Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1002/9781444308051.ch15
G. Patton, P. Azzopardi, Natasha S Kaoma, F. Sabet, Susan S. Sawyer
Many recent shifts are propelling adolescence into the forefront of global public health. There is a youth bulge with 1.8 billion, 10–24-year-olds comprising over a quarter of the global population. Nearly 90% live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Dramatic declines in mortality and disease burden in infancy and early childhood in many countries have resulted in a focus on growing adolescent health problems including mental disorders, the consequences of unsafe sexuality, the growing rates of non-communicable disease risks, and the impact of injuries and violence on this age group. Youth-friendly health services have the potential to promote equity, effectiveness, accessibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of care, including early interventions for major health risks. Prevention frameworks have integrated life-course epidemiology with strategies developed in the social and behavioural sciences. There is some evidence that involving young people in the conceptualization and implementation of some of these interventions improves the outcomes.
{"title":"Adolescent health","authors":"G. Patton, P. Azzopardi, Natasha S Kaoma, F. Sabet, Susan S. Sawyer","doi":"10.1002/9781444308051.ch15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444308051.ch15","url":null,"abstract":"Many recent shifts are propelling adolescence into the forefront of global public health. There is a youth bulge with 1.8 billion, 10–24-year-olds comprising over a quarter of the global population. Nearly 90% live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Dramatic declines in mortality and disease burden in infancy and early childhood in many countries have resulted in a focus on growing adolescent health problems including mental disorders, the consequences of unsafe sexuality, the growing rates of non-communicable disease risks, and the impact of injuries and violence on this age group. Youth-friendly health services have the potential to promote equity, effectiveness, accessibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of care, including early interventions for major health risks. Prevention frameworks have integrated life-course epidemiology with strategies developed in the social and behavioural sciences. There is some evidence that involving young people in the conceptualization and implementation of some of these interventions improves the outcomes.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"723 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131598809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0042
Nguyen Tran Hien, James W. Buehler, Ann Marie Kimball
Public health surveillance provides the epidemiologic foundation for modern public health practice. The ongoing monitoring of disease or health trends within populations informs what public health actions are taken and reflects whether those actions are effective. Surveillance may involve monitoring of diseases and other health-related conditions as well as their antecedents, characteristics, and consequences. Surveillance can guide the local response to individual cases of disease or more broadly inform public health programmes and policies. A key function of surveillance is to identify circumstances that merit further public health scrutiny, such as groups or locations that are disproportionately affected or changes in disease occurrence or severity. General principles that underlie the practice of surveillance are essentially the same for all countries, regardless of economic development. However, in many resource-poor countries, challenges to meeting needs for population health information are heightened and include potential tensions between groups with differing interests. Public health surveillance is conducted in many ways, depending on the nature of the health event under surveillance, the nature of healthcare and information infrastructures, the population involved, resources available, and information needs. The widespread and expanding use of the internet, electronic media, communication technologies, and mobile computing have enabled innovations in public health surveillance that reach far beyond traditional methods. Although surveillance methods were originally developed as part of efforts to control infectious diseases, basic concepts of surveillance have been applied to all areas of public health.
{"title":"Public health surveillance","authors":"Nguyen Tran Hien, James W. Buehler, Ann Marie Kimball","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Public health surveillance provides the epidemiologic foundation for modern public health practice. The ongoing monitoring of disease or health trends within populations informs what public health actions are taken and reflects whether those actions are effective. Surveillance may involve monitoring of diseases and other health-related conditions as well as their antecedents, characteristics, and consequences. Surveillance can guide the local response to individual cases of disease or more broadly inform public health programmes and policies. A key function of surveillance is to identify circumstances that merit further public health scrutiny, such as groups or locations that are disproportionately affected or changes in disease occurrence or severity. General principles that underlie the practice of surveillance are essentially the same for all countries, regardless of economic development. However, in many resource-poor countries, challenges to meeting needs for population health information are heightened and include potential tensions between groups with differing interests. Public health surveillance is conducted in many ways, depending on the nature of the health event under surveillance, the nature of healthcare and information infrastructures, the population involved, resources available, and information needs. The widespread and expanding use of the internet, electronic media, communication technologies, and mobile computing have enabled innovations in public health surveillance that reach far beyond traditional methods. Although surveillance methods were originally developed as part of efforts to control infectious diseases, basic concepts of surveillance have been applied to all areas of public health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114950639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0068
W. Kukull, K. Govender, James B. Bowen
This chapter presents information for selected neurological conditions by referring to current or classic research papers. Conditions such as headache especially migraines have substantial public health impact because of the high prevalence, age groups affected, the associated lost economic productivity and the increase in disability-adjusted life years. Multiple sclerosis, a relatively common neurological disease, can affect individuals in young adulthood, decrease their productivity, and ultimately make them dependent on others. Traumatic brain injury occurring in youth or young adulthood can cause years of extra medical care in addition to lost productivity among those who survive the immediate event; in addition, repetitive trauma may cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy leading to dementia in later life. Epilepsy may have onset throughout one’s life course. While most causes are unknown, some may result from trauma or may be caused by specific genes, among other causes. While there are intractable forms of epilepsy, great strides have been made in preventing and managing seizures enabling patients to lead relatively full and normal lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, are now acknowledged to begin 10–30 years prior to symptom onset. This will influence how risk factor studies are conducted and interpreted, which may offer earlier diagnostic potential. Effective treatments for the resulting clinical dementias that reduce productivity, functional ability, and independence from older individuals have not yet been realized. Without question, neurological diseases have substantial public health as well as grave personal impact.
