The paper commences with a statement of the facts with which we are at present acquainted, relating to the nature and character of the blood-colouring-matter, and its relation to gases. I. The action of nitrites in modifying the colour and spectrum of blood is then described. Under the influence of nitrites, arterial blood assumes a chocolate coloration. Coincidently the bands of scarlet cruorine (oi oxidized hæmoglobin) become very faint, and an additional absorption band, occupying the same position as that of acid hæmatin, appears. The addition of ammonia to blood in which nitrites have induced the characteristic change of colour and spectrum, causes the red colour to return and gives rise to a new spectrum in which the normal blood-bands are again better defined, but accompanied by a faint and rather undefined absorption band in the orange. It appears from the experiments of the author that the change in optical properties induced by ammonia is not due to any decomposing action exerted upon the body formed under the influence of nitrites; for on neutralizing the solution to which ammonia has been added, the original spectrum is reproduced. When sulphide of ammonium, oi a reducing-solution of iron is added to a blood solution which has been acted upon by nitrites, all effects of their action disappear, and the solution again possesses the spectrum of oxidized blood-colouring-matter, although precautions have been taken to exclude atmospheric air. The continued action of the reducing-solution then leads to the reduction of the blood-colouring, matter, which when shaken with air again yields the perfectly normal spectrum of blood. It would therefore appear that when nitrites act upon the blood-colouring-matter they do not decompose it, nor thrust out oi remove the loose oxygen with which it is combined.
{"title":"Researches on the blood.—On the action of nitrites on the blood","authors":"A. Gamgee","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","url":null,"abstract":"The paper commences with a statement of the facts with which we are at present acquainted, relating to the nature and character of the blood-colouring-matter, and its relation to gases. I. The action of nitrites in modifying the colour and spectrum of blood is then described. Under the influence of nitrites, arterial blood assumes a chocolate coloration. Coincidently the bands of scarlet cruorine (oi oxidized hæmoglobin) become very faint, and an additional absorption band, occupying the same position as that of acid hæmatin, appears. The addition of ammonia to blood in which nitrites have induced the characteristic change of colour and spectrum, causes the red colour to return and gives rise to a new spectrum in which the normal blood-bands are again better defined, but accompanied by a faint and rather undefined absorption band in the orange. It appears from the experiments of the author that the change in optical properties induced by ammonia is not due to any decomposing action exerted upon the body formed under the influence of nitrites; for on neutralizing the solution to which ammonia has been added, the original spectrum is reproduced. When sulphide of ammonium, oi a reducing-solution of iron is added to a blood solution which has been acted upon by nitrites, all effects of their action disappear, and the solution again possesses the spectrum of oxidized blood-colouring-matter, although precautions have been taken to exclude atmospheric air. The continued action of the reducing-solution then leads to the reduction of the blood-colouring, matter, which when shaken with air again yields the perfectly normal spectrum of blood. It would therefore appear that when nitrites act upon the blood-colouring-matter they do not decompose it, nor thrust out oi remove the loose oxygen with which it is combined.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1867.0071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62183930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
That rocks, under the conditions to which they are subjected in certain parts of the earth’s crust, become bent and twisted in the most complicated manner is a fact which was recognised by the earliest geologists, and it needs but a glance at any of the accurate sections of contorted regions of the earth’s crust which have been prepared in more recent years to show that there is often a transfer or “flow" of material from one place to another in the folds. The manner in which this contortion, with its concomitant “flowing,” has taken place is, however, a matter concerning which there has been much discussion, and a wide divergence of opinion. Some authorities have considered it to be a purely mechanical process, while others have looked upon solution and redeposition as playing a necessary role in all such movements, The problem is one on which it would appear that much light might be thrown by experimental investigation.
{"title":"An experimental investigation into the flow of marble","authors":"F. Adams, J. T. Nicolson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","url":null,"abstract":"That rocks, under the conditions to which they are subjected in certain parts of the earth’s crust, become bent and twisted in the most complicated manner is a fact which was recognised by the earliest geologists, and it needs but a glance at any of the accurate sections of contorted regions of the earth’s crust which have been prepared in more recent years to show that there is often a transfer or “flow\" of material from one place to another in the folds. The manner in which this contortion, with its concomitant “flowing,” has taken place is, however, a matter concerning which there has been much discussion, and a wide divergence of opinion. Some authorities have considered it to be a purely mechanical process, while others have looked upon solution and redeposition as playing a necessary role in all such movements, The problem is one on which it would appear that much light might be thrown by experimental investigation.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1900.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61686713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After referring to the earlier history of the subject, and especially' to the conclusion of Saussure, that plants derive their nitrogen from the nitrogenous compounds of the soil and the small amount of ammonia which he found to exist in the atmosphere, the Authors preface the discussion of their own experiments on the sources of the nitrogen of plants, by a consideration of the most prominent facts established by their own investigations concerning the amount of nitrogen yielded by different crops over a given area of land, and of the relation of these to certain measured, or known sources of it. On growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without any supply of nitrogen by manure, it was found that wheat, over a period of 14 years, had given rather more than 30 lbs.—barley, over a period of 6 years, somewhat less—meadow-hay, over a period of 3 years, nearly 40 lbs.— and beans, over 11 years, rather more than 50 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, per annum. Clover, another leguminous crop, grown in 3 out of 4 consecutive years, had given an average of 120 lbs. Turnips, over 8 consecutive years, had yielded about 45 lbs.
