Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073
F. Baiden, K. Malm, F. Binka
Malaria is a subtropical and tropical protozoan infection that accounts for nearly half a million deaths each year. Most deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The least studied of the five Plasmodia species that cause malaria, P. knowlesi, along with P. vivax cause life-threatening disease, mostly in Southeast Asia. Children, pregnant women, and non-immune travellers to endemic countries are most vulnerable to severe malaria. Cerebral malaria and anaemia are complications that results in neurological deficit and death if treatment is delayed or inappropriately administered. Rapid diagnostic tests have emerged as accurate and reliable means to diagnosing malaria at point-of-care.
{"title":"Malaria","authors":"F. Baiden, K. Malm, F. Binka","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a subtropical and tropical protozoan infection that accounts for nearly half a million deaths each year. Most deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The least studied of the five Plasmodia species that cause malaria, P. knowlesi, along with P. vivax cause life-threatening disease, mostly in Southeast Asia. Children, pregnant women, and non-immune travellers to endemic countries are most vulnerable to severe malaria. Cerebral malaria and anaemia are complications that results in neurological deficit and death if treatment is delayed or inappropriately administered. Rapid diagnostic tests have emerged as accurate and reliable means to diagnosing malaria at point-of-care.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"52 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121028698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0090
A. Kavanagh, M. Shields, A. Devine
This chapter addresses the developing field of disability in public health. Disability is traditionally associated with morbidity and mortality as negative public health outcomes. Primary prevention activities addressing birth defects, developmental disabilities, injuries, and chronic illnesses associated with disabling conditions are the foundation of public health. Public health is developing rapidly in promoting the health and well-being of the population of people living with disabling conditions. This chapter outlines the essential public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance for this population across countries and age groups. The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the framework for the conceptual and scientific issues. Finally, the chapter discusses directions for public health and disability to develop more closely. Recommendations are made for improving communication, cooperation, and coordination of activities between the public health and disability communities. The fundamental tenet of the chapter is that people with disabilities should be included in planning, development, and implementation of all public health activities.
{"title":"People with disabilities","authors":"A. Kavanagh, M. Shields, A. Devine","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0090","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the developing field of disability in public health. Disability is traditionally associated with morbidity and mortality as negative public health outcomes. Primary prevention activities addressing birth defects, developmental disabilities, injuries, and chronic illnesses associated with disabling conditions are the foundation of public health. Public health is developing rapidly in promoting the health and well-being of the population of people living with disabling conditions. This chapter outlines the essential public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance for this population across countries and age groups. The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the framework for the conceptual and scientific issues. Finally, the chapter discusses directions for public health and disability to develop more closely. Recommendations are made for improving communication, cooperation, and coordination of activities between the public health and disability communities. The fundamental tenet of the chapter is that people with disabilities should be included in planning, development, and implementation of all public health activities.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121276369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0098
Tang Jin-ling, Li Li-ming
Screening is early detection and early treatment of increased risk of chronic disease with the ultimate goal of improving the health of the screened. Today, early detection and early treatment occur often ‘haphazardly’ in routine clinical practice and general health checks rather than in systematic screening programmes. The success of a screening programme depends on the characteristics of the disease, testing, and treatments of early diagnosed patients. Screening can be made more cost-effective by screening in high-risk people, choosing a relatively high specificity, screening less frequently, and high management standards. The ultimate evaluation of the benefits and harms of screening must be drawn from randomized controlled trials. Randomized trials of various screening programmes and health checks in the past 50 years showed disappointingly screening was often ineffective or barely effective. This re-emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the criteria for introduction of new technologies for early diagnosis of disease.
{"title":"Medical screening","authors":"Tang Jin-ling, Li Li-ming","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0098","url":null,"abstract":"Screening is early detection and early treatment of increased risk of chronic disease with the ultimate goal of improving the health of the screened. Today, early detection and early treatment occur often ‘haphazardly’ in routine clinical practice and general health checks rather than in systematic screening programmes. The success of a screening programme depends on the characteristics of the disease, testing, and treatments of early diagnosed patients. Screening can be made more cost-effective by screening in high-risk people, choosing a relatively high specificity, screening less frequently, and high management standards. The ultimate evaluation of the benefits and harms of screening must be drawn from randomized controlled trials. Randomized trials of various screening programmes and health checks in the past 50 years showed disappointingly screening was often ineffective or barely effective. This re-emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the criteria for introduction of new technologies for early diagnosis of disease.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114261632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0047
F. Baum
Health promotion is a complex, ambiguous concept and set of practices. While many have linked it, primarily, to a revolution in health education, its roots go much deeper into the history of public health. It had its contemporary beginnings in the throes of the backlash against bureaucratic and professional dominance exemplified by the new social movements of the 1970s and 1980s. At its heart, health promotion is centred on the values and principles of equity, participation, and empowerment. These concepts are embedded in health promotion’s founding document, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. However, exactly how these values are articulated is often ambiguous. In this chapter, the authors contend that health promoters must intensify their reflection on these core values and principles; particularly in the light of the tendency to slip back into a comfortable paternalism, which reinforces existing power imbalances. We are specifically concerned with the precise interpretation of health equity in health promotion.