{"title":"Neurological diseases, epidemiology, and public health","authors":"W. Kukull, K. Govender, James B. Bowen","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0068","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents information for selected neurological conditions by referring to current or classic research papers. Conditions such as headache especially migraines have substantial public health impact because of the high prevalence, age groups affected, the associated lost economic productivity and the increase in disability-adjusted life years. Multiple sclerosis, a relatively common neurological disease, can affect individuals in young adulthood, decrease their productivity, and ultimately make them dependent on others. Traumatic brain injury occurring in youth or young adulthood can cause years of extra medical care in addition to lost productivity among those who survive the immediate event; in addition, repetitive trauma may cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy leading to dementia in later life. Epilepsy may have onset throughout one’s life course. While most causes are unknown, some may result from trauma or may be caused by specific genes, among other causes. While there are intractable forms of epilepsy, great strides have been made in preventing and managing seizures enabling patients to lead relatively full and normal lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, are now acknowledged to begin 10–30 years prior to symptom onset. This will influence how risk factor studies are conducted and interpreted, which may offer earlier diagnostic potential. Effective treatments for the resulting clinical dementias that reduce productivity, functional ability, and independence from older individuals have not yet been realized. Without question, neurological diseases have substantial public health as well as grave personal impact.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115741523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0083
B. Levy
War and other forms of armed conflict cause many adverse effects on health and the environment, including morbidity and mortality due to weapons; damage to the health-supporting infrastructure of society; contamination of air, water, and soil; forced displacement; violation of international agreements and human rights; diversion of resources; and promotion of additional violence. While conventional weapons account for the vast majority of fatal and non-fatal injuries during war, weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear and radiological weapons, chemical weapons, and biological agents) as well as antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance pose additional threats. Public health workers and other health professionals can help to minimize the health and environmental consequences of war and other forms of armed conflict and to help end war itself. Categories of preventive measures include documentation; education and awareness-raising; advocacy and support for policies and programmes to minimize the consequences of, and help to reduce the risks of, war and other forms of armed conflict; and provision of preventive services. Public health frameworks of prevention can be useful in identifying opportunities for prevention and designing, implementing, and improving policies and programmes. These frameworks include levels of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and the host-agent-environment model.
{"title":"Collective violence","authors":"B. Levy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0083","url":null,"abstract":"War and other forms of armed conflict cause many adverse effects on health and the environment, including morbidity and mortality due to weapons; damage to the health-supporting infrastructure of society; contamination of air, water, and soil; forced displacement; violation of international agreements and human rights; diversion of resources; and promotion of additional violence. While conventional weapons account for the vast majority of fatal and non-fatal injuries during war, weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear and radiological weapons, chemical weapons, and biological agents) as well as antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance pose additional threats. Public health workers and other health professionals can help to minimize the health and environmental consequences of war and other forms of armed conflict and to help end war itself. Categories of preventive measures include documentation; education and awareness-raising; advocacy and support for policies and programmes to minimize the consequences of, and help to reduce the risks of, war and other forms of armed conflict; and provision of preventive services. Public health frameworks of prevention can be useful in identifying opportunities for prevention and designing, implementing, and improving policies and programmes. These frameworks include levels of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and the host-agent-environment model.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123322484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0202
Zuo‐Feng Zhang, P. Boffetta, A. Neugut, C. L. Vecchia
Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.
