inversely as the distance. But, so far as may be judged from our measures of such exceedingly feeble forces, there is a sensible deviation from this law at most of the

图的其余部分表示的是我们发现的圆盘在距离为10毫米和5毫米时的力。分开。在这些距离上出现的力主要归因于圆盘之间真正的克鲁克斯反作用;它们似乎可以证明克鲁克斯的反应是在至少10毫米的距离上表现出来的。在氢真空中，当突出张力高达5毫米。的汞。距离在20到80毫米之间。在我们的装置中，作用在玻璃圆盘上的非常微弱的力似乎与张力成反比。如前所述，当距离超过20毫米时，它似乎几乎与距离无关。在5、10和20毫米的距离。在每个张力下，摇摆盘上的力与距离成反比。但是，从我们对这些极其微弱的力量的测量中可以判断出，大多数国家都明显偏离了这一规律

引用次数: 1

I. The thermal emissivity of thin wires in air 1 .细导线在空气中的热辐射率

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1891.0022

W. Ayrton, H. Kilgour

In 1884 it was observed experimentally that whereas the electric current required to maintain a thick wire of given material, under given conditions, at a given temperature was approximately proportional to the diameter of the wire raised to the power three halves, the current was more nearly proportional to the first power of the diameter if the wire were thin.

1884年，通过实验观察到，在给定条件下，在给定温度下，维持一根给定材料的粗导线所需的电流与导线直径的三次方成正比，而如果导线很细，则电流与导线直径的一次方成正比。

引用次数: 1

III. Niagara falls as a chronometer of geological time 3尼亚加拉瀑布是地质年代的计时器

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1894.0091

J. W. Spencer

1. Conjectures as to the Age of Niagara Falls.—Prior to the writing of the present paper, most of the conjectures as to the age of the Falls have been based simply upon the supposed uniform rate of recession. Thus, in 1790, Andrew Ellicott assigned 55,000 years as the age of the Falls.

1. 关于尼亚加拉大瀑布时代的猜想。在撰写本文之前，大多数关于瀑布年龄的猜测都是基于假定的统一衰退率。因此，在1790年，安德鲁·埃利科特将瀑布的年龄定为55000年。

引用次数: 0

Principles of brain development. 大脑发育原理

IF 3.9

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1402

Joan Stiles

Throughout much of the 20th century, the major models of brain development were strongly deterministic. It was thought that brain development proceeds via a prescribed blueprint that is somehow innately specified in the organism. Contemporary models present a distinctly different view of both inheritance and brain development. First, we do not inherit blueprints or plans, we inherit genes and the cellular machinery for expressing them. Genes carry essential information for creating proteins, but do not determine biological processes or developmental outcomes; the first cells contain the elements necessary for creating proteins based on the information coded in the nucleotide sequences of genes. Second, brain development is dynamic: the biological state of the brain at any moment is the product of developmental processes that involve an intricate interplay among genes and an ever-expanding range of environmental factors-from local cellular events to influences from the outside world. In science, models matter. They reflect underlying assumptions about how things can happen, and thus influence the kinds of questions we ask, the kinds of experiments we propose, the therapies we develop, and the educational curricula we construct. The dynamic model of brain development accounts for powerful neurobehavioral effects that can simply not be accommodated by deterministic models. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1402. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1402 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

在 20 世纪的大部分时间里，大脑发育的主要模式都具有强烈的决定论色彩。人们认为大脑的发育是通过生物体内某种先天规定的蓝图进行的。当代模型对遗传和大脑发育提出了截然不同的观点。首先，我们继承的不是蓝图或计划，而是基因和表达基因的细胞机制。基因携带着创造蛋白质的基本信息，但并不决定生物过程或发育结果；最初的细胞含有根据基因核苷酸序列编码的信息创造蛋白质的必要元素。其次，大脑的发育是动态的：大脑在任何时刻的生物状态都是发育过程的产物，这些过程涉及基因之间错综复杂的相互作用和不断扩大的环境因素--从局部的细胞事件到来自外部世界的影响。在科学中，模型很重要。它们反映了对事情如何发生的基本假设，从而影响我们提出的问题、建议的实验类型、开发的疗法以及构建的教育课程。大脑发育的动态模型解释了决定论模型无法解释的强大神经行为效应。WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1402. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1402 有关本文的更多资源，请访问 WIREs 网站。

