Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038
N. Siegfried, L. Mbuagbaw
Systematic reviews play an important role in healthcare decision-making. When conducted correctly, they provide up-to-date, comprehensive, and replicable summaries of evidence. Authors of systematic reviews are expected to develop a protocol that outlines the research question and key methodological features of their review. A comprehensive and exhaustive search should be conducted, followed by screening to capture studies that meet the prespecified inclusion criteria. Once the relevant studies have been identified, data will be extracted, using a dedicated tool that permits the review authors to confirm the eligibility of the study and collect information on its design, risk of bias, and results. Sufficiently similar data may be pooled using meta-analytic techniques or synthesized narratively. A summary of the overall quality of evidence for each outcome is an essential component of a systematic review. The main concerns with systematic reviews are (1) selection bias: systematic exclusion of relevant studies due to publication status or language; (2) indexing bias: failure to identify relevant studies because they are not indexed accurately; and (3) information bias: missing or inaccurate information in the included studies. Other approaches to evidence synthesis include mapping the evidence with scoping reviews; conducting overviews of systematic reviews; using individual patient data; conducting network meta-analyses for multiple comparisons; conducting rapid reviews when evidence is needed urgently; synthesis of diagnostic accuracy data; and synthesis of qualitative data. Systematic reviews often inform clinical guidelines and require careful planning and execution by teams with content and methodological expertise.
{"title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analysis","authors":"N. Siegfried, L. Mbuagbaw","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic reviews play an important role in healthcare decision-making. When conducted correctly, they provide up-to-date, comprehensive, and replicable summaries of evidence. Authors of systematic reviews are expected to develop a protocol that outlines the research question and key methodological features of their review. A comprehensive and exhaustive search should be conducted, followed by screening to capture studies that meet the prespecified inclusion criteria. Once the relevant studies have been identified, data will be extracted, using a dedicated tool that permits the review authors to confirm the eligibility of the study and collect information on its design, risk of bias, and results. Sufficiently similar data may be pooled using meta-analytic techniques or synthesized narratively. A summary of the overall quality of evidence for each outcome is an essential component of a systematic review. The main concerns with systematic reviews are (1) selection bias: systematic exclusion of relevant studies due to publication status or language; (2) indexing bias: failure to identify relevant studies because they are not indexed accurately; and (3) information bias: missing or inaccurate information in the included studies. Other approaches to evidence synthesis include mapping the evidence with scoping reviews; conducting overviews of systematic reviews; using individual patient data; conducting network meta-analyses for multiple comparisons; conducting rapid reviews when evidence is needed urgently; synthesis of diagnostic accuracy data; and synthesis of qualitative data. Systematic reviews often inform clinical guidelines and require careful planning and execution by teams with content and methodological expertise.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115201235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035
F. Stanaway, Naomi Noguchi, Clement Loy, Sharon Reid, J. Craig
Clinical epidemiology is a science that extends the principles and methods of epidemiology to clinical practice and clinical research. In this chapter, we provide an overview of clinical epidemiological methods and how these approaches can be used to improve global public health. We have focused primarily on using evidence in decision-making in this chapter, rather than study design and conduct elements, such as randomized controlled trials, which are covered in detail elsewhere. Consequently, we have provided a framework for critical appraisal and reporting of relevant study designs (how to use and report), rather than a detailed discussion about how such studies should be designed and conducted (how to do).
{"title":"Clinical epidemiology","authors":"F. Stanaway, Naomi Noguchi, Clement Loy, Sharon Reid, J. Craig","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical epidemiology is a science that extends the principles and methods of epidemiology to clinical practice and clinical research. In this chapter, we provide an overview of clinical epidemiological methods and how these approaches can be used to improve global public health. We have focused primarily on using evidence in decision-making in this chapter, rather than study design and conduct elements, such as randomized controlled trials, which are covered in detail elsewhere. Consequently, we have provided a framework for critical appraisal and reporting of relevant study designs (how to use and report), rather than a detailed discussion about how such studies should be designed and conducted (how to do).","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115345159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0063
Nyssa T. Hadgraft, N. Owen, P. Dempsey
There are well-established chronic disease prevention and broader public health benefits associated with being physically active. However, large proportions of the adult populations of developed countries and rapidly urbanizing developing countries are inactive. Additionally, many people’s lives are now characterized by large amounts of time spent sitting—at work, at home, and in automobiles. Widespread urbanization, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, has resulted in large segments of traditionally active rural populations moving into cities. Many previously manual tasks in the occupational and household sectors have become automated, making life easier and safer in many respects. However, a pervasive consequence of these developments is that large numbers of people globally are now going about their daily lives in environments that place them at risk of overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems. This represents a formidable set of public health challenges. In this context, the present chapter describes: key definitions and distinctions relating to physical activity, exercise, and sedentary behaviour; current evidence on relationships physical inactivity and sitting time with health outcomes, and associated public health recommendations; prevalence and trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviours, and some of the key issues for surveillance and measurement; and, how physical activity and sedentary behaviour may be understood in ways that will inform broad-based public health approaches. An interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategy is emphasized. This requires working with constituencies beyond the public health field, such as urban planning, architecture, occupational health and safety, and social policy.