{"title":"Cancer epidemiology and public health","authors":"Zuo‐Feng Zhang, P. Boffetta, A. Neugut, C. L. Vecchia","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199661756.003.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116950474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0024
Zunyou Wu, J. McGoogan
The inalienable human right to the ‘highest attainable standard of health’ has been a focus of the international public health community for more than 50 years. Yet, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) still struggle with heavy burden of disease, inefficient health systems, and limited resources for improving the health of their citizens. Community diagnosis can inform public health planning and prioritization of resources for the purpose of addressing disparities in health outcomes. However, large amounts of good-quality data from multiple quantitative and qualitative, primary and secondary sources are ideally required in order to effectively assess current state and evaluate future performance against a broad range of important health metrics. Furthermore, information systems and health metrics should not be thought of as static and separate. Rather, they should ideally evolve together in a deliberate, iterative process over time from metrics selected based upon the information that is available (i.e. measure what is measurable) to information systems designed based upon the metrics that are important to measure (i.e. measure what should be measured). This chapter describes community diagnosis, information systems, and health metrics in the context of LMIC, highlighting these concepts and their challenges with examples of studies conducted in these settings.
{"title":"Community diagnosis and health information systems in low- and middle-income countries","authors":"Zunyou Wu, J. McGoogan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"The inalienable human right to the ‘highest attainable standard of health’ has been a focus of the international public health community for more than 50 years. Yet, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) still struggle with heavy burden of disease, inefficient health systems, and limited resources for improving the health of their citizens. Community diagnosis can inform public health planning and prioritization of resources for the purpose of addressing disparities in health outcomes. However, large amounts of good-quality data from multiple quantitative and qualitative, primary and secondary sources are ideally required in order to effectively assess current state and evaluate future performance against a broad range of important health metrics. Furthermore, information systems and health metrics should not be thought of as static and separate. Rather, they should ideally evolve together in a deliberate, iterative process over time from metrics selected based upon the information that is available (i.e. measure what is measurable) to information systems designed based upon the metrics that are important to measure (i.e. measure what should be measured). This chapter describes community diagnosis, information systems, and health metrics in the context of LMIC, highlighting these concepts and their challenges with examples of studies conducted in these settings.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125527633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0016
R. Hunter, A. Beaton, S. Leeder, M. Guilford, Yvonne. Inall
This chapter explores access to healthcare—the timely availability of professional health services to prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses and to preserve or improve the health of individuals—and its consequences. The ethical context in which access is considered includes the human rights and social justice concepts of ‘a right to healthcare’ and ‘equity of access’. Conscious that these concepts differ from country to country, we offer working definitions. Countries and their governments vary in their political and social attitudes to access. Those with a strong social welfare agenda might focus attention and budgets on social factors such as education and social welfare; these not only determine health, but also access to care. Others, regarding healthcare as the individual’s concern, might give these factors less weight. Despite this complexity and much national variation, access depends, in general, most often on good primary healthcare, public investment, and political will, availability of data to guide resourcing decisions, and the development of a well-trained, integrated workforce with appropriate supporting infrastructure.
{"title":"How access to healthcare affects population health","authors":"R. Hunter, A. Beaton, S. Leeder, M. Guilford, Yvonne. Inall","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores access to healthcare—the timely availability of professional health services to prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses and to preserve or improve the health of individuals—and its consequences. The ethical context in which access is considered includes the human rights and social justice concepts of ‘a right to healthcare’ and ‘equity of access’. Conscious that these concepts differ from country to country, we offer working definitions. Countries and their governments vary in their political and social attitudes to access. Those with a strong social welfare agenda might focus attention and budgets on social factors such as education and social welfare; these not only determine health, but also access to care. Others, regarding healthcare as the individual’s concern, might give these factors less weight. Despite this complexity and much national variation, access depends, in general, most often on good primary healthcare, public investment, and political will, availability of data to guide resourcing decisions, and the development of a well-trained, integrated workforce with appropriate supporting infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134408693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0001
R. Detels, C. Tan
Public health is the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts of society. The goal of public health is the biological, physical, and mental well-being of all members of society. Thus, public health must address the challenge of confronting health problems, as well as political, social, and economic factors affecting health, not only at the community, state, and national levels, but also at the global level. This chapter introduces the reader to the scope and current major concerns of public health in the twenty-first century, giving examples of each. It is the goal of this chapter to assist the reader in understanding the conceptual framework of the field, which will help them in placing the subsequent more detailed chapters into the context of the entire field of public health.
