The research was undertaken in the hope of obtaining evidence in support of or against the view that the cerebellum exercises a direct influence on the spinal centres, as opposed to any indirect influence exerted through the agency of the cerebral cortex. The inferior peduncle of the cerebellum was accordingly divided on one side, the organ itself and its other peduncles being otherwise left intact, and the results obtained by this procedure were controlled by experiments in which the lateral tracts of the medulla oblongata were divided on one side without injury to the pyramid on the one hand or to the posterior columns and their nuclei on the other. Further control experiments consisted in dividing transversely the posterior columns and their nuclei a few millimetres above the calamus scriptorius, on one side, without including the lateral tracts of the medulla in the lesion.
{"title":"Phenomena resulting from interruption of afferent and efferent tracts of the cerebellum","authors":"J. S. Russell","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1896.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1896.0038","url":null,"abstract":"The research was undertaken in the hope of obtaining evidence in support of or against the view that the cerebellum exercises a direct influence on the spinal centres, as opposed to any indirect influence exerted through the agency of the cerebral cortex. The inferior peduncle of the cerebellum was accordingly divided on one side, the organ itself and its other peduncles being otherwise left intact, and the results obtained by this procedure were controlled by experiments in which the lateral tracts of the medulla oblongata were divided on one side without injury to the pyramid on the one hand or to the posterior columns and their nuclei on the other. Further control experiments consisted in dividing transversely the posterior columns and their nuclei a few millimetres above the calamus scriptorius, on one side, without including the lateral tracts of the medulla in the lesion.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1896.0038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49385526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. The assumption that the E. M. F. of the current of rest of the skin of the Fish is entirely due to mucin-metamorphosis, and that it is not possible to attribute it to the presence of glandular elements is negatived, in the case of the Eel, by the absence of any such mucinous change in the superficial epidermic cells and by the presence of abundance of secretory cells throughout the structure. 2. The existence of considerable differences of potential between two contacts upon the outer surface of the skin, and the fact that such E. M. F. is capable of excitatory augmentation upon mechanical stimulation, coincides with the assumption that the E. M. F. of the current of rest is the outcome of glandular processes of variable activity and is not compatible with the theory of origin of the E. M. F. in mucin-metamorphosis.
{"title":"III. The electromotive properties of the skin of the common eel","authors":"E. W. Reid","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1892.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1892.0084","url":null,"abstract":"1. The assumption that the E. M. F. of the current of rest of the skin of the Fish is entirely due to mucin-metamorphosis, and that it is not possible to attribute it to the presence of glandular elements is negatived, in the case of the Eel, by the absence of any such mucinous change in the superficial epidermic cells and by the presence of abundance of secretory cells throughout the structure. 2. The existence of considerable differences of potential between two contacts upon the outer surface of the skin, and the fact that such E. M. F. is capable of excitatory augmentation upon mechanical stimulation, coincides with the assumption that the E. M. F. of the current of rest is the outcome of glandular processes of variable activity and is not compatible with the theory of origin of the E. M. F. in mucin-metamorphosis.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1892.0084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the investigations described, the method of experiment was such as to completely isolate physiologically the heart of the dog from all the rest of the body of the animal, lungs excepted. This was accomplished by occluding the right and left carotid and subclavian arteries, the aorta just beyond the origin of the left subclavian, and ligaturing both venæ cavæ and the azygos vein.
{"title":"III. The direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dog's heart","authors":"H. N. Martin","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1882.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1882.0065","url":null,"abstract":"In the investigations described, the method of experiment was such as to completely isolate physiologically the heart of the dog from all the rest of the body of the animal, lungs excepted. This was accomplished by occluding the right and left carotid and subclavian arteries, the aorta just beyond the origin of the left subclavian, and ligaturing both venæ cavæ and the azygos vein.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1882.0065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49242683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. The researches of M. Henri Becquerel have shown that compounds of uranium possess the property now called "radio-activity"; that is, rays emitted by them affect a sensitive photographic plate through bodies usually considered opaque to light; they discharge an electrometer when brought near it; and they are deflected by a magnet. These rays are now called "Becquerel rays," or "uranic rays."
{"title":"Radio-activity of uranium","authors":"W. Crookes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0120","url":null,"abstract":"1. The researches of M. Henri Becquerel have shown that compounds of uranium possess the property now called \"radio-activity\"; that is, rays emitted by them affect a sensitive photographic plate through bodies usually considered opaque to light; they discharge an electrometer when brought near it; and they are deflected by a magnet. These rays are now called \"Becquerel rays,\" or \"uranic rays.\"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42668351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intention of this paper is, first, to investigate the forms which two masses of fluid assume when they revolve in close proximity about one another, without relative motion of their parts; and secondly, to obtain a representation of the single form of equilibrium which must exist when the two masses approach so near to one another as just to coalesce into a single mass.
{"title":"VI. On figures of equilibrium of rotating masses of fluid","authors":"G. Darwin","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1887.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1887.0078","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of this paper is, first, to investigate the forms which two masses of fluid assume when they revolve in close proximity about one another, without relative motion of their parts; and secondly, to obtain a representation of the single form of equilibrium which must exist when the two masses approach so near to one another as just to coalesce into a single mass.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1887.0078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48403398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experiments described in this paper were undertaken with the object of determining the potential difference required to produce discharge in a number of gases over a wide range of pressures, and especially of ascertaining if the law enunciated by Paschen was generally applicable, provided the electric field in which the discharge took place was uniform. The paper is divided into the following sections :— (1.) Introduction. (2.) Description of apparatus. (3.) Experiments in air. (4.) Experiments in hydrogen. (5.) Experiments in carbon dioxide. (6.) Spark potentials with different electrodes. (7.) Minimum spark potentials. (8.) Connection between spark lengths and spark potentials. (9.) Minimum spark potentials in different gases. (10.) Summary of results.
{"title":"On the laws governing electric discharges in gases at low pressures","authors":"W. R. Carr","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1902.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1902.0110","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments described in this paper were undertaken with the object of determining the potential difference required to produce discharge in a number of gases over a wide range of pressures, and especially of ascertaining if the law enunciated by Paschen was generally applicable, provided the electric field in which the discharge took place was uniform. The paper is divided into the following sections :— (1.) Introduction. (2.) Description of apparatus. (3.) Experiments in air. (4.) Experiments in hydrogen. (5.) Experiments in carbon dioxide. (6.) Spark potentials with different electrodes. (7.) Minimum spark potentials. (8.) Connection between spark lengths and spark potentials. (9.) Minimum spark potentials in different gases. (10.) Summary of results.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1902.0110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46952506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society’ (xviii. p. 362, xix. p. 73) are some observations by the late Count Wollowicz and myself on the effect of alcohol, brandy, and claret on the elimination of nitrogen. As the experiments were on one man, I have taken an opportunity of repeating them on another person; and as the late observations of Dr. Austin Flint (junior) on a man who walked 317 miles in five days have appeared to some persons to run counter to the now generally accepted view that exercise produces either no change or only insignificant changes in the urea, I have combined experiments on exercise with those on alcohol. With respect, however, to Dr. Austin Flint’s experiments, it would appear that while the egress of nitrogen was determined with the greatest accuracy, the amount taken in was for the most part merely estimated by reference to Payen’s Tables, and therefore there is no certainty that the ingress was what it is assumed to have been. The food also was very varied, so that the difficulty of properly estimating the nitrogen was still more increased. The following experiments were made on a soldier, W. D., aged 30. I He is a powerfully built man, 5 feet 6 inches in height, and measuring 40 inches round the chest. As a young man, he had been employed in a distillery near Glasgow, and at that time drank largely of whisky, some times taking half a piut before breakfast. For the last ten years, since he t has been in the army, he has been very temperate, taking chiefly beer in moderate quantities, and only occasionally spirits. He bears the character of a very steady soldier, and has always had perfect health, with the exception of an attack of “spotted typhus” six years ago. He has never served abroad.
{"title":"III. Further experiments on the Effect of Alcohol and Exercise on the Elimination of Nitrogen and on the Pulse and Temperature of the Body.”","authors":"E. Parkes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","url":null,"abstract":"In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society’ (xviii. p. 362, xix. p. 73) are some observations by the late Count Wollowicz and myself on the effect of alcohol, brandy, and claret on the elimination of nitrogen. As the experiments were on one man, I have taken an opportunity of repeating them on another person; and as the late observations of Dr. Austin Flint (junior) on a man who walked 317 miles in five days have appeared to some persons to run counter to the now generally accepted view that exercise produces either no change or only insignificant changes in the urea, I have combined experiments on exercise with those on alcohol. With respect, however, to Dr. Austin Flint’s experiments, it would appear that while the egress of nitrogen was determined with the greatest accuracy, the amount taken in was for the most part merely estimated by reference to Payen’s Tables, and therefore there is no certainty that the ingress was what it is assumed to have been. The food also was very varied, so that the difficulty of properly estimating the nitrogen was still more increased. The following experiments were made on a soldier, W. D., aged 30. I He is a powerfully built man, 5 feet 6 inches in height, and measuring 40 inches round the chest. As a young man, he had been employed in a distillery near Glasgow, and at that time drank largely of whisky, some times taking half a piut before breakfast. For the last ten years, since he t has been in the army, he has been very temperate, taking chiefly beer in moderate quantities, and only occasionally spirits. He bears the character of a very steady soldier, and has always had perfect health, with the exception of an attack of “spotted typhus” six years ago. He has never served abroad.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62205348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rest of the diagram represents the forces which we found when the disks were at distances of 10 and 5 millims. asunder. The forces which presented themselves at these distances are to be attributed mainly to a true Crookes’s reaction between the disks ; and they seem to warrant the conclusion that Crookes’s reaction was manifested at a dis tance of at least 10 millims. in a hydrogen vacuum, when the outstand ing tension was as much as 5 millims. of mercury. At distances of from 20 to 80 millims. the very feeble force acting on the glass disk in our apparatus seemed to vary about inversely as the tension. As already mentioned, it appeared to be nearly independent of the distance when the distance exceeded 20 millims. _ At distances of 5, 10, and 20 millims. the force on the swinging disk made some approach to varying at each tension inversely as the distance. But, so far as may be judged from our measures of such exceedingly feeble forces, there is a sensible deviation from this law at most of the
{"title":"II On the structure of magelona","authors":"W. Mcintosh","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","url":null,"abstract":"The rest of the diagram represents the forces which we found when the disks were at distances of 10 and 5 millims. asunder. The forces which presented themselves at these distances are to be attributed mainly to a true Crookes’s reaction between the disks ; and they seem to warrant the conclusion that Crookes’s reaction was manifested at a dis tance of at least 10 millims. in a hydrogen vacuum, when the outstand ing tension was as much as 5 millims. of mercury. At distances of from 20 to 80 millims. the very feeble force acting on the glass disk in our apparatus seemed to vary about inversely as the tension. As already mentioned, it appeared to be nearly independent of the distance when the distance exceeded 20 millims. _ At distances of 5, 10, and 20 millims. the force on the swinging disk made some approach to varying at each tension inversely as the distance. But, so far as may be judged from our measures of such exceedingly feeble forces, there is a sensible deviation from this law at most of the","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62233578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1884 it was observed experimentally that whereas the electric current required to maintain a thick wire of given material, under given conditions, at a given temperature was approximately proportional to the diameter of the wire raised to the power three halves, the current was more nearly proportional to the first power of the diameter if the wire were thin.
{"title":"I. The thermal emissivity of thin wires in air","authors":"W. Ayrton, H. Kilgour","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","url":null,"abstract":"In 1884 it was observed experimentally that whereas the electric current required to maintain a thick wire of given material, under given conditions, at a given temperature was approximately proportional to the diameter of the wire raised to the power three halves, the current was more nearly proportional to the first power of the diameter if the wire were thin.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62337052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Conjectures as to the Age of Niagara Falls.—Prior to the writing of the present paper, most of the conjectures as to the age of the Falls have been based simply upon the supposed uniform rate of recession. Thus, in 1790, Andrew Ellicott assigned 55,000 years as the age of the Falls.
{"title":"III. Niagara falls as a chronometer of geological time","authors":"J. W. Spencer","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","url":null,"abstract":"1. Conjectures as to the Age of Niagara Falls.—Prior to the writing of the present paper, most of the conjectures as to the age of the Falls have been based simply upon the supposed uniform rate of recession. Thus, in 1790, Andrew Ellicott assigned 55,000 years as the age of the Falls.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62357123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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