Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0085
D. Cooper, H. Tabana
This chapter explores the ways in which sex and gender influence health. There are important differences between men and women in their risk of premature death and in the main causes of death. In virtually every country around the world men have a lower life expectancy than women, although the gap in life expectancy is narrower in low-income countries. Similarly, women and men have different patterns of ill health across the life course, and again the gap varies between countries. Both sex and gender play a part in these variations. Sex, or biological factors, influence risks of different diseases and health conditions, and also affects survival following diagnosis. However, socially constructed gender-linked factors are also important and also affect exposure to social and environmental risk factors. In addition, gendered differences in men and women’s use of healthcare, and inequalities in access to services and how appropriate these are, impact on health outcomes.
{"title":"Women, men, and health","authors":"D. Cooper, H. Tabana","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0085","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the ways in which sex and gender influence health. There are important differences between men and women in their risk of premature death and in the main causes of death. In virtually every country around the world men have a lower life expectancy than women, although the gap in life expectancy is narrower in low-income countries. Similarly, women and men have different patterns of ill health across the life course, and again the gap varies between countries. Both sex and gender play a part in these variations. Sex, or biological factors, influence risks of different diseases and health conditions, and also affects survival following diagnosis. However, socially constructed gender-linked factors are also important and also affect exposure to social and environmental risk factors. In addition, gendered differences in men and women’s use of healthcare, and inequalities in access to services and how appropriate these are, impact on health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122672730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0051
Zhi-yong Hou, Na He
Governance is central to improve health systems performance and achieve Universal Health Coverage. Good governance can enable the effective use of health finances, workforce, medicines, and information to deliver better health services and outcomes. Theories of principal-agent and network governance are introduced to better understand health governance at system level. In health governance system, the government, private sector, and civil society are the governing triangle, and form a whole-of-society governance approach for health. We introduce the governing triangle and its role in health governance, governance mechanisms and tools, and the levels of governance, respectively. The triangle plays health governance functions at four levels to collectively pursue health goals: the supranational or national or organizational or programme levels. At each level, tools of governance are central to health governance functions and enabling relationships among triangles. Tools of governance can be classified into nine governance dimensions: accountability, regulation, participation, and consensus in decision-making, formulating policy/strategic direction, organizational adequacy/system design, generating information/intelligence, partnerships for coordination and collaboration, engagement of community, communication, and transparency. Assessment frameworks are further introduced for evaluating whether health governance is effective. And several cases of health governance are introduced for better understanding.
{"title":"Governance and management of public health programmes","authors":"Zhi-yong Hou, Na He","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Governance is central to improve health systems performance and achieve Universal Health Coverage. Good governance can enable the effective use of health finances, workforce, medicines, and information to deliver better health services and outcomes. Theories of principal-agent and network governance are introduced to better understand health governance at system level. In health governance system, the government, private sector, and civil society are the governing triangle, and form a whole-of-society governance approach for health. We introduce the governing triangle and its role in health governance, governance mechanisms and tools, and the levels of governance, respectively. The triangle plays health governance functions at four levels to collectively pursue health goals: the supranational or national or organizational or programme levels. At each level, tools of governance are central to health governance functions and enabling relationships among triangles. Tools of governance can be classified into nine governance dimensions: accountability, regulation, participation, and consensus in decision-making, formulating policy/strategic direction, organizational adequacy/system design, generating information/intelligence, partnerships for coordination and collaboration, engagement of community, communication, and transparency. Assessment frameworks are further introduced for evaluating whether health governance is effective. And several cases of health governance are introduced for better understanding.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130677763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0078
T. Lam, S. Ho
Tobacco is the most important and avoidable public health problem, killing 5.4 million users per year. At least one in two and up to two in three smokers die prematurely from smoking. Such great and easily understood risks should be more effectively communicated to promote smoking cessation. This chapter describes how raising tobacco tax, banning smoking in public places, and forbidding tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship have effectively reduced smoking rates in many countries. However, many low- and middle-income countries still lack the necessary resources or political will to implement tobacco control. Further progress may come from large and effective pictorial warnings; banning the display of tobacco products at retail outlets; extending smoking bans in public places; innovative use of the mass media; very brief warnings by doctors to promote cessation; telephone quitlines; and capitalizing on the risk perception towards third-hand smoke.