{"title":"Physical activity and public health","authors":"Nyssa T. Hadgraft, N. Owen, P. Dempsey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0063","url":null,"abstract":"There are well-established chronic disease prevention and broader public health benefits associated with being physically active. However, large proportions of the adult populations of developed countries and rapidly urbanizing developing countries are inactive. Additionally, many people’s lives are now characterized by large amounts of time spent sitting—at work, at home, and in automobiles. Widespread urbanization, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, has resulted in large segments of traditionally active rural populations moving into cities. Many previously manual tasks in the occupational and household sectors have become automated, making life easier and safer in many respects. However, a pervasive consequence of these developments is that large numbers of people globally are now going about their daily lives in environments that place them at risk of overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems. This represents a formidable set of public health challenges. In this context, the present chapter describes: key definitions and distinctions relating to physical activity, exercise, and sedentary behaviour; current evidence on relationships physical inactivity and sitting time with health outcomes, and associated public health recommendations; prevalence and trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviours, and some of the key issues for surveillance and measurement; and, how physical activity and sedentary behaviour may be understood in ways that will inform broad-based public health approaches. An interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategy is emphasized. This requires working with constituencies beyond the public health field, such as urban planning, architecture, occupational health and safety, and social policy.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131199604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0005
Kelley Lee
Globalization, defined as the closer interconnectedness of human societies across national borders and geographies, through a mixture of spatial, temporal, and cognitive changes, is having wide-ranging impacts on public health. This interconnectedness is characterized by restructuring of the world economy, increased population mobility, and advances in information and communication technology, all of which can have profound impacts on health determinants and outcomes. Contemporary globalization creates new opportunities to enhance human health and well-being, but can also be a potential source of negative externalities. In addition, the costs and benefits to health from globalization have been inequitably distributed. A ‘global public health’ approach seeks to better understand the changing patterns of health and disease, and their determinants, arising from globalization, and the interventions needed to effectively manage them. This requires greater attention to achieving collective action, underpinned by legal and regulatory frameworks, across populations and societies to tackle transboundary health determinants and outcomes. More effective global health governance, in turn, will contribute to more sustainable forms of globalization.
{"title":"Globalization","authors":"Kelley Lee","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization, defined as the closer interconnectedness of human societies across national borders and geographies, through a mixture of spatial, temporal, and cognitive changes, is having wide-ranging impacts on public health. This interconnectedness is characterized by restructuring of the world economy, increased population mobility, and advances in information and communication technology, all of which can have profound impacts on health determinants and outcomes. Contemporary globalization creates new opportunities to enhance human health and well-being, but can also be a potential source of negative externalities. In addition, the costs and benefits to health from globalization have been inequitably distributed. A ‘global public health’ approach seeks to better understand the changing patterns of health and disease, and their determinants, arising from globalization, and the interventions needed to effectively manage them. This requires greater attention to achieving collective action, underpinned by legal and regulatory frameworks, across populations and societies to tackle transboundary health determinants and outcomes. More effective global health governance, in turn, will contribute to more sustainable forms of globalization.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134221623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0093
T. Butler, P. Schofield
This chapter provides a public health analysis of imprisonment (the loss of personal freedom for short or long periods—including life sentences): the individual and population effects upon morbidity and mortality including suicide and homicide, drug addiction, and mental health. These effects impact the life course of former prisoners and their families, employment, and life expectancy, and have intergenerational impacts upon the children of incarcerated parents. While international data are presented for comparison of the magnitude and characteristics of imprisonment worldwide, this chapter examines the United States most closely. America is an atypical but instructive case study: the nation with the world’s largest number of prisoners and highest rate of imprisonment. Mass incarceration is not seen in other developed democratic nations but the case of America represents an important natural experiment, demonstrating precisely how high rates of imprisonment can become socially ‘toxic’, with damaging consequences for population health, societal well-being, and human rights.
