1. In this paper it is shown that there is one, and only one, conceivable purely mechanical system capable of accounting for all the physical evidence, as we know it, in the universe. The system is neither more nor less than an arrangement of indefinite extent of uniform spherical grains, generally in normal piling, so close that the grains cannot change their neighbours, although continually in relative motion with each other, the grains being of changeless shape and size, thus constituting, to a first approximation, an elastic medium, with six axes of elasticity symmetrically placed.
{"title":"On the sub-mechanics of the Universe","authors":"O. Reynolds","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","url":null,"abstract":"1. In this paper it is shown that there is one, and only one, conceivable purely mechanical system capable of accounting for all the physical evidence, as we know it, in the universe. The system is neither more nor less than an arrangement of indefinite extent of uniform spherical grains, generally in normal piling, so close that the grains cannot change their neighbours, although continually in relative motion with each other, the grains being of changeless shape and size, thus constituting, to a first approximation, an elastic medium, with six axes of elasticity symmetrically placed.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"69 1","pages":"425 - 433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1901.0127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61694730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author has shown in previous communications to the Royal Society (which are to be found in its ' Transactions ’) that notwithstanding the fact that in all the vertebrata enamels present tolerably close resemblances in chemical, physical, and histological characters, differences far more considerable than might have been expected exist in the formative processes. The present communication seeks to establish an additional method of enamel formation, essentially differing from any which has hitherto been described, and whilst the investigation was undertaken in the hope of bridging over the gaps which exist between the methods previously known, it has only partly succeeded in doing so, as the process to be described stands somewhat alone.
{"title":"Upon the development of the enamel in certain osseous fish","authors":"C. Tomes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","url":null,"abstract":"The author has shown in previous communications to the Royal Society (which are to be found in its ' Transactions ’) that notwithstanding the fact that in all the vertebrata enamels present tolerably close resemblances in chemical, physical, and histological characters, differences far more considerable than might have been expected exist in the formative processes. The present communication seeks to establish an additional method of enamel formation, essentially differing from any which has hitherto been described, and whilst the investigation was undertaken in the hope of bridging over the gaps which exist between the methods previously known, it has only partly succeeded in doing so, as the process to be described stands somewhat alone.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"66 1","pages":"61 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61680379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is intended to complete and supplement three papers on Music which I have already read before the Royal Society’. It contains a more complete theory of temperament, embracing that indicated by Helmholtz2, but not worked out by him, and its application to the theory of constructing musical instruments with an intonation practically just, without change of fingering, and, if there are three or four performers, without change of mechanism. The name Duodene refers to that collection of twelve notes, suitable to the present manuals, which is made the unit of construction.
{"title":"III. On musical Duodenes, or the theory of constructing instruments with fixed tones in just or practically just intonation","authors":"A. Ellis","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is intended to complete and supplement three papers on Music which I have already read before the Royal Society’. It contains a more complete theory of temperament, embracing that indicated by Helmholtz2, but not worked out by him, and its application to the theory of constructing musical instruments with an intonation practically just, without change of fingering, and, if there are three or four performers, without change of mechanism. The name Duodene refers to that collection of twelve notes, suitable to the present manuals, which is made the unit of construction.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"23 1","pages":"3 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1874.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62219042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The specimens to which the following note refers were dredged in the Faroë Channel in the autumn of last year, during the cruise of H. M. S. “Triton,” and were sent to me for examination by Mr. John Murray, F. R. S. E., under whose direction the scientific observations of the expedition were carried out. It is now a well-known fact that the region lying between the north coast of Scotland and the Faroë Islands possesses certain features of unusual interest owing to the existence, side by side, of two sharply defined areas, of which the bottom temperature differs to the extent of 16° or 17° Fahr. The depth of the two areas is very similar, ranging from 450 to 640 fathom s, and they are separated by a narrow ridge having an average depth of about 250 fathoms. The physical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of much discussion, and the biological conditions attendant thereupon are of almost equal importance; indeed, so far as the Rhizopoda are concerned, there are few areas of the same extent that have so well repaid the labour of investigation. On the 44 "Lightning” Expedition of 1868, supei-intended by Dr. Carpenter and Sir Wyville Thomson, the cold area furnished amongst other interesting organisms, the large Lituoline Foraminifer Reophax sabulosa, a form which has since been obtained near the same point on the cruise of the "Knight Errant," but has never been met with elsewhere. The warm area yielded at the same time Astrorhiza arenaria, a large sandy species previously unknown to British naturalists. On the "Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, another modification of the latter genus, Astrorhiza crassatina was obtained in the cold area; and near the boundary line an entirely new arenaceous type was dredged, to which the generic named Botellina has been assigned by Dr. Carpenter. From the fact that all the specimens of the form appeared more or less broken, it has been inferred that the tests were adherent when living; but the fragments were abundant and consisted of stout tubes, many of them upwards of an inch in length, the interior being subdivided by a labyrinth of irregular sandy partitions. More recently, in 1880, on the cruise of the “K night Errant,” the rare genus Storthosphœra was found in the warm region and in the cold area specimens of Cornusjpira which measured more than an inch in diameter, rivalling in size the finest of the tropical Orbitolites, and therefore amongst the largest known Porcellanoug Foraminifera.
