After referring to the observations of Stark, the discoverer of the skate’s electric organ, and to the work of Robin, Leydig, Babuchin, and others, the author describes the arrangement of the muscles in the tail of Selachians with a view to determining which muscles in the skate are transformed into the electric organs.
{"title":"V. The electric organ of the skate : observations on the structure, relations, progressive development, and growth of the electric organ of the skate","authors":"J. C. Ewart","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","url":null,"abstract":"After referring to the observations of Stark, the discoverer of the skate’s electric organ, and to the work of Robin, Leydig, Babuchin, and others, the author describes the arrangement of the muscles in the tail of Selachians with a view to determining which muscles in the skate are transformed into the electric organs.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"50 1","pages":"474 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1891.0063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62338158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper an attempt is made to investigate the normal circulation of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean north of 40° N. lat., and its changes, by means of a series of synoptic charts showing the distribution of temperature and salinity over the area for each month of the two years 1896 and 1897.
{"title":"The circulation of the surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean","authors":"H. N. Dickson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper an attempt is made to investigate the normal circulation of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean north of 40° N. lat., and its changes, by means of a series of synoptic charts showing the distribution of temperature and salinity over the area for each month of the two years 1896 and 1897.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"66 1","pages":"484 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61684488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, of which a preliminary note appeared at p. 331. The following are the main conclusions :— The tubercles always contain a fungus, allied to the Ustilaginese, which enters the root by way of the root hairs. The ultimate branches of the hyphge in the cells of the tubercle bud off minute bodies (gemmules), which are afterwards scattered in the soil. This process resembles the budding discovered in Ustilagineas by Brefeld. By means of cultures and observations the author shows that the infection from the soil is probably due to these minute gemmules acting as spores.
{"title":"III. On the tubercular swellings on the roots of vicia faba","authors":"H. M. Ward","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, of which a preliminary note appeared at p. 331. The following are the main conclusions :— The tubercles always contain a fungus, allied to the Ustilaginese, which enters the root by way of the root hairs. The ultimate branches of the hyphge in the cells of the tubercle bud off minute bodies (gemmules), which are afterwards scattered in the soil. This process resembles the budding discovered in Ustilagineas by Brefeld. By means of cultures and observations the author shows that the infection from the soil is probably due to these minute gemmules acting as spores.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"42 1","pages":"356 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1887.0075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62303316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An account is given by the author, of the experiments he has recently made, with a view to increase the accuracy of the results given in his former paper, published in the “Philosophical Transactions” for 1850. The result he has now arrived at, from the thermal effects of the friction of water, is, that taking the unit of heat as that which can raise a pound of water, weighed in vacuo, from 60° to 61° of the mercurial thermometer; its mechanical equivalent, reduced to the sea-level at the latitude of Greenwich, is 772·55 foot-pounds.
{"title":"I. New determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat","authors":"J. P. Joule","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","url":null,"abstract":"An account is given by the author, of the experiments he has recently made, with a view to increase the accuracy of the results given in his former paper, published in the “Philosophical Transactions” for 1850. The result he has now arrived at, from the thermal effects of the friction of water, is, that taking the unit of heat as that which can raise a pound of water, weighed in vacuo, from 60° to 61° of the mercurial thermometer; its mechanical equivalent, reduced to the sea-level at the latitude of Greenwich, is 772·55 foot-pounds.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"27 1","pages":"38 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1878.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62238965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I ask permission of the Royal Society to draw the attention of chemists to a form or method of experiment which, though obvious, is, I am informed, unknown, and which, I doubt not, will in their hands become a new experimental power. It consists in subjecting the vapours of volatile liquids to the action of concentrated sunlight, or to the concentrated beam of the electric light.
{"title":"IX. On a new series of chemical reactions produced by light","authors":"J. Tyndall","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","url":null,"abstract":"I ask permission of the Royal Society to draw the attention of chemists to a form or method of experiment which, though obvious, is, I am informed, unknown, and which, I doubt not, will in their hands become a new experimental power. It consists in subjecting the vapours of volatile liquids to the action of concentrated sunlight, or to the concentrated beam of the electric light.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"102 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1868.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62186899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An abstract of the first part of this memoir, which dealt with the structure and relations of the air-bladder and Weber’s ossicles in the Siluridæ, was published in the Proceedings of this Society three years ago (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 46, 1889, pp. 309—328). The present contribution is a discussion of the physiology not only of this remarkable mechanism, but of the air-bladder in general.
