Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0125
R. Parker, Jonathan Garcia, M. Muñoz-Laboy, M. Sommer, P. Wilson
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of this rapidly growing body of work in public health. It describes the initial public health response to sexuality in the context of HIV and AIDS, as well as the ways in which that response has been gradually broadened over time in order to provide a more comprehensive approach to sexual health and well-being. It also focuses on both the local and the global dimensions of this work, in both developed and developing countries, and as much in the work of local communities struggling to respond to the needs of their own populations, as well as on the part of a range of international agencies that are increasingly seeking to address a range of challenges to sexual health.
{"title":"Sexuality and public health","authors":"R. Parker, Jonathan Garcia, M. Muñoz-Laboy, M. Sommer, P. Wilson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0125","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter seeks to provide an overview of this rapidly growing body of work in public health. It describes the initial public health response to sexuality in the context of HIV and AIDS, as well as the ways in which that response has been gradually broadened over time in order to provide a more comprehensive approach to sexual health and well-being. It also focuses on both the local and the global dimensions of this work, in both developed and developing countries, and as much in the work of local communities struggling to respond to the needs of their own populations, as well as on the part of a range of international agencies that are increasingly seeking to address a range of challenges to sexual health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"30 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127980834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0211
D. Hamer, Z. Bhutta
Infectious diseases continue to contribute considerably to the global burden of morbidity, disability, and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Lower respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis remain among the top ten causes of mortality for all ages and sexes. Moreover, the emergence of many new viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens as well as rising antimicrobial resistance are current challenges. Despite a decline in infectious disease mortality, the growing dangers of antimicrobial resistance and emerging infections pose a critical threat to the health of millions. It is imperative, now more than ever, to scale up interventions for prevention and control of infectious diseases while promoting judicious use of antimicrobials.
{"title":"Infectious diseases and prions","authors":"D. Hamer, Z. Bhutta","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0211","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases continue to contribute considerably to the global burden of morbidity, disability, and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Lower respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis remain among the top ten causes of mortality for all ages and sexes. Moreover, the emergence of many new viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens as well as rising antimicrobial resistance are current challenges. Despite a decline in infectious disease mortality, the growing dangers of antimicrobial resistance and emerging infections pose a critical threat to the health of millions. It is imperative, now more than ever, to scale up interventions for prevention and control of infectious diseases while promoting judicious use of antimicrobials.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"47 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132904776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0201
N. Wong
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and other CVD manifestations comprise the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Key risk factors, including hypertension, cigarette smoking, elevated cholesterol, elevated glucose levels/diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity comprise the top six leading causes of death globally. Prevention of CVD focuses on identifying and managing these and other key risk factors at both the population and individual level through approaches aimed at primordial, primary, and secondary prevention. Global risk factor assessment with short or long-term risk prediction algorithms can help identify those most appropriate for treatment. Novel risk factor evaluation and screening for subclinical CVD can also help further stratify CVD risk. Clinical trials have documented the efficacy of key interventions, including those involving antiplatelet, blood pressure, and lipid modification (from statins and newer non-statin therapies), as well as newer diabetes treatments that reduce CVD risk. Future efforts will best determine what combination of interventions at both the population and individual level can have the greatest impact on prevention of CVD.