{"title":"IV. Note on syringammina, a new type of arenaceous rhizopoda","authors":"H. B. Brady","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The specimens to which the following note refers were dredged in the Faroë Channel in the autumn of last year, during the cruise of H. M. S. “Triton,” and were sent to me for examination by Mr. John Murray, F. R. S. E., under whose direction the scientific observations of the expedition were carried out. It is now a well-known fact that the region lying between the north coast of Scotland and the Faroë Islands possesses certain features of unusual interest owing to the existence, side by side, of two sharply defined areas, of which the bottom temperature differs to the extent of 16° or 17° Fahr. The depth of the two areas is very similar, ranging from 450 to 640 fathom s, and they are separated by a narrow ridge having an average depth of about 250 fathoms. The physical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of much discussion, and the biological conditions attendant thereupon are of almost equal importance; indeed, so far as the Rhizopoda are concerned, there are few areas of the same extent that have so well repaid the labour of investigation. On the 44 \"Lightning” Expedition of 1868, supei-intended by Dr. Carpenter and Sir Wyville Thomson, the cold area furnished amongst other interesting organisms, the large Lituoline Foraminifer Reophax sabulosa, a form which has since been obtained near the same point on the cruise of the \"Knight Errant,\" but has never been met with elsewhere. The warm area yielded at the same time Astrorhiza arenaria, a large sandy species previously unknown to British naturalists. On the \"Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, another modification of the latter genus, Astrorhiza crassatina was obtained in the cold area; and near the boundary line an entirely new arenaceous type was dredged, to which the generic named Botellina has been assigned by Dr. Carpenter. From the fact that all the specimens of the form appeared more or less broken, it has been inferred that the tests were adherent when living; but the fragments were abundant and consisted of stout tubes, many of them upwards of an inch in length, the interior being subdivided by a labyrinth of irregular sandy partitions. More recently, in 1880, on the cruise of the “K night Errant,” the rare genus Storthosphœra was found in the warm region and in the cold area specimens of Cornusjpira which measured more than an inch in diameter, rivalling in size the finest of the tropical Orbitolites, and therefore amongst the largest known Porcellanoug Foraminifera.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"35 1","pages":"155 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1883.0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62276512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After some introductory remarks the author proceeds to give a description of the external characters which appear to indicate the existence of two species, viz. Ceratodus forsteri, with fewer and larger, and Ceratodus miolepis with smaller and more numerous scales.
{"title":"I. Description of Ceratodus, a genus of Ganoid fishes, recently discovered in rivers of Queensland, Australia","authors":"A. Gunther","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","url":null,"abstract":"After some introductory remarks the author proceeds to give a description of the external characters which appear to indicate the existence of two species, viz. Ceratodus forsteri, with fewer and larger, and Ceratodus miolepis with smaller and more numerous scales.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"19 1","pages":"377 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1870.0056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62199760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047
A. Cayley
{"title":"The Collected Mathematical Papers: 462. A Ninth Memoir on Quantics","authors":"A. Cayley","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"18 1","pages":"343-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703737.047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003
J. Strutt
{"title":"Scientific Papers: Experiments to Determine the Value of the British Association Unit of Resistance in Absolute Measure","authors":"J. Strutt","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"33 1","pages":"398-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703973.055
J. Strutt
{"title":"Scientific Papers: On the Clark Cell as a Standard of Electro-motive Force","authors":"J. Strutt","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703973.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"176 1","pages":"781-800"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703980.015
J. Strutt
{"title":"Scientific Papers: Note on the Free Vibrations of an Infinitely Long Cylindrical Shell","authors":"J. Strutt","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703980.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703980.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"45 1","pages":"443-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703980.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511703973.031
J. Strutt
{"title":"On the circulation of air observed in kundt’s tubes, and on some allied acoustical problems","authors":"J. Strutt","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511703973.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9780511703973.031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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