{"title":"The scope and concerns of public health","authors":"R. Detels, C. Tan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Public health is the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts of society. The goal of public health is the biological, physical, and mental well-being of all members of society. Thus, public health must address the challenge of confronting health problems, as well as political, social, and economic factors affecting health, not only at the community, state, and national levels, but also at the global level. This chapter introduces the reader to the scope and current major concerns of public health in the twenty-first century, giving examples of each. It is the goal of this chapter to assist the reader in understanding the conceptual framework of the field, which will help them in placing the subsequent more detailed chapters into the context of the entire field of public health.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132114002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035
F. Stanaway, Naomi Noguchi, Clement Loy, Sharon Reid, J. Craig
Clinical epidemiology is a science that extends the principles and methods of epidemiology to clinical practice and clinical research. In this chapter, we provide an overview of clinical epidemiological methods and how these approaches can be used to improve global public health. We have focused primarily on using evidence in decision-making in this chapter, rather than study design and conduct elements, such as randomized controlled trials, which are covered in detail elsewhere. Consequently, we have provided a framework for critical appraisal and reporting of relevant study designs (how to use and report), rather than a detailed discussion about how such studies should be designed and conducted (how to do).
{"title":"Clinical epidemiology","authors":"F. Stanaway, Naomi Noguchi, Clement Loy, Sharon Reid, J. Craig","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical epidemiology is a science that extends the principles and methods of epidemiology to clinical practice and clinical research. In this chapter, we provide an overview of clinical epidemiological methods and how these approaches can be used to improve global public health. We have focused primarily on using evidence in decision-making in this chapter, rather than study design and conduct elements, such as randomized controlled trials, which are covered in detail elsewhere. Consequently, we have provided a framework for critical appraisal and reporting of relevant study designs (how to use and report), rather than a detailed discussion about how such studies should be designed and conducted (how to do).","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115345159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038
N. Siegfried, L. Mbuagbaw
Systematic reviews play an important role in healthcare decision-making. When conducted correctly, they provide up-to-date, comprehensive, and replicable summaries of evidence. Authors of systematic reviews are expected to develop a protocol that outlines the research question and key methodological features of their review. A comprehensive and exhaustive search should be conducted, followed by screening to capture studies that meet the prespecified inclusion criteria. Once the relevant studies have been identified, data will be extracted, using a dedicated tool that permits the review authors to confirm the eligibility of the study and collect information on its design, risk of bias, and results. Sufficiently similar data may be pooled using meta-analytic techniques or synthesized narratively. A summary of the overall quality of evidence for each outcome is an essential component of a systematic review. The main concerns with systematic reviews are (1) selection bias: systematic exclusion of relevant studies due to publication status or language; (2) indexing bias: failure to identify relevant studies because they are not indexed accurately; and (3) information bias: missing or inaccurate information in the included studies. Other approaches to evidence synthesis include mapping the evidence with scoping reviews; conducting overviews of systematic reviews; using individual patient data; conducting network meta-analyses for multiple comparisons; conducting rapid reviews when evidence is needed urgently; synthesis of diagnostic accuracy data; and synthesis of qualitative data. Systematic reviews often inform clinical guidelines and require careful planning and execution by teams with content and methodological expertise.
{"title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analysis","authors":"N. Siegfried, L. Mbuagbaw","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic reviews play an important role in healthcare decision-making. When conducted correctly, they provide up-to-date, comprehensive, and replicable summaries of evidence. Authors of systematic reviews are expected to develop a protocol that outlines the research question and key methodological features of their review. A comprehensive and exhaustive search should be conducted, followed by screening to capture studies that meet the prespecified inclusion criteria. Once the relevant studies have been identified, data will be extracted, using a dedicated tool that permits the review authors to confirm the eligibility of the study and collect information on its design, risk of bias, and results. Sufficiently similar data may be pooled using meta-analytic techniques or synthesized narratively. A summary of the overall quality of evidence for each outcome is an essential component of a systematic review. The main concerns with systematic reviews are (1) selection bias: systematic exclusion of relevant studies due to publication status or language; (2) indexing bias: failure to identify relevant studies because they are not indexed accurately; and (3) information bias: missing or inaccurate information in the included studies. Other approaches to evidence synthesis include mapping the evidence with scoping reviews; conducting overviews of systematic reviews; using individual patient data; conducting network meta-analyses for multiple comparisons; conducting rapid reviews when evidence is needed urgently; synthesis of diagnostic accuracy data; and synthesis of qualitative data. Systematic reviews often inform clinical guidelines and require careful planning and execution by teams with content and methodological expertise.","PeriodicalId":206715,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115201235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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