{"title":"Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease","authors":"N. Wong","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and other CVD manifestations comprise the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Key risk factors, including hypertension, cigarette smoking, elevated cholesterol, elevated glucose levels/diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity comprise the top six leading causes of death globally. Prevention of CVD focuses on identifying and managing these and other key risk factors at both the population and individual level through approaches aimed at primordial, primary, and secondary prevention. Global risk factor assessment with short or long-term risk prediction algorithms can help identify those most appropriate for treatment. Novel risk factor evaluation and screening for subclinical CVD can also help further stratify CVD risk. Clinical trials have documented the efficacy of key interventions, including those involving antiplatelet, blood pressure, and lipid modification (from statins and newer non-statin therapies), as well as newer diabetes treatments that reduce CVD risk. Future efforts will best determine what combination of interventions at both the population and individual level can have the greatest impact on prevention of CVD.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115306511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0112
J. Farquhar, L. Green
Community intervention trials in high-income countries. This chapter summarizes results of combined mass media and community organizing methods used and evaluated during the past 40 years to achieve chronic disease prevention through changes in behaviour and risk factors. These studies are examples of experimental epidemiology and community-based participatory research, using cost-effective health promotion methods. The chapter also reviews earlier experiences in public screening, immunization, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and tobacco control, which provided useful theory and methods on which the later trials built. Major advances in theory development and intervention methods occurred in the 1970s from two pioneering community intervention projects on cardiovascular disease prevention from Stanford (USA) and Finland. These projects, followed in the 1980s and beyond in North America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, added many major lessons in both theory and practice. These lessons, considered ‘operational imperatives’, are: economic, social normative (or ‘denormalization’), informed electorate, public health, surveillance, comprehensiveness, formative, ecological, and logical sequencing of needs and action. Therefore, these recent decades of applying ‘total community’ health promotion in developed countries achieved considerable change at reasonable cost. Such communities were changed greatly through organizing and education; changes requiring advocacy, activism, partnership building, leadership, and regulations. This results in community transformation, creating ‘community efficacy’, a composite of enhanced self-efficacy of the community’s residents and leaders. Such transformed communities, as models, allow leverage in disseminating methods, including regulatory tactics. Such dissemination can lead to national changes analogous to those of the recent decade’s tobacco control successes.
{"title":"Community intervention trials in high-income countries","authors":"J. Farquhar, L. Green","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0112","url":null,"abstract":"Community intervention trials in high-income countries. This chapter summarizes results of combined mass media and community organizing methods used and evaluated during the past 40 years to achieve chronic disease prevention through changes in behaviour and risk factors. These studies are examples of experimental epidemiology and community-based participatory research, using cost-effective health promotion methods. The chapter also reviews earlier experiences in public screening, immunization, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and tobacco control, which provided useful theory and methods on which the later trials built. Major advances in theory development and intervention methods occurred in the 1970s from two pioneering community intervention projects on cardiovascular disease prevention from Stanford (USA) and Finland. These projects, followed in the 1980s and beyond in North America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, added many major lessons in both theory and practice. These lessons, considered ‘operational imperatives’, are: economic, social normative (or ‘denormalization’), informed electorate, public health, surveillance, comprehensiveness, formative, ecological, and logical sequencing of needs and action. Therefore, these recent decades of applying ‘total community’ health promotion in developed countries achieved considerable change at reasonable cost. Such communities were changed greatly through organizing and education; changes requiring advocacy, activism, partnership building, leadership, and regulations. This results in community transformation, creating ‘community efficacy’, a composite of enhanced self-efficacy of the community’s residents and leaders. Such transformed communities, as models, allow leverage in disseminating methods, including regulatory tactics. Such dissemination can lead to national changes analogous to those of the recent decade’s tobacco control successes.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"89 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120924727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0226
Gavin W. Jones
Rapid family change is occurring throughout the world, though trends differ greatly between subregions and countries. Families are generally becoming smaller, as fertility declines and nuclearization of family structure are more common. The transition to adulthood is being delayed. Delayed marriage, increasing cohabitation, and higher levels of partnership dissolution characterize many parts of the world. Fewer children are growing to adulthood living with the same two parents. Ageing of populations is a worldwide trend, and although the proportions of elderly living with a child or grandchild are much higher in Asia than in the West, in Asia as well they are tending to decline. One of the key issues for the future is the relative roles of family, community, and state in supporting the dependant elderly.