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引用次数: 0

II. On underground temperatures, with observations on the conductivity of rocks, on the thermal effects of saturation and imbibition, and on a special source of heat in mountain ranges 2对地下温度，对岩石的导电性，对饱和和渗吸的热效应，以及对山脉中特殊热源的观察

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1884.0079

J. Prestwich

Having filled a fresh, tube w ith fresh spun glass, I carefully exhausted w ith th e Sprengel pum p on January 24th, and the exhaustion was kep t up till February 5th, th a t is, fo r twelve days. During th is tim e I frequently tested w ith th e McLeod gauge. A very i slight increase of pressure was found during th a t in te rv a l; bu t it was iso slight th a t I am not able to say th a t i t was g reater th an th a t

1月24日，我用崭新的纺纱玻璃填充了一个新管子，然后小心翼翼地用斯普伦格尔泵把它抽干，一直抽到2月5日，也就是最后一天，抽了12天。在这段时间里，我经常用麦克劳德量表进行测试。在这段时间内，压力有非常轻微的增加;但它非常小，以至于我不能说它比我们一直观察到的，甚至在斯普伦格尔泵井然有序的情况下，在真空中保持几天的情况下，它都要大。2月5日，我将三、四瓶汞通过泵浦，从麦克劳德表可以看出，真空度约为0*5 m。然后我加热，从纺丝的玻璃中冒出了大量的气体。像以前一样收集并分析了这些数据。玻璃纤维的数量为15,500，估计表面积为3527平方米。释出的气体总量为0.41℃;在我的第一个实验中，这个比例要小得多。在这些气体中，发现有78.6%是碳酸气体(可被苛性钾吸收)。低于10.5%的是氧气(被焦性没食子酸和钾肥吸收);而89.5 %的人则没有得到任何回报。m可能主要是氮。很大比例的碳酸气体rem arkable,我很难解释,除非我们m ay假设th t在大型全被玻璃tity d u rin g操作画出玻璃纤维,并附上我在th e t包含ing tube-operations期间,在这些预备考试inary试验的力量,充足的供应从吹管火焰。1885.[英语单词地下名词

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引用次数: 0

On the interpretation of photographic records of the response of nerve obtained with the capillary electrometer 毛细管静电计对神经反应照相记录的解释

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1902.0020

G. J. Burch

Attention is specially directed to the following changes in the terms used to describe the electrical phenomena of living tissues :— Old term. New term. Negative phase, or first phase... Electro-positive phase, or first phase. Positive phase, or second phase Electro-negative phase, or second phase. Galvanometrically negative....... Positive, electro-positive. Galvanometrically positive....... Negative, electro-negative.

特别要注意用于描述活组织电现象的术语的以下变化:新学期。消极阶段，或者第一阶段……电正相或第一相。正相，或第二相电负相，或第二相。Galvanometrically负……积极,electro-positive。Galvanometrically积极……负的,负电荷。

引用次数: 0

On the numerical computation of the functions G0(x), G1(x), and Jn(x√¯i) 关于函数G0(x)、G1(x)、Jn(x√¯i)的数值计算

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1899.0069

W. S. Aldis

1. The complete solution of the equation d2y/dx2 + 1/x · dy/dx ‒ (1+n2/x2)y = 0 May be written y = AIn(x)+BKn(x), where In(x) = ∑r=∞ r=0 (1/2x)n+2r/ II (r). II (n+r) ........ (1) ;

1. 方程d2y/dx2 + 1/x·dy/dx - (1+n2/x2)y =0的完全解可以写成y = AIn(x)+BKn(x)，其中In(x) =∑r=∞r=0 (1/2x)n+2r/ II (r). II (n+r) ........(1);

引用次数: 0

I. On the specific heats of gases at constant volume. (Preliminary note.) 关于气体在定容时的比热。(初步注意。)

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1888.0070

J. Joly

I have found it possible to obtain the specific heat of a gas at constant volume by means of the steam calorimeter, the values obtained being, I believe, reliable as close approximations to the true values. The first method of procedure adopted was to compress by means of a pump a certain quantity of dry air into a thin copper sphere, the sphere being then closed by a screw valve. The quantity of gas in the sphere is ascertained by weighing.