{"title":"Health promotion, health education, and the public’s health","authors":"F. Baum","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Health promotion is a complex, ambiguous concept and set of practices. While many have linked it, primarily, to a revolution in health education, its roots go much deeper into the history of public health. It had its contemporary beginnings in the throes of the backlash against bureaucratic and professional dominance exemplified by the new social movements of the 1970s and 1980s. At its heart, health promotion is centred on the values and principles of equity, participation, and empowerment. These concepts are embedded in health promotion’s founding document, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. However, exactly how these values are articulated is often ambiguous. In this chapter, the authors contend that health promoters must intensify their reflection on these core values and principles; particularly in the light of the tendency to slip back into a comfortable paternalism, which reinforces existing power imbalances. We are specifically concerned with the precise interpretation of health equity in health promotion.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117300497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0015
L. Green, Kristin S Hoeft, R. Hiatt
This chapter reviews ways in which behaviour relates to the spectrum of health and disease determinants, from environmental to genetic, in shaping health outcomes. It builds on the previous chapters in recognizing the powerful influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors, especially poverty and discrimination, in influencing both behaviour and health. Many commentaries in the past four decades have attempted to correct the overemphasis on individual behavioural determinants of health by discounting and sometimes disparaging any focus on individual behaviour or personal responsibility in disease prevention and health promotion. This chapter seeks a middle ground, building on the growing understanding of the ecological and cultural context of the behaviour–health relationship. It seeks to integrate that knowledge in an approach to public health that acknowledges the reciprocal determinism of behavioural, environmental, and biological determinants rather than minimizing the importance of behaviour in these complex interactions.
{"title":"Behavioural determinants of health and disease","authors":"L. Green, Kristin S Hoeft, R. Hiatt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews ways in which behaviour relates to the spectrum of health and disease determinants, from environmental to genetic, in shaping health outcomes. It builds on the previous chapters in recognizing the powerful influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors, especially poverty and discrimination, in influencing both behaviour and health. Many commentaries in the past four decades have attempted to correct the overemphasis on individual behavioural determinants of health by discounting and sometimes disparaging any focus on individual behaviour or personal responsibility in disease prevention and health promotion. This chapter seeks a middle ground, building on the growing understanding of the ecological and cultural context of the behaviour–health relationship. It seeks to integrate that knowledge in an approach to public health that acknowledges the reciprocal determinism of behavioural, environmental, and biological determinants rather than minimizing the importance of behaviour in these complex interactions.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114221924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0021
T. Htay, Yu Mon Saw, J. Levinson, S. M. Kadri, A. Brady, Cecilia S. Acquin, A. Htet
The purpose of this chapter is to underscore the role of an integrated stewardship process and decentralization of healthcare services through high standards of governance towards effective health policies in developing countries. Changing disease patterns and challenging health status in developing countries calls for a rigorous monitoring and evaluation of prevailing health systems so that their new health policies be able to tackle these emerging health needs. Three stages of health transition and globalization have highlighted their impacts on health problems and health policies. The optimal composition and interactions of actors in health policy have influenced the strategic directions and policy implementation. In implementing the global and national health policies within the context of health system strengthening, national policies will better assure that health priorities in local settings are addressed and country-led while international assistance supports the health sector priorities. With the creation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), more attention is being given in these countries to policies and programmes which are results- and outcome-oriented. Possible strategies to improve health policy and the overall status of health in developing countries are recommended including Universal Health Coverage and the SDGs, among others.