{"title":"The changing family","authors":"Gavin W. Jones","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0226","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid family change is occurring throughout the world, though trends differ greatly between subregions and countries. Families are generally becoming smaller, as fertility declines and nuclearization of family structure are more common. The transition to adulthood is being delayed. Delayed marriage, increasing cohabitation, and higher levels of partnership dissolution characterize many parts of the world. Fewer children are growing to adulthood living with the same two parents. Ageing of populations is a worldwide trend, and although the proportions of elderly living with a child or grandchild are much higher in Asia than in the West, in Asia as well they are tending to decline. One of the key issues for the future is the relative roles of family, community, and state in supporting the dependant elderly.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"654 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117105488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0207
K. Wahlbeck, D. Wasserman
The full public health impact of mental health is largely unrecognized. The allocation of the burden of disease attributable to mental and behavioural disorders, which is already substantial, will probably increase steadily in the future, due to the transition of the global disease burden towards mental and behavioural disorders. In addition to the demands that mental disorders put on social welfare and health systems, they also cause decreased productivity in the workplace, prolonged disability, and diminished resources within families. Mental disorders are linked to socioeconomic disadvantages and addressing mental health determinants will reduce health inequalities. Stigma of mental disorders is widespread, and it is a barrier for help-seeking behaviours, as well as the development of healthcare services. Modern mental health policies should aim at improving psychosocial health by addressing determinants of mental health in all public policies. Key measures in effective public health suicide prevention programmes comprise improved awareness in the population about mental health promotion and suicide preventive measures, the restriction of access to lethal means of suicide, responsible media coverage of suicide issues, school-based awareness programmes, and improvements in the identification of depression and suicidality by peers, gatekeepers, and health professionals. Modern community-based mental health services, with a diversified service provision, result in better outcomes on a broader scale compared to ‘old school’ hospital-centred mental health service systems. Primary care physicians in collaboration with multidisciplinary teams have a central role in provision of mental health services to the population.
{"title":"Public mental health and suicide","authors":"K. Wahlbeck, D. Wasserman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0207","url":null,"abstract":"The full public health impact of mental health is largely unrecognized. The allocation of the burden of disease attributable to mental and behavioural disorders, which is already substantial, will probably increase steadily in the future, due to the transition of the global disease burden towards mental and behavioural disorders. In addition to the demands that mental disorders put on social welfare and health systems, they also cause decreased productivity in the workplace, prolonged disability, and diminished resources within families. Mental disorders are linked to socioeconomic disadvantages and addressing mental health determinants will reduce health inequalities. Stigma of mental disorders is widespread, and it is a barrier for help-seeking behaviours, as well as the development of healthcare services. Modern mental health policies should aim at improving psychosocial health by addressing determinants of mental health in all public policies. Key measures in effective public health suicide prevention programmes comprise improved awareness in the population about mental health promotion and suicide preventive measures, the restriction of access to lethal means of suicide, responsible media coverage of suicide issues, school-based awareness programmes, and improvements in the identification of depression and suicidality by peers, gatekeepers, and health professionals. Modern community-based mental health services, with a diversified service provision, result in better outcomes on a broader scale compared to ‘old school’ hospital-centred mental health service systems. Primary care physicians in collaboration with multidisciplinary teams have a central role in provision of mental health services to the population.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123008524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0126
E. Grundy
The health and healthcare needs of a population cannot be measured or met without knowledge of its size and characteristics. Demography is the scientific study of population and is concerned both with the measurement, or estimation, of population size and structure and with population dynamics—the interplay between fertility, mortality, and migration which determines population change. These are pre-requisites for making the forecasts about future population size and structure which largely determine the health profile of a population and should underpin public health planning. This chapter presents information on demographic methods and data sources, their application to health and population issues, information on demographic trends and their implications, and the major theories about demographic change. The aim is to illustrate and elucidate the complex inter-relationship between population change and human health.
{"title":"Demography and public health","authors":"E. Grundy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0126","url":null,"abstract":"The health and healthcare needs of a population cannot be measured or met without knowledge of its size and characteristics. Demography is the scientific study of population and is concerned both with the measurement, or estimation, of population size and structure and with population dynamics—the interplay between fertility, mortality, and migration which determines population change. These are pre-requisites for making the forecasts about future population size and structure which largely determine the health profile of a population and should underpin public health planning. This chapter presents information on demographic methods and data sources, their application to health and population issues, information on demographic trends and their implications, and the major theories about demographic change. The aim is to illustrate and elucidate the complex inter-relationship between population change and human health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117342774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：