{"title":"XIII. Contributions to the anatomy of fishes. II. The air-bladder and Weberian ossicles in the siluroid fishes","authors":"T. W. Bridge, A. C. Haddon","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract of the first part of this memoir, which dealt with the structure and relations of the air-bladder and Weber’s ossicles in the Siluridæ, was published in the Proceedings of this Society three years ago (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 46, 1889, pp. 309—328). The present contribution is a discussion of the physiology not only of this remarkable mechanism, but of the air-bladder in general.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"44 1","pages":"139 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1892.0063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62342793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the earlier discussions of this problem, it has been tacitly assumed that it was only necessary to find forces sufficient to balance a head of water equal to the height of the loftiest tree to explain the ascent of sap in it. The problem is, however, rather one of dynamics than of statics, for we have to find forces sufficient not only to balance the head of water, but also to keep this water moving upwards in narrow tubes with a velocity varying from a few centimetres to as much as 6 metres per hour. Janse has in fact shown empirically, and his results have been confirmed by Strasburger, that to drive water through the stem of a Conifer at the transpiration rate requires a head of water several times the length of the stem. Water is a liquid of definite viscosity, and the resistance offered even to its slow flow through tubes of small diameter and considerable length is a factor of great importance. The purpose of the following research has been to find the amount of this resistance in definite cases, the forces required to overcome it, and hence the total force required to raise the water with sufficient rapidity to the summit of an actively transpiring tall tree. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to determine the possible means by which this force could be generated, and propagated in the conducting wood.
{"title":"The Ascent of Water in Trees.","authors":"A. J. Ewart","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","url":null,"abstract":"In the earlier discussions of this problem, it has been tacitly assumed that it was only necessary to find forces sufficient to balance a head of water equal to the height of the loftiest tree to explain the ascent of sap in it. The problem is, however, rather one of dynamics than of statics, for we have to find forces sufficient not only to balance the head of water, but also to keep this water moving upwards in narrow tubes with a velocity varying from a few centimetres to as much as 6 metres per hour. Janse has in fact shown empirically, and his results have been confirmed by Strasburger, that to drive water through the stem of a Conifer at the transpiration rate requires a head of water several times the length of the stem. Water is a liquid of definite viscosity, and the resistance offered even to its slow flow through tubes of small diameter and considerable length is a factor of great importance. The purpose of the following research has been to find the amount of this resistance in definite cases, the forces required to overcome it, and hence the total force required to raise the water with sufficient rapidity to the summit of an actively transpiring tall tree. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to determine the possible means by which this force could be generated, and propagated in the conducting wood.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"74 1","pages":"554 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1904.0156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61716953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper commences with a statement of the facts with which we are at present acquainted, relating to the nature and character of the blood-colouring-matter, and its relation to gases. I. The action of nitrites in modifying the colour and spectrum of blood is then described. Under the influence of nitrites, arterial blood assumes a chocolate coloration. Coincidently the bands of scarlet cruorine (oi oxidized hæmoglobin) become very faint, and an additional absorption band, occupying the same position as that of acid hæmatin, appears. The addition of ammonia to blood in which nitrites have induced the characteristic change of colour and spectrum, causes the red colour to return and gives rise to a new spectrum in which the normal blood-bands are again better defined, but accompanied by a faint and rather undefined absorption band in the orange. It appears from the experiments of the author that the change in optical properties induced by ammonia is not due to any decomposing action exerted upon the body formed under the influence of nitrites; for on neutralizing the solution to which ammonia has been added, the original spectrum is reproduced. When sulphide of ammonium, oi a reducing-solution of iron is added to a blood solution which has been acted upon by nitrites, all effects of their action disappear, and the solution again possesses the spectrum of oxidized blood-colouring-matter, although precautions have been taken to exclude atmospheric air. The continued action of the reducing-solution then leads to the reduction of the blood-colouring, matter, which when shaken with air again yields the perfectly normal spectrum of blood. It would therefore appear that when nitrites act upon the blood-colouring-matter they do not decompose it, nor thrust out oi remove the loose oxygen with which it is combined.
