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Programming quadric metasurfaces via infinitesimal origami maps of monohedral hexagonal tessellations: Part I 通过单面六边形网格的无限小折纸映射编程四元元曲面:第一部分
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0430
Filipe A. dos Santos, A. Favata, Andrea Micheletti, Roberto Paroni, M. Picchi Scardaoni
The control of the shape of complex metasurfaces is a challenging task often addressed in the literature. This work presents a class of tessellated plates able to deform into surfaces of preprogrammed shape upon activation by any flexural load and that can be controlled by a single actuator. Quadric metasurfaces are obtained from infinitesimal origami maps of monohedral hexagonal tessellations of the plane, that is pavings in which all tiles are congruent to each other. Monohedral tessellated portions can be joined together to obtain more complex shapes, which can be locally synclastic or anticlastic and can have a certain roughness. We broaden previous work by providing a complete characterization of all the three known types of monohedral tessellations composed by irregular hexagons. The proposed two-dimensional structures may have applications in prosthetics, tissue engineering, wearable devices, energy harvesting devices, tunable focus mirrors and adaptive facades. The study is divided in two parts. In Part I, after introducing the discrete kinematics of tessellated plates, it is proved analytically that essentially each type of monohedral hexagonal tessellation possesses only one deformation mode. Afterwards, several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the variety of achievable surface shapes. In Part II, first the metasurfaces corresponding to assigned tile geometries are given a continuum description, which establishes that the continuous interpolant is always a quadric. Then, experimental results on fabrication, assembly and surface accuracy are reported.
控制复杂元表面的形状是文献中经常提到的一项具有挑战性的任务。这项研究提出了一类棋盘格板,在任何挠曲载荷的作用下,它们都能变形为预设形状的表面,并且可以由单个致动器控制。四元元曲面是从平面的单面六边形棋盘格的无穷小折纸映射中获得的,即所有棋盘格相互全等的铺面。单面棋盘格部分可以连接在一起,以获得更复杂的形状,这些形状可以是局部同向或反向的,也可以具有一定的粗糙度。我们拓宽了之前的工作范围,提供了由不规则六边形组成的所有三种已知单面体细分结构的完整特征。所提出的二维结构可应用于假肢、组织工程、可穿戴设备、能量收集设备、可调聚焦镜和自适应外墙。本研究分为两个部分。在第一部分中,在介绍了网格板的离散运动学之后,分析证明了每种单面六边形网格板基本上只具有一种变形模式。随后,我们提供了几个数值示例,展示了各种可实现的表面形状。在第二部分中,首先对与指定瓷砖几何形状相对应的元曲面进行连续描述,从而确定连续插值总是一个四边形。然后,报告了有关制造、装配和表面精度的实验结果。
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引用次数: 0
Riemannian geometry and molecular similarity I: spectrum of the Laplacian 黎曼几何与分子相似性 I:拉普拉斯频谱
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0343
Stuart J. Hall, Rachael Pirie, Daniel J. Cole
Ligand-based virtual screening aims to reduce the cost and duration of small molecule drug discovery campaigns. Shape similarity can be used to screen large databases, with the goal of predicting potential new hits by comparing with molecules with known favourable properties. This paper presents the theory underpinning RGMolSA, a new alignment-free and mesh-free surface-based molecular shape descriptor derived from the mathematical theory of Riemannian geometry. The treatment of a molecule as a series of intersecting spheres allows the description of its surface geometry using the Riemannian metric , obtained by considering the spectrum of the Laplacian. This gives a simple vector descriptor constructed of the weighted surface area and eight non-zero eigenvalues, which capture the surface shape. We demonstrate the potential of our method by considering a series of PDE5 inhibitors that are known to have similar shape as an initial test case. RGMolSA displays promise when compared with existing shape descriptors and in its capability to handle different molecular conformers.
基于配体的虚拟筛选旨在减少小分子药物发现活动的成本和时间。形状相似性可用于筛选大型数据库,目的是通过与具有已知有利特性的分子进行比较,预测潜在的新药。本文介绍了 RGMolSA 的基础理论,RGMolSA 是一种基于表面的新型无配位、无网格分子形状描述符,源自黎曼几何数学理论。将分子处理为一系列相交的球体后,就可以使用黎曼度量来描述其表面几何形状。这样就得到了一个由加权表面积和八个非零特征值构成的简单矢量描述符,它可以捕捉表面形状。我们将已知具有相似形状的一系列 PDE5 抑制剂作为初始测试案例,以此证明我们的方法具有潜力。与现有的形状描述符相比,RGMolSA 在处理不同分子构象的能力方面表现出了良好的前景。
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引用次数: 0
An equivariant Reeb–Beltrami correspondence and the Kepler–Euler flow 等变量里布-贝尔特拉米对应关系和开普勒-欧勒流
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0499
Josep Fontana-McNally, Eva Miranda, Daniel Peralta-Salas
We prove that the correspondence between Reeb and Beltrami vector fields presented in Etnyre & Ghrist (Etnyre, Ghrist 2000 Nonlinearity 13 , 441–458 ( doi:10.1088/0951-7715/13/2/306 )) can be made equivariant whenever additional symmetries of the underlying geometric structures are considered. As a corollary of this correspondence, we show that energy levels above the maximum of the potential energy of mechanical Hamiltonian systems can be viewed as stationary fluid flows, though the metric is not prescribed. In particular, we showcase the emblematic example of the n -body problem and focus on the Kepler problem. We explicitly construct a compatible Riemannian metric that makes the Kepler problem of celestial mechanics a stationary fluid flow (of Beltrami type) on a suitable manifold, the Kepler–Euler flow .