{"title":"Health policy in developing countries","authors":"T. Htay, Yu Mon Saw, J. Levinson, S. M. Kadri, A. Brady, Cecilia S. Acquin, A. Htet","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to underscore the role of an integrated stewardship process and decentralization of healthcare services through high standards of governance towards effective health policies in developing countries. Changing disease patterns and challenging health status in developing countries calls for a rigorous monitoring and evaluation of prevailing health systems so that their new health policies be able to tackle these emerging health needs. Three stages of health transition and globalization have highlighted their impacts on health problems and health policies. The optimal composition and interactions of actors in health policy have influenced the strategic directions and policy implementation. In implementing the global and national health policies within the context of health system strengthening, national policies will better assure that health priorities in local settings are addressed and country-led while international assistance supports the health sector priorities. With the creation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), more attention is being given in these countries to policies and programmes which are results- and outcome-oriented. Possible strategies to improve health policy and the overall status of health in developing countries are recommended including Universal Health Coverage and the SDGs, among others.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"42 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114017369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0121
A. Welte, B. Williams, Gavin Hitchcock
Indeed, the ‘heavy lifting’ of healthcare is in the care of patients, the development and distribution of vaccines, drugs and devices, and the conception and implementation of sensible systems and policies. However, in recent decades, spectacular increases in the availability of computational capacity have paved the way for mathematical modelling to play an ever-increasing role in many aspects of public health, by supporting formal analyses at various scales of the processes involved. This chapter explores a particular kind of ‘modelling’—and it is not the common (bio)statistical kind. We focus on what we would call ‘dynamical’ modelling (as opposed to ‘statistical’ modelling). This essentially entails the reduction, to mathematics, of key facts and principles inherent in the ‘processes’ or ‘mechanisms’ in an epidemiological situation. We can then manipulate these mathematical constructs, in search of insights that, while ultimately implied in the model construction, are not superficially apparent from our primary data and our intuition.
{"title":"Mathematical models of transmission and control of infectious agents","authors":"A. Welte, B. Williams, Gavin Hitchcock","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Indeed, the ‘heavy lifting’ of healthcare is in the care of patients, the development and distribution of vaccines, drugs and devices, and the conception and implementation of sensible systems and policies. However, in recent decades, spectacular increases in the availability of computational capacity have paved the way for mathematical modelling to play an ever-increasing role in many aspects of public health, by supporting formal analyses at various scales of the processes involved. This chapter explores a particular kind of ‘modelling’—and it is not the common (bio)statistical kind. We focus on what we would call ‘dynamical’ modelling (as opposed to ‘statistical’ modelling). This essentially entails the reduction, to mathematics, of key facts and principles inherent in the ‘processes’ or ‘mechanisms’ in an epidemiological situation. We can then manipulate these mathematical constructs, in search of insights that, while ultimately implied in the model construction, are not superficially apparent from our primary data and our intuition.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128093228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0004
Stephen M Tollman, Jessica Price
This chapter starts by reviewing the relationship between the economy and health, looking at changes in health outcome as income increases, demographic transitions related to economic growth, and the impact of urbanization on health outcomes. It then reviews major health challenges facing middle-income countries (MICs), including the triple burden of disease, multimorbidity, mental health across the life course, and the impacts of migration, climate change, and antimicrobial resistance. Finally, it discusses health system challenges and the importance of building resilient and ‘learning’ health systems with the agility to adapt to meet MICs’ evolving health needs. We discuss strategies to achieve universal health coverage in MICs and the importance of intersectoral collaboration in promoting health.
{"title":"Public health priorities in countries undergoing economic transition","authors":"Stephen M Tollman, Jessica Price","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter starts by reviewing the relationship between the economy and health, looking at changes in health outcome as income increases, demographic transitions related to economic growth, and the impact of urbanization on health outcomes. It then reviews major health challenges facing middle-income countries (MICs), including the triple burden of disease, multimorbidity, mental health across the life course, and the impacts of migration, climate change, and antimicrobial resistance. Finally, it discusses health system challenges and the importance of building resilient and ‘learning’ health systems with the agility to adapt to meet MICs’ evolving health needs. We discuss strategies to achieve universal health coverage in MICs and the importance of intersectoral collaboration in promoting health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130042759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.
{"title":"Interpersonal violence","authors":"R. Jewkes","doi":"10.1037/e681442012-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e681442012-001","url":null,"abstract":"Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"237-240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130731388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0031
J. Popay, F. Baum
In this chapter we will consider what the qualitative research imagination ‘is’—touching on key questions that should be addressed by all researchers regardless of their approach.) In the first part of the chapter we will consider the first two questions focusing on the type of ‘knowledge’ generated by qualitative research and in the second part on questions about the range of approaches that can be taken to data collection, analysis and interpretation, and the role of theory. The rest of this chapter is divided into three parts. First, we discuss the type of knowledge produced by qualitative research. We then discuss the potential for community/public involvement as ‘partners’ in qualitative research and finally consider key methodological issues in the conduct of qualitative research.
{"title":"Qualitative research imagination","authors":"J. Popay, F. Baum","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we will consider what the qualitative research imagination ‘is’—touching on key questions that should be addressed by all researchers regardless of their approach.) In the first part of the chapter we will consider the first two questions focusing on the type of ‘knowledge’ generated by qualitative research and in the second part on questions about the range of approaches that can be taken to data collection, analysis and interpretation, and the role of theory. The rest of this chapter is divided into three parts. First, we discuss the type of knowledge produced by qualitative research. We then discuss the potential for community/public involvement as ‘partners’ in qualitative research and finally consider key methodological issues in the conduct of qualitative research.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114548858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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