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II. On underground temperatures, with observations on the conductivity of rocks, on the thermal effects of saturation and imbibition, and on a special source of heat in mountain ranges 2对地下温度,对岩石的导电性,对饱和和渗吸的热效应,以及对山脉中特殊热源的观察
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1884.0079
J. Prestwich
Having filled a fresh, tube w ith fresh spun glass, I carefully exhausted w ith th e Sprengel pum p on January 24th, and the exhaustion was kep t up till February 5th, th a t is, fo r twelve days. During th is tim e I frequently tested w ith th e McLeod gauge. A very i slight increase of pressure was found during th a t in te rv a l; bu t it was iso slight th a t I am not able to say th a t i t was g reater th an th a t
1月24日,我用崭新的纺纱玻璃填充了一个新管子,然后小心翼翼地用斯普伦格尔泵把它抽干,一直抽到2月5日,也就是最后一天,抽了12天。在这段时间里,我经常用麦克劳德量表进行测试。在这段时间内,压力有非常轻微的增加;但它非常小,以至于我不能说它比我们一直观察到的,甚至在斯普伦格尔泵井然有序的情况下,在真空中保持几天的情况下,它都要大。2月5日,我将三、四瓶汞通过泵浦,从麦克劳德表可以看出,真空度约为0*5 m。然后我加热,从纺丝的玻璃中冒出了大量的气体。像以前一样收集并分析了这些数据。玻璃纤维的数量为15,500,估计表面积为3527平方米。释出的气体总量为0.41℃;在我的第一个实验中,这个比例要小得多。在这些气体中,发现有78.6%是碳酸气体(可被苛性钾吸收)。低于10.5%的是氧气(被焦性没食子酸和钾肥吸收);而89.5 %的人则没有得到任何回报。m可能主要是氮。很大比例的碳酸气体rem arkable,我很难解释,除非我们m ay假设th t在大型全被玻璃tity d u rin g操作画出玻璃纤维,并附上我在th e t包含ing tube-operations期间,在这些预备考试inary试验的力量,充足的供应从吹管火焰。1885.[英语单词地下名词
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引用次数: 0
On the interpretation of photographic records of the response of nerve obtained with the capillary electrometer 毛细管静电计对神经反应照相记录的解释
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1902.0020
G. J. Burch
Attention is specially directed to the following changes in the terms used to describe the electrical phenomena of living tissues :— Old term. New term. Negative phase, or first phase... Electro-positive phase, or first phase. Positive phase, or second phase Electro-negative phase, or second phase. Galvanometrically negative....... Positive, electro-positive. Galvanometrically positive....... Negative, electro-negative.
特别要注意用于描述活组织电现象的术语的以下变化:新学期。消极阶段,或者第一阶段……电正相或第一相。正相,或第二相电负相,或第二相。Galvanometrically负……积极,electro-positive。Galvanometrically积极……负的,负电荷。
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引用次数: 0
On the numerical computation of the functions G0(x), G1(x), and Jn(x√¯i) 关于函数G0(x)、G1(x)、Jn(x√¯i)的数值计算
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1899.0069
W. S. Aldis
1. The complete solution of the equation d2y/dx2 + 1/x · dy/dx ‒ (1+n2/x2)y = 0 May be written y = AIn(x)+BKn(x), where In(x) = ∑r=∞ r=0 (1/2x)n+2r/ II (r). II (n+r) ........ (1) ;
1. 方程d2y/dx2 + 1/x·dy/dx - (1+n2/x2)y =0的完全解可以写成y = AIn(x)+BKn(x),其中In(x) =∑r=∞r=0 (1/2x)n+2r/ II (r). II (n+r) ........(1);
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引用次数: 0
I. On the specific heats of gases at constant volume. (Preliminary note.) 关于气体在定容时的比热。(初步注意。)
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1888.0070
J. Joly
I have found it possible to obtain the specific heat of a gas at constant volume by means of the steam calorimeter, the values obtained being, I believe, reliable as close approximations to the true values. The first method of procedure adopted was to compress by means of a pump a certain quantity of dry air into a thin copper sphere, the sphere being then closed by a screw valve. The quantity of gas in the sphere is ascertained by weighing.