{"title":"On the sources of the nitrogen of vegetation; with special reference to the question whether plants assimilate free or uncombined nitrogen","authors":"J. Lawes, J. Gilbert, E. Pugh","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","url":null,"abstract":"After referring to the earlier history of the subject, and especially' to the conclusion of Saussure, that plants derive their nitrogen from the nitrogenous compounds of the soil and the small amount of ammonia which he found to exist in the atmosphere, the Authors preface the discussion of their own experiments on the sources of the nitrogen of plants, by a consideration of the most prominent facts established by their own investigations concerning the amount of nitrogen yielded by different crops over a given area of land, and of the relation of these to certain measured, or known sources of it. On growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without any supply of nitrogen by manure, it was found that wheat, over a period of 14 years, had given rather more than 30 lbs.—barley, over a period of 6 years, somewhat less—meadow-hay, over a period of 3 years, nearly 40 lbs.— and beans, over 11 years, rather more than 50 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, per annum. Clover, another leguminous crop, grown in 3 out of 4 consecutive years, had given an average of 120 lbs. Turnips, over 8 consecutive years, had yielded about 45 lbs.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1859.0109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62143765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. In this paper it is shown that there is one, and only one, conceivable purely mechanical system capable of accounting for all the physical evidence, as we know it, in the universe. The system is neither more nor less than an arrangement of indefinite extent of uniform spherical grains, generally in normal piling, so close that the grains cannot change their neighbours, although continually in relative motion with each other, the grains being of changeless shape and size, thus constituting, to a first approximation, an elastic medium, with six axes of elasticity symmetrically placed.
{"title":"On the sub-mechanics of the Universe","authors":"O. Reynolds","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","url":null,"abstract":"1. In this paper it is shown that there is one, and only one, conceivable purely mechanical system capable of accounting for all the physical evidence, as we know it, in the universe. The system is neither more nor less than an arrangement of indefinite extent of uniform spherical grains, generally in normal piling, so close that the grains cannot change their neighbours, although continually in relative motion with each other, the grains being of changeless shape and size, thus constituting, to a first approximation, an elastic medium, with six axes of elasticity symmetrically placed.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61694730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author has shown in previous communications to the Royal Society (which are to be found in its ' Transactions ’) that notwithstanding the fact that in all the vertebrata enamels present tolerably close resemblances in chemical, physical, and histological characters, differences far more considerable than might have been expected exist in the formative processes. The present communication seeks to establish an additional method of enamel formation, essentially differing from any which has hitherto been described, and whilst the investigation was undertaken in the hope of bridging over the gaps which exist between the methods previously known, it has only partly succeeded in doing so, as the process to be described stands somewhat alone.
{"title":"Upon the development of the enamel in certain osseous fish","authors":"C. Tomes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","url":null,"abstract":"The author has shown in previous communications to the Royal Society (which are to be found in its ' Transactions ’) that notwithstanding the fact that in all the vertebrata enamels present tolerably close resemblances in chemical, physical, and histological characters, differences far more considerable than might have been expected exist in the formative processes. The present communication seeks to establish an additional method of enamel formation, essentially differing from any which has hitherto been described, and whilst the investigation was undertaken in the hope of bridging over the gaps which exist between the methods previously known, it has only partly succeeded in doing so, as the process to be described stands somewhat alone.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61680379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is intended to complete and supplement three papers on Music which I have already read before the Royal Society’. It contains a more complete theory of temperament, embracing that indicated by Helmholtz2, but not worked out by him, and its application to the theory of constructing musical instruments with an intonation practically just, without change of fingering, and, if there are three or four performers, without change of mechanism. The name Duodene refers to that collection of twelve notes, suitable to the present manuals, which is made the unit of construction.