{"title":"Tobacco","authors":"T. Lam, S. Ho","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0078","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco is the most important and avoidable public health problem, killing 5.4 million users per year. At least one in two and up to two in three smokers die prematurely from smoking. Such great and easily understood risks should be more effectively communicated to promote smoking cessation. This chapter describes how raising tobacco tax, banning smoking in public places, and forbidding tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship have effectively reduced smoking rates in many countries. However, many low- and middle-income countries still lack the necessary resources or political will to implement tobacco control. Further progress may come from large and effective pictorial warnings; banning the display of tobacco products at retail outlets; extending smoking bans in public places; innovative use of the mass media; very brief warnings by doctors to promote cessation; telephone quitlines; and capitalizing on the risk perception towards third-hand smoke.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114216650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A majority the world’s population (4.2 billion) are now living in cities and municipal regions. According to the UN, 55% of the world was living in cities in 2018 and over 68% were expected to live in urban areas by 2050. Urbanization is a dynamic and evolving physical, social, and economic transformation that shapes the health and well-being of populations living in cities and around the world. City living can be healthy, since they can offer more population groups the health benefits of life-supporting infrastructure such as clean water and sanitation, education, and social services, as well as greater cultural, religious, and political expression and freedoms. This chapter briefly reviews the historical debates around the connections between human health and urbanization and highlights some challenges for addressing twenty-first century urbanization. Twenty-first century urbanization presents new challenges for urban health.
{"title":"Urbanization and health","authors":"Jason Corburn","doi":"10.2471/blt.10.010410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.10.010410","url":null,"abstract":"A majority the world’s population (4.2 billion) are now living in cities and municipal regions. According to the UN, 55% of the world was living in cities in 2018 and over 68% were expected to live in urban areas by 2050. Urbanization is a dynamic and evolving physical, social, and economic transformation that shapes the health and well-being of populations living in cities and around the world. City living can be healthy, since they can offer more population groups the health benefits of life-supporting infrastructure such as clean water and sanitation, education, and social services, as well as greater cultural, religious, and political expression and freedoms. This chapter briefly reviews the historical debates around the connections between human health and urbanization and highlights some challenges for addressing twenty-first century urbanization. Twenty-first century urbanization presents new challenges for urban health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121729631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0019
Carmel Williams, A. Blaiklock, P. Hunt
In this chapter, we explain how human rights, including the right to health, are important for global public health. We introduce key human rights concepts and principles, and illustrate three approaches to the right to health: judicial, policy, and empowerment. We propose that human rights and public health are natural allies with a complementary and supportive relationship. We describe the meaning of the right to the highest attainable standard of health and its place in international, regional, and national laws. We outline ten key elements of the right to health and how the right can be operationalized in public health practice. We demonstrate this with two case studies of critically important global public health issues—climate change and children’s health, and overseas development assistance—as well as one of an emerging challenge in health, the digitization of health through Big Data.
{"title":"The right to health supports global public health","authors":"Carmel Williams, A. Blaiklock, P. Hunt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we explain how human rights, including the right to health, are important for global public health. We introduce key human rights concepts and principles, and illustrate three approaches to the right to health: judicial, policy, and empowerment. We propose that human rights and public health are natural allies with a complementary and supportive relationship. We describe the meaning of the right to the highest attainable standard of health and its place in international, regional, and national laws. We outline ten key elements of the right to health and how the right can be operationalized in public health practice. We demonstrate this with two case studies of critically important global public health issues—climate change and children’s health, and overseas development assistance—as well as one of an emerging challenge in health, the digitization of health through Big Data.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116800461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0095
A. Thow, R. Lencucha, K. S. Reddy
Non-communicable diseases are the major cause of death and disability globally, but are largely preventable. The five major modifiable risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and air pollution—all of which have a strong environmental component. Implementation of policy to address non-communicable diseases (NCDs), however, has focused on individual responsibility rather than creating supportive environments for health promotion and NCD prevention, in part because of industry influence. A political economy perspective is helpful in considering how economic interests intersect with political decisions to shape the environments in which individuals live. When ‘environments of risk’ are considered from a political economy perspective, it enables us to critically assess sociopolitical factors that generate product environments characterized by health-harming products, built environments that condition physical inactivity over physical activity, and marginalization of pollution reduction. The enormous size and reach of these ‘industries of risk’ translates into significant political power. Industry actively exerts power in formal decision-making forums (‘decision-making power’), shapes the agenda in political debates (‘non-decision-making power’), and exercises ideological power in ways that are contrary to NCD prevention. Despite the power wielded by industry interests in the policy process, there has been innovation and meaningful policy change for NCD prevention. Key strategies include: assembling strong, local evidence to underpin policy; developing strong coalitions of actors with public health interests; preparing for push-back from industry; and developing specific proposals for healthier economic policy.