{"title":"Prisoners","authors":"T. Butler, P. Schofield","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0093","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a public health analysis of imprisonment (the loss of personal freedom for short or long periods—including life sentences): the individual and population effects upon morbidity and mortality including suicide and homicide, drug addiction, and mental health. These effects impact the life course of former prisoners and their families, employment, and life expectancy, and have intergenerational impacts upon the children of incarcerated parents. While international data are presented for comparison of the magnitude and characteristics of imprisonment worldwide, this chapter examines the United States most closely. America is an atypical but instructive case study: the nation with the world’s largest number of prisoners and highest rate of imprisonment. Mass incarceration is not seen in other developed democratic nations but the case of America represents an important natural experiment, demonstrating precisely how high rates of imprisonment can become socially ‘toxic’, with damaging consequences for population health, societal well-being, and human rights.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114066083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0217
D. L. Heymann, Vernon J.M. Lee
Emerging infections are newly identified infections in humans—and are most often zoonotic—caused by infectious organisms that breach the species barrier between animals and humans. Re-emerging infections are known organisms that infect humans, but are identified after a period of absence from human populations. Re-emerging infections also often result from breaches in the species barrier. In addition to direct health outcomes of sickness and death, they also affect the economy, and may spread globally. This chapter discusses factors that influence the emergence of infectious diseases including weak public health infrastructure; failure of safety procedures and regulations; population shifts including rapid population increases and uncontrolled urbanization; anthropogenic activities and climate change; civil disturbance, human displacement, and natural disasters; human behaviours; and deliberate use to cause fear and harm. To address these threats, national public health systems must be strengthened to detect and respond to infectious diseases when and where they emerge, or re-emerge; and a safety net of global networks is required if and when the countries in which they emerge or re-emerge are unable to stop their international spread.
{"title":"Emerging and re-emerging infections","authors":"D. L. Heymann, Vernon J.M. Lee","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0217","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging infections are newly identified infections in humans—and are most often zoonotic—caused by infectious organisms that breach the species barrier between animals and humans. Re-emerging infections are known organisms that infect humans, but are identified after a period of absence from human populations. Re-emerging infections also often result from breaches in the species barrier. In addition to direct health outcomes of sickness and death, they also affect the economy, and may spread globally. This chapter discusses factors that influence the emergence of infectious diseases including weak public health infrastructure; failure of safety procedures and regulations; population shifts including rapid population increases and uncontrolled urbanization; anthropogenic activities and climate change; civil disturbance, human displacement, and natural disasters; human behaviours; and deliberate use to cause fear and harm. To address these threats, national public health systems must be strengthened to detect and respond to infectious diseases when and where they emerge, or re-emerge; and a safety net of global networks is required if and when the countries in which they emerge or re-emerge are unable to stop their international spread.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122400309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0022
J. Powles, H. Gouda
Public health policies might thus be thought of as the policies that guide these ‘organized efforts’ to protect and improve health. The scope of such policies depends a good deal, however, on what is considered to be entailed by ‘organized efforts’. and on how centrally ‘organized efforts’ are understood to be related to efforts that are more decentralized, more informal, less organized, perhaps even ‘spontaneous’. The relative importance and legitimacy of centralized versus decentralized uses of knowledge in protecting and enhancing health is a common underlying theme in discussion of public health policy. This chapter discusses public health policy, and differences in outcomes, across different developed countries.