{"title":"III. On musical Duodenes, or the theory of constructing instruments with fixed tones in just or practically just intonation","authors":"A. Ellis","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is intended to complete and supplement three papers on Music which I have already read before the Royal Society’. It contains a more complete theory of temperament, embracing that indicated by Helmholtz2, but not worked out by him, and its application to the theory of constructing musical instruments with an intonation practically just, without change of fingering, and, if there are three or four performers, without change of mechanism. The name Duodene refers to that collection of twelve notes, suitable to the present manuals, which is made the unit of construction.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62219042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The specimens to which the following note refers were dredged in the Faroë Channel in the autumn of last year, during the cruise of H. M. S. “Triton,” and were sent to me for examination by Mr. John Murray, F. R. S. E., under whose direction the scientific observations of the expedition were carried out. It is now a well-known fact that the region lying between the north coast of Scotland and the Faroë Islands possesses certain features of unusual interest owing to the existence, side by side, of two sharply defined areas, of which the bottom temperature differs to the extent of 16° or 17° Fahr. The depth of the two areas is very similar, ranging from 450 to 640 fathom s, and they are separated by a narrow ridge having an average depth of about 250 fathoms. The physical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of much discussion, and the biological conditions attendant thereupon are of almost equal importance; indeed, so far as the Rhizopoda are concerned, there are few areas of the same extent that have so well repaid the labour of investigation. On the 44 "Lightning” Expedition of 1868, supei-intended by Dr. Carpenter and Sir Wyville Thomson, the cold area furnished amongst other interesting organisms, the large Lituoline Foraminifer Reophax sabulosa, a form which has since been obtained near the same point on the cruise of the "Knight Errant," but has never been met with elsewhere. The warm area yielded at the same time Astrorhiza arenaria, a large sandy species previously unknown to British naturalists. On the "Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, another modification of the latter genus, Astrorhiza crassatina was obtained in the cold area; and near the boundary line an entirely new arenaceous type was dredged, to which the generic named Botellina has been assigned by Dr. Carpenter. From the fact that all the specimens of the form appeared more or less broken, it has been inferred that the tests were adherent when living; but the fragments were abundant and consisted of stout tubes, many of them upwards of an inch in length, the interior being subdivided by a labyrinth of irregular sandy partitions. More recently, in 1880, on the cruise of the “K night Errant,” the rare genus Storthosphœra was found in the warm region and in the cold area specimens of Cornusjpira which measured more than an inch in diameter, rivalling in size the finest of the tropical Orbitolites, and therefore amongst the largest known Porcellanoug Foraminifera.
{"title":"IV. Note on syringammina, a new type of arenaceous rhizopoda","authors":"H. B. Brady","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The specimens to which the following note refers were dredged in the Faroë Channel in the autumn of last year, during the cruise of H. M. S. “Triton,” and were sent to me for examination by Mr. John Murray, F. R. S. E., under whose direction the scientific observations of the expedition were carried out. It is now a well-known fact that the region lying between the north coast of Scotland and the Faroë Islands possesses certain features of unusual interest owing to the existence, side by side, of two sharply defined areas, of which the bottom temperature differs to the extent of 16° or 17° Fahr. The depth of the two areas is very similar, ranging from 450 to 640 fathom s, and they are separated by a narrow ridge having an average depth of about 250 fathoms. The physical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of much discussion, and the biological conditions attendant thereupon are of almost equal importance; indeed, so far as the Rhizopoda are concerned, there are few areas of the same extent that have so well repaid the labour of investigation. On the 44 \"Lightning” Expedition of 1868, supei-intended by Dr. Carpenter and Sir Wyville Thomson, the cold area furnished amongst other interesting organisms, the large Lituoline Foraminifer Reophax sabulosa, a form which has since been obtained near the same point on the cruise of the \"Knight Errant,\" but has never been met with elsewhere. The warm area yielded at the same time Astrorhiza arenaria, a large sandy species previously unknown to British naturalists. On the \"Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, another modification of the latter genus, Astrorhiza crassatina was obtained in the cold area; and near the boundary line an entirely new arenaceous type was dredged, to which the generic named Botellina has been assigned by Dr. Carpenter. From the fact that all the specimens of the form appeared more or less broken, it has been inferred that the tests were adherent when living; but the fragments were abundant and consisted of stout tubes, many of them upwards of an inch in length, the interior being subdivided by a labyrinth of irregular sandy partitions. More recently, in 1880, on the cruise of the “K night Errant,” the rare genus Storthosphœra was found in the warm region and in the cold area specimens of Cornusjpira which measured more than an inch in diameter, rivalling in size the finest of the tropical Orbitolites, and therefore amongst the largest known Porcellanoug Foraminifera.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62276512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After some introductory remarks the author proceeds to give a description of the external characters which appear to indicate the existence of two species, viz. Ceratodus forsteri, with fewer and larger, and Ceratodus miolepis with smaller and more numerous scales.
{"title":"I. Description of Ceratodus, a genus of Ganoid fishes, recently discovered in rivers of Queensland, Australia","authors":"A. Gunther","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","url":null,"abstract":"After some introductory remarks the author proceeds to give a description of the external characters which appear to indicate the existence of two species, viz. Ceratodus forsteri, with fewer and larger, and Ceratodus miolepis with smaller and more numerous scales.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62199760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047
A. Cayley
{"title":"The Collected Mathematical Papers: 462. A Ninth Memoir on Quantics","authors":"A. Cayley","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003
J. Strutt
{"title":"Scientific Papers: Experiments to Determine the Value of the British Association Unit of Resistance in Absolute Measure","authors":"J. Strutt","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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