我发现用蒸汽量热计可以求得一种气体在定容时的比热,我相信所得到的值是可靠的,与真实值非常接近。采用的第一种方法是用泵把一定量的干空气压缩到一个薄铜球里,然后用螺旋阀关闭这个球。球体内气体的量是通过称量来确定的。
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引用次数: 0
VII. Regional metamorphism 7区域变质作用
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1884.0120
J. Prestwich
Metamorphic rocks hare heen divided into two classes—1. Those in which local changes have heen caused by contact with heated eruptive rocks; 2. Those extending over wider areas, in which the rocks are in no apparent relation to eruptive or igneous rocks. The first has been termed Contact Metamorphism, and the second Normal or Regional Metamorphism, the latter two terms having been used to express the same phenomena and treated as synonymous. The object of this paper is briefly to show that there may be another cause for metamorphic action, for which, not to introduce a new term, I would propose to transfer and restrict the term of “ Metamorphism." Normal metamorphism I would confine to signify, as hitherto, the changes caused by the heat due to depth, on the supposi­ tion of the existence .of a heated central nucleus of the earth, while 1 would use the term regional metamorphism to denote changes effected by the agency of the physical causes to which Mr. Mallet referred the fusion of the volcanic rocks, namely, the heat produced locally within the crust of the earth by transformation into heat of the mechanical worh of compression, or of crushing of portions of that crust.* I was led to consider the importance of this action by the abnormal result presented in the distribution of the underground isotherms in the St. Gothard Tunnel, and which on looking into the question can only, as it seems to me, be attributed to the residual heat arising from the crushing of the rocks during the upheaval of tha t portion of the Alpine range, which is of very late geological date; and also by some cases in which the alteration in the rocks hardly seemed explicable upon the hypothesis either of ordinary contactor normal-metamorphism. This other source of heat had not been altogether overlooked by geologists, though only occasionally referred to as a secondary cause; but its actual importance had hardly been realised until Mallet inves­ tigated the subject experimentally and mathematically. He failed to show sufficient cause for the fusion of the volcanic rocks, bu t he drew attention to the enormous heat-producing power of certain earth movements. This power, inadequate though it may be to explain the phenomena of vulcanicity, is singularly applicable in explanation of some of the metamorphic phenomena exhibited in mountain ranges. The object of his experiments, however, having been to establish the maximum results to be attained by the force of compression, only bears indirectly on the collateral problem we are here considering. The primary object of Mr. M allet’s experiments was to ascertain
变质岩分为两类:一类。由于与热的喷发岩石接触而引起局部变化的;2. 那些延伸到较宽区域的岩石与喷发或火成岩没有明显关系的岩石。第一个已被称为接触变质作用,和第二个正常或区域变质作用,后两个术语已被用来表达相同的现象,并视为同义。本文的目的是简要地说明可能存在另一种导致变质作用的原因,为此,我不引入一个新的术语,我建议转移和限制“变质”的术语。正常变质组合表示,迄今为止,由于深度变化引起的热,在supposi,思索存在激烈的中央核的地球,而1将使用术语区域变质表示变化影响的机构的物理原因锤先生提到火山岩的融合,即地球产生局部地壳内的热量转换成热量的机械胜的压缩,日或者部分地壳被压碎。*我考虑到这一作用的重要性,是由于圣哥达隧道地下等温线分布的异常结果,在我看来,这一问题只能归咎于阿尔卑斯山脉那部分地质年代很晚的隆起过程中岩石破碎所产生的余热;而且在某些情况下,岩石的蚀变似乎很难用普通接触正常变质作用的假设来解释。地质学家并没有完全忽视这另一种热源,虽然只是偶尔把它当作次要的原因;但直到马利特用实验和数学方法研究了这个问题,人们才意识到它的真正重要性。他没有给出火山岩融合的充分原因,但他引起了人们对某些地球运动产生巨大热量的注意。这种力量虽然不足以解释火山活动的现象,但却特别适用于解释山脉中出现的一些变质现象。然而,他的实验目的是为了确定压缩力所能达到的最大结果,这只间接地与我们在这里考虑的附带问题有关。M . allet先生实验的主要目的是为了确定
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引用次数: 0
II. On an electro-magnetic gyroscope 2在电磁陀螺仪上
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1879.0122
M. W. de Fonvielle
I have the honour to submit to the Royal Society of London an apparatus which I have invented, after having witnessed an experiment by M. Dieudonné Lontin. The original Lontin experiment consists in the rapid and continuous rotation of a magnetised steel needle, placed under the influence of the currents of a peculiar induction machine.