{"title":"Public health policy in developed countries","authors":"J. Powles, H. Gouda","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Public health policies might thus be thought of as the policies that guide these ‘organized efforts’ to protect and improve health. The scope of such policies depends a good deal, however, on what is considered to be entailed by ‘organized efforts’. and on how centrally ‘organized efforts’ are understood to be related to efforts that are more decentralized, more informal, less organized, perhaps even ‘spontaneous’. The relative importance and legitimacy of centralized versus decentralized uses of knowledge in protecting and enhancing health is a common underlying theme in discussion of public health policy. This chapter discusses public health policy, and differences in outcomes, across different developed countries.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128318454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0032
K. Baisley, R. J. Hayes, L. H. Moulton
Randomized controlled trials are the accepted gold standard for evaluating the effects of interventions to improve health. In the majority of such trials, individuals are randomly allocated to the experimental conditions under study, for example, to treatment and control arms. However, in some situations it is more appropriate to randomly allocate groups of individuals to the treatment arms. These groups are referred to as clusters, and trials of this kind are known as cluster randomized trials (CRTs). Examples of clusters include schools, villages, workplaces, or health facilities, but there are many other possible choices. In some CRTs, all individuals within the selected clusters are automatically included. In others, there may be additional eligibility criteria. Similarly, the impact of the intervention may be measured in all individuals in the cluster, or in a random subsample. This chapter aims to discuss methodological issues that arise in the design and analysis of CRTs
{"title":"Methodological issues in the design and analysis of cluster randomized trials","authors":"K. Baisley, R. J. Hayes, L. H. Moulton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Randomized controlled trials are the accepted gold standard for evaluating the effects of interventions to improve health. In the majority of such trials, individuals are randomly allocated to the experimental conditions under study, for example, to treatment and control arms. However, in some situations it is more appropriate to randomly allocate groups of individuals to the treatment arms. These groups are referred to as clusters, and trials of this kind are known as cluster randomized trials (CRTs). Examples of clusters include schools, villages, workplaces, or health facilities, but there are many other possible choices. In some CRTs, all individuals within the selected clusters are automatically included. In others, there may be additional eligibility criteria. Similarly, the impact of the intervention may be measured in all individuals in the cluster, or in a random subsample. This chapter aims to discuss methodological issues that arise in the design and analysis of CRTs","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128219742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0070
N. Kojima, J. Klausner
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) refer to a broad array of pathogens that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. While STI case rates are highest in adolescents and young adults, the most serious health outcomes occur later in life and are disproportionately borne by women and infants. For these reasons, STI prevention and control is an important public health investment for every country. This chapter summarizes the global epidemiology of STIs and their associated health consequences, and reports on factors affecting STI spread in the community. It also discusses STI prevention and control as a public health intervention, relying on many interrelated interventions working together to reduce STI incidence and prevalence in the community. Finally, it considers some of the most likely challenges and opportunities in STI prevention anticipated over the next few decades.
{"title":"Sexually transmitted infections","authors":"N. Kojima, J. Klausner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0070","url":null,"abstract":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) refer to a broad array of pathogens that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. While STI case rates are highest in adolescents and young adults, the most serious health outcomes occur later in life and are disproportionately borne by women and infants. For these reasons, STI prevention and control is an important public health investment for every country. This chapter summarizes the global epidemiology of STIs and their associated health consequences, and reports on factors affecting STI spread in the community. It also discusses STI prevention and control as a public health intervention, relying on many interrelated interventions working together to reduce STI incidence and prevalence in the community. Finally, it considers some of the most likely challenges and opportunities in STI prevention anticipated over the next few decades.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"24-25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114915303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0107
F. Fleck
This chapter provides an overview of progress made in public health during the first two decades of the twenty-first century and charts the way forward to further improvements. It introduces the World Health Organization’s (WHO) current 5-year strategy, explains how this strategy is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and how impact will be measured at the national level. Based on the Sustainable Development Goals, the WHO has set its triple billion targets to achieve by 2023. These are: one billion more people benefitting from universal health coverage; one billion more people better protected from health emergencies; and one billion more people enjoying better health and well-being. Components of each of these goals are described here, and the chapter concludes with the cross-cutting areas of monitoring and evaluation, and data and innovation that are vital to achieving measurable health impact in every country, regardless of income level.
{"title":"Global health in the era of sustainable development","authors":"F. Fleck","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0107","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of progress made in public health during the first two decades of the twenty-first century and charts the way forward to further improvements. It introduces the World Health Organization’s (WHO) current 5-year strategy, explains how this strategy is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and how impact will be measured at the national level. Based on the Sustainable Development Goals, the WHO has set its triple billion targets to achieve by 2023. These are: one billion more people benefitting from universal health coverage; one billion more people better protected from health emergencies; and one billion more people enjoying better health and well-being. Components of each of these goals are described here, and the chapter concludes with the cross-cutting areas of monitoring and evaluation, and data and innovation that are vital to achieving measurable health impact in every country, regardless of income level.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126595187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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