我们证明,只要考虑底层几何结构的附加对称性,Etnyre & Ghrist (Etnyre, Ghrist 2000 Nonlinearity 13 , 441-458 ( doi:10.1088/0951-7715/13/2/306 ) 中提出的 Reeb 和 Beltrami 向量场之间的对应关系就可以等变。作为这一对应关系的推论,我们证明了机械哈密顿系统势能最大值以上的能级可视为静止流体流,尽管其度量没有规定。我们特别展示了 n 体问题的典型例子,并重点讨论了开普勒问题。我们明确构造了一个兼容的黎曼度量,使天体力学的开普勒问题成为一个合适流形上的静止流体流(贝尔特拉米类型),即开普勒-欧勒流。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a further understanding of the loop formation and elimination in twisted filament: experiments and validation 进一步了解扭曲丝中环路的形成和消除:实验与验证
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0719
Jiongjiong Hu, Jiahui Teng, Lei Liu, Dabiao Liu
Motivated by observations of loop formation and elimination phenomena in elastic filaments subjected to torsion and axial end displacement, we develop a tension–torsion tester to study the slack–extension responses of filaments with varied initial twists. The experiments are conducted by initially twisting the filament by a specific degree and subsequently adjusting the axial end displacement. By continuously monitoring the correlation between torque and filament configuration, we can accurately determine the critical points associated with buckling, loop formation and loop elimination. The interconversion of link, twist and writhe is also tracked in the experiment. We establish a relation between torque and end displacement of filament that provides an insight into the conditions leading to instabilities. Three buckling criteria are also evaluated in the context of measurement data. Simulations on the slack and extension of the twisted filaments based on the Cosserat rod theory are performed, providing reliable predictions of the configuration evolution. Our results highlight the importance of twist and slack in torsional buckling processes, providing guidance for the control of systems with twisted slender structures.
受观察到的受扭转和轴向末端位移影响的弹性丝中的成环和消环现象的启发,我们开发了一种拉伸-扭转测试仪,用于研究初始扭转程度不同的丝的松弛-拉伸响应。实验开始时将丝线扭转一定程度,然后调整轴向端部位移。通过持续监测扭矩和长丝结构之间的相关性,我们可以准确地确定与屈曲、成环和消除环相关的临界点。实验中还跟踪了链接、扭曲和缠绕的相互转换。我们建立了扭矩与丝端位移之间的关系,从而深入了解了导致不稳定的条件。我们还根据测量数据评估了三种屈曲标准。我们根据 Cosserat 杆理论对扭曲丝的松弛和延伸进行了模拟,为构型演变提供了可靠的预测。我们的研究结果强调了扭转和松弛在扭转屈曲过程中的重要性,为控制具有扭曲细长结构的系统提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Direct method to determine singular point of enveloped surface and its application to worm wheel tooth surface 确定包络面奇异点的直接方法及其在蜗轮齿面中的应用
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0369
Jian Cui, Yaping Zhao, Qingxiang Meng, Gongfa Li
A novel methodology for determining the singular point of an enveloped surface is put forward. Unlike some existing methods, the presented method starts directly from the equation of the enveloped surface instead of that of the generating surface, and it is thus called a direct method. The calculation for the normal vector of the enveloped surface is well simplified with the help of the moving frame approach, which makes the presented method feasible. The singularity condition equation is extracted by using the theory of linear algebra. For singular points with different properties, proper solving techniques are established, including resultant elimination and simple elimination. Applying the developed method, the undercutting characteristics of the Archimedes worm wheel are investigated from the perspective of spatial meshing. The numerical results demonstrate that the worm wheel generally has one undercutting limit line, whose trend is along the tooth width of the wheel. Locating on one side of the tooth surface and near the tooth root is a dangerous part of the worm wheel undercutting. The proposed method is beneficial for the development of gear meshing science.
本文提出了一种确定包络面奇异点的新方法。与现有的一些方法不同,本文提出的方法直接从包络曲面的方程而不是生成曲面的方程出发,因此被称为直接方法。借助移动框架方法,包络面法向量的计算得到了很好的简化,这使得所提出的方法是可行的。奇点条件方程是利用线性代数理论提取的。针对不同性质的奇异点,建立了适当的求解技术,包括结果消元和简单消元。应用所开发的方法,从空间网格的角度研究了阿基米德蜗轮