{"title":"The political economy of non-communicable diseases","authors":"A. Thow, R. Lencucha, K. S. Reddy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0095","url":null,"abstract":"Non-communicable diseases are the major cause of death and disability globally, but are largely preventable. The five major modifiable risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and air pollution—all of which have a strong environmental component. Implementation of policy to address non-communicable diseases (NCDs), however, has focused on individual responsibility rather than creating supportive environments for health promotion and NCD prevention, in part because of industry influence. A political economy perspective is helpful in considering how economic interests intersect with political decisions to shape the environments in which individuals live. When ‘environments of risk’ are considered from a political economy perspective, it enables us to critically assess sociopolitical factors that generate product environments characterized by health-harming products, built environments that condition physical inactivity over physical activity, and marginalization of pollution reduction. The enormous size and reach of these ‘industries of risk’ translates into significant political power. Industry actively exerts power in formal decision-making forums (‘decision-making power’), shapes the agenda in political debates (‘non-decision-making power’), and exercises ideological power in ways that are contrary to NCD prevention. Despite the power wielded by industry interests in the policy process, there has been innovation and meaningful policy change for NCD prevention. Key strategies include: assembling strong, local evidence to underpin policy; developing strong coalitions of actors with public health interests; preparing for push-back from industry; and developing specific proposals for healthier economic policy.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124873159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0091
S. Sinha, B. Ellis
Declines in mortality and fertility have largely contributed to population ageing and an accompanying epidemiological transition from infectious to chronic diseases. Significant improvements in life expectancy have occurred overall, although these have not been equally distributed between socioeconomic groups or across countries. Ageing is associated with increased health and social care needs due to the increased risk and prevalence of chronic diseases, dementia, multimorbidity, and disability that demand different types of and approaches to care. Older people benefit from a wide range of preventive interventions that reduce morbidity earlier in life, and prevent disability later on, as well as gerontological and geriatric expertise related to the delivery of care, support, and services to meet their unique needs. This chapter considers the phenomenon of population ageing, the unique health needs of older people, and specific approaches to providing health and social care to them.
{"title":"Health of older people","authors":"S. Sinha, B. Ellis","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0091","url":null,"abstract":"Declines in mortality and fertility have largely contributed to population ageing and an accompanying epidemiological transition from infectious to chronic diseases. Significant improvements in life expectancy have occurred overall, although these have not been equally distributed between socioeconomic groups or across countries. Ageing is associated with increased health and social care needs due to the increased risk and prevalence of chronic diseases, dementia, multimorbidity, and disability that demand different types of and approaches to care. Older people benefit from a wide range of preventive interventions that reduce morbidity earlier in life, and prevent disability later on, as well as gerontological and geriatric expertise related to the delivery of care, support, and services to meet their unique needs. This chapter considers the phenomenon of population ageing, the unique health needs of older people, and specific approaches to providing health and social care to them.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125051400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0003
T. Sein
The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) shows that important breakthroughs in public health interventions have led to great improvements in economic development. Health determines economic productivity and prosperity, and the physical and emotional well- being of the people. The mindset of the population afflicted with a high infant mortality rate usually lacks the secure knowledge of its children’s longevity, witnesses higher fertility rates, and experiences the quality- quantity trade- off in child- rearing. Ever since the health- for- all movement was initiated over three decades ago, health, equity, and social justice remain the main themes of social and health policy. It is essential for all public health professionals to sustain these values, especially those in LMICs and the international community.