我很荣幸地向伦敦皇家学会提交一种仪器,这是我在目睹了迪乌敦·奈尔·朗廷先生的实验后发明的。最初的朗廷实验是在一种特殊的感应电机电流的影响下,使一根磁化的钢针快速而连续地旋转。
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引用次数: 0
Anniversary Meeting. November 30, 1855 周年会议。1855年11月30日
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1854.0126
Mr. Cayley reported, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts, that the total receipts during the last year, including a balance of £1043 19s. 9 d.carried from the account of the preceding year, amounted to £3231 16s. 0 d.,and that the total payments in the same period, including £2000 invested in the Funds, amounted to £4531 5s. 5 d.,leaving a balance due to the Treasurer of £255 9s. 8 d. The thanks of the Society were voted to the Treasurer and Auditors.
凯莱先生向财务主管帐目审计员报告,去年的收入总额,包括余额104319英镑。从前一年的帐目转出,共达3231英镑。在同一时期的付款总额,包括投资于各基金的2000英镑,共计45315英镑。5月5日,欠财务主管的余额为255英镑。协会的感谢票投给了司库和审计员。
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引用次数: 0
Some remarks on the mechanism of respiration 关于呼吸作用机理的几点评述
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1871.0030
F. L. Clark
G ros Clark, Surgeon to St. Thom as’s H ospital, M ember of Council and of the C ourt o f Exam iners of th e R oyal College of Surgeons, and late H un terian Professor of Surgery and Patho­ logy in the College, and E xam iner in Surgery a t th e Uni­ versity of London. C om m unicated by P . IVIartin D uncan, M .B ., F .R .S ., Professor of Geology in K ing ’s College, London. Received April 18, 1871*.
G·罗斯·克拉克,圣托姆斯医院外科医生,皇家外科学院理事会成员和考试委员会委员,该学院已故的外科和病理学教授,伦敦大学外科博士。C om由P发音。IVIartin D . duncan, m.m.b., f.r.s.,伦敦大学国王学院地质学教授。1871年4月18日收*。
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引用次数: 0
On the composition and variations of the pelvic plexus in Acanthias vulguris 刺槐盆腔神经丛的组成及变异
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1901.0082
R. Punnett
Whilst recently engaged upon the development of the pelvic plexus in Mustelus Iœvis I was much struck with the amount of variation in the number and position of the nerves forming it. This led me at the time to examine all the material which I was able to procure, and the results obtained have been given in a previous paper (12, 1900). Believing, however, that, in Bateson’s words, “the facts of variation must be the test of phylogenetic possibility” (4, p. 30), I determined to examine a still larger number of specimens of some other species of shark.
当我最近在研究盆腔神经丛在Mustelus Iœvis的发展时,我对形成它的神经的数量和位置的变化感到非常震惊。这使我当时检查了我能够获得的所有材料,并在之前的论文(12,1900)中给出了获得的结果。然而,我相信,用贝特森的话来说,“变异的事实必须是对系统发育可能性的检验”(第4页,第30页),我决定研究更多的其他鲨鱼种类的标本。
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引用次数: 0
II. On the production of glycosuria by the effect of oxygenated blood on the liver 2氧合血对肝脏的影响对肝糖产生的影响
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1875.0007
F. Pavy
Instances of this are not wanting. Magnesium connected with platinum will decompose a magnesium salt, the almost insoluble hydrate of magnesium being found adhering to the negative metal. The deposition of zinc on the plates of an old-fashioned battery, when the battery is pretty well exhausted, is a well-known phe­ nomenon. In our experiments with copper and silver,in conjunction in a solution of nitrate of copper, we never succeeded in reducing the gal­ vanic action to nil by our utmost efforts to exclude all oxygen: and the whole of the present inquiry originated in an experiment described by us before the Physical Society, that mercury and gold in conjunction would decompose mercuric chloride with the deposition not only of the lower chloride, but also of metallic mercury upon the gold. 1875.] Dr. F. W. Pavy on the Production of Glycosuria. 51
这种情况并不少见。镁与铂结合会分解成镁盐,几乎不溶的镁水合物被发现附着在负极金属上。当电池完全耗尽时,锌沉积在老式电池的极板上,这是一个众所周知的现象。在我们的实验中,铜和银结合在硝酸铜溶液中,我们尽了最大的努力排除了所有的氧,但我们从未成功地将gal - vanic作用降为零。而目前的整个调查源于我们在物理学会之前描述的一个实验,即汞和金结合会分解氯化汞,不仅会沉积较低的氯化物,而且还会沉积金属汞在金上。1875.F. W. Pavy博士论糖尿的产生[j]
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
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