我发现用蒸汽量热计可以求得一种气体在定容时的比热，我相信所得到的值是可靠的，与真实值非常接近。采用的第一种方法是用泵把一定量的干空气压缩到一个薄铜球里，然后用螺旋阀关闭这个球。球体内气体的量是通过称量来确定的。

引用次数: 0

VII. Regional metamorphism 7区域变质作用

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1884.0120

J. Prestwich

Metamorphic rocks hare heen divided into two classes—1. Those in which local changes have heen caused by contact with heated eruptive rocks; 2. Those extending over wider areas, in which the rocks are in no apparent relation to eruptive or igneous rocks. The first has been termed Contact Metamorphism, and the second Normal or Regional Metamorphism, the latter two terms having been used to express the same phenomena and treated as synonymous. The object of this paper is briefly to show that there may be another cause for metamorphic action, for which, not to introduce a new term, I would propose to transfer and restrict the term of “ Metamorphism." Normal metamorphism I would confine to signify, as hitherto, the changes caused by the heat due to depth, on the supposi tion of the existence .of a heated central nucleus of the earth, while 1 would use the term regional metamorphism to denote changes effected by the agency of the physical causes to which Mr. Mallet referred the fusion of the volcanic rocks, namely, the heat produced locally within the crust of the earth by transformation into heat of the mechanical worh of compression, or of crushing of portions of that crust.* I was led to consider the importance of this action by the abnormal result presented in the distribution of the underground isotherms in the St. Gothard Tunnel, and which on looking into the question can only, as it seems to me, be attributed to the residual heat arising from the crushing of the rocks during the upheaval of tha t portion of the Alpine range, which is of very late geological date; and also by some cases in which the alteration in the rocks hardly seemed explicable upon the hypothesis either of ordinary contactor normal-metamorphism. This other source of heat had not been altogether overlooked by geologists, though only occasionally referred to as a secondary cause; but its actual importance had hardly been realised until Mallet inves tigated the subject experimentally and mathematically. He failed to show sufficient cause for the fusion of the volcanic rocks, bu t he drew attention to the enormous heat-producing power of certain earth movements. This power, inadequate though it may be to explain the phenomena of vulcanicity, is singularly applicable in explanation of some of the metamorphic phenomena exhibited in mountain ranges. The object of his experiments, however, having been to establish the maximum results to be attained by the force of compression, only bears indirectly on the collateral problem we are here considering. The primary object of Mr. M allet’s experiments was to ascertain

变质岩分为两类:一类。由于与热的喷发岩石接触而引起局部变化的;2. 那些延伸到较宽区域的岩石与喷发或火成岩没有明显关系的岩石。第一个已被称为接触变质作用，和第二个正常或区域变质作用，后两个术语已被用来表达相同的现象，并视为同义。本文的目的是简要地说明可能存在另一种导致变质作用的原因，为此，我不引入一个新的术语，我建议转移和限制“变质”的术语。正常变质组合表示,迄今为止,由于深度变化引起的热,在supposi,思索存在激烈的中央核的地球,而1将使用术语区域变质表示变化影响的机构的物理原因锤先生提到火山岩的融合,即地球产生局部地壳内的热量转换成热量的机械胜的压缩,日或者部分地壳被压碎。*我考虑到这一作用的重要性，是由于圣哥达隧道地下等温线分布的异常结果，在我看来，这一问题只能归咎于阿尔卑斯山脉那部分地质年代很晚的隆起过程中岩石破碎所产生的余热;而且在某些情况下，岩石的蚀变似乎很难用普通接触正常变质作用的假设来解释。地质学家并没有完全忽视这另一种热源，虽然只是偶尔把它当作次要的原因;但直到马利特用实验和数学方法研究了这个问题，人们才意识到它的真正重要性。他没有给出火山岩融合的充分原因，但他引起了人们对某些地球运动产生巨大热量的注意。这种力量虽然不足以解释火山活动的现象，但却特别适用于解释山脉中出现的一些变质现象。然而，他的实验目的是为了确定压缩力所能达到的最大结果，这只间接地与我们在这里考虑的附带问题有关。M . allet先生实验的主要目的是为了确定

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