{"title":"The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries","authors":"T. Sein","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) shows that important breakthroughs in public health interventions have led to great improvements in economic development. Health determines economic productivity and prosperity, and the physical and emotional well- being of the people. The mindset of the population afflicted with a high infant mortality rate usually lacks the secure knowledge of its children’s longevity, witnesses higher fertility rates, and experiences the quality- quantity trade- off in child- rearing. Ever since the health- for- all movement was initiated over three decades ago, health, equity, and social justice remain the main themes of social and health policy. It is essential for all public health professionals to sustain these values, especially those in LMICs and the international community.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125093031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0097
R. Kim-Farley
Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. Lower respiratory infections are the third leading causes of death worldwide and their control is a constant challenge that faces health workers and public health officials in both industrialized and developing countries. This chapter provides a global and comprehensive view of the principles of infectious disease control through examination of the magnitude of disease burden, the chain of infection (agent, transmission, and host) of infectious diseases, the varied approaches to their prevention and control (measures applied to the host, vectors, infected humans, animals, environment, and agents), and the factors conducive to their eradication as well as emergence and re-emergence.
{"title":"Principles of infectious disease control","authors":"R. Kim-Farley","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0097","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. Lower respiratory infections are the third leading causes of death worldwide and their control is a constant challenge that faces health workers and public health officials in both industrialized and developing countries. This chapter provides a global and comprehensive view of the principles of infectious disease control through examination of the magnitude of disease burden, the chain of infection (agent, transmission, and host) of infectious diseases, the varied approaches to their prevention and control (measures applied to the host, vectors, infected humans, animals, environment, and agents), and the factors conducive to their eradication as well as emergence and re-emergence.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127800260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0040
T. Vos, C. Murray, Alan D. Lopez
Over the last two decades, the global health landscape has undergone rapid transformation. People around the world are living longer than ever before, and populations are getting older. Many countries have made remarkable progress in preventing child deaths. As a result, disease burden is increasingly defined by disability as opposed to being dominated by premature mortality. The leading causes of death and disability are shifting from communicable diseases in children to non-communicable diseases in adults. These global trends differ across regions and by level of development. Notably, in sub-Saharan Africa, communicable, maternal, and newborn diseases and nutritional deficiencies continue to dominate. While low- and middle-income countries are tackling this ‘unfinished agenda’ of largely poverty-related diseases, increasingly they also need to prepare their health services for a growing burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries. In high-income countries, health budgets are steadily increasing relative to gross domestic product due to ageing of the population, an ever-expanding array of medical technologies, and greater demands of consumers for healthcare services. For governments and other healthcare providers to be able to respond to these challenges, high-quality comparable data on the size and trends in mortality and morbidity are essential. In 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010, which endeavoured to rethink methods and assumptions underlying population health measurement while making use of the vastly improved health data and computational resources. This chapter describes the methods underlying the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.
{"title":"Measuring the health of populations","authors":"T. Vos, C. Murray, Alan D. Lopez","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, the global health landscape has undergone rapid transformation. People around the world are living longer than ever before, and populations are getting older. Many countries have made remarkable progress in preventing child deaths. As a result, disease burden is increasingly defined by disability as opposed to being dominated by premature mortality. The leading causes of death and disability are shifting from communicable diseases in children to non-communicable diseases in adults. These global trends differ across regions and by level of development. Notably, in sub-Saharan Africa, communicable, maternal, and newborn diseases and nutritional deficiencies continue to dominate. While low- and middle-income countries are tackling this ‘unfinished agenda’ of largely poverty-related diseases, increasingly they also need to prepare their health services for a growing burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries. In high-income countries, health budgets are steadily increasing relative to gross domestic product due to ageing of the population, an ever-expanding array of medical technologies, and greater demands of consumers for healthcare services. For governments and other healthcare providers to be able to respond to these challenges, high-quality comparable data on the size and trends in mortality and morbidity are essential. In 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010, which endeavoured to rethink methods and assumptions underlying population health measurement while making use of the vastly improved health data and computational resources. This chapter describes the methods underlying the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126344341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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