{"title":"Researches on the blood.—On the action of nitrites on the blood","authors":"A. Gamgee","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","url":null,"abstract":"The paper commences with a statement of the facts with which we are at present acquainted, relating to the nature and character of the blood-colouring-matter, and its relation to gases. I. The action of nitrites in modifying the colour and spectrum of blood is then described. Under the influence of nitrites, arterial blood assumes a chocolate coloration. Coincidently the bands of scarlet cruorine (oi oxidized hæmoglobin) become very faint, and an additional absorption band, occupying the same position as that of acid hæmatin, appears. The addition of ammonia to blood in which nitrites have induced the characteristic change of colour and spectrum, causes the red colour to return and gives rise to a new spectrum in which the normal blood-bands are again better defined, but accompanied by a faint and rather undefined absorption band in the orange. It appears from the experiments of the author that the change in optical properties induced by ammonia is not due to any decomposing action exerted upon the body formed under the influence of nitrites; for on neutralizing the solution to which ammonia has been added, the original spectrum is reproduced. When sulphide of ammonium, oi a reducing-solution of iron is added to a blood solution which has been acted upon by nitrites, all effects of their action disappear, and the solution again possesses the spectrum of oxidized blood-colouring-matter, although precautions have been taken to exclude atmospheric air. The continued action of the reducing-solution then leads to the reduction of the blood-colouring, matter, which when shaken with air again yields the perfectly normal spectrum of blood. It would therefore appear that when nitrites act upon the blood-colouring-matter they do not decompose it, nor thrust out oi remove the loose oxygen with which it is combined.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"339 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62183930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
That rocks, under the conditions to which they are subjected in certain parts of the earth’s crust, become bent and twisted in the most complicated manner is a fact which was recognised by the earliest geologists, and it needs but a glance at any of the accurate sections of contorted regions of the earth’s crust which have been prepared in more recent years to show that there is often a transfer or “flow" of material from one place to another in the folds. The manner in which this contortion, with its concomitant “flowing,” has taken place is, however, a matter concerning which there has been much discussion, and a wide divergence of opinion. Some authorities have considered it to be a purely mechanical process, while others have looked upon solution and redeposition as playing a necessary role in all such movements, The problem is one on which it would appear that much light might be thrown by experimental investigation.
{"title":"An experimental investigation into the flow of marble","authors":"F. Adams, J. T. Nicolson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","url":null,"abstract":"That rocks, under the conditions to which they are subjected in certain parts of the earth’s crust, become bent and twisted in the most complicated manner is a fact which was recognised by the earliest geologists, and it needs but a glance at any of the accurate sections of contorted regions of the earth’s crust which have been prepared in more recent years to show that there is often a transfer or “flow\" of material from one place to another in the folds. The manner in which this contortion, with its concomitant “flowing,” has taken place is, however, a matter concerning which there has been much discussion, and a wide divergence of opinion. Some authorities have considered it to be a purely mechanical process, while others have looked upon solution and redeposition as playing a necessary role in all such movements, The problem is one on which it would appear that much light might be thrown by experimental investigation.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"67 1","pages":"228 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61686713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After referring to the earlier history of the subject, and especially' to the conclusion of Saussure, that plants derive their nitrogen from the nitrogenous compounds of the soil and the small amount of ammonia which he found to exist in the atmosphere, the Authors preface the discussion of their own experiments on the sources of the nitrogen of plants, by a consideration of the most prominent facts established by their own investigations concerning the amount of nitrogen yielded by different crops over a given area of land, and of the relation of these to certain measured, or known sources of it. On growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without any supply of nitrogen by manure, it was found that wheat, over a period of 14 years, had given rather more than 30 lbs.—barley, over a period of 6 years, somewhat less—meadow-hay, over a period of 3 years, nearly 40 lbs.— and beans, over 11 years, rather more than 50 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, per annum. Clover, another leguminous crop, grown in 3 out of 4 consecutive years, had given an average of 120 lbs. Turnips, over 8 consecutive years, had yielded about 45 lbs.
{"title":"On the sources of the nitrogen of vegetation; with special reference to the question whether plants assimilate free or uncombined nitrogen","authors":"J. Lawes, J. Gilbert, E. Pugh","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","url":null,"abstract":"After referring to the earlier history of the subject, and especially' to the conclusion of Saussure, that plants derive their nitrogen from the nitrogenous compounds of the soil and the small amount of ammonia which he found to exist in the atmosphere, the Authors preface the discussion of their own experiments on the sources of the nitrogen of plants, by a consideration of the most prominent facts established by their own investigations concerning the amount of nitrogen yielded by different crops over a given area of land, and of the relation of these to certain measured, or known sources of it. On growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without any supply of nitrogen by manure, it was found that wheat, over a period of 14 years, had given rather more than 30 lbs.—barley, over a period of 6 years, somewhat less—meadow-hay, over a period of 3 years, nearly 40 lbs.— and beans, over 11 years, rather more than 50 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, per annum. Clover, another leguminous crop, grown in 3 out of 4 consecutive years, had given an average of 120 lbs. Turnips, over 8 consecutive years, had yielded about 45 lbs.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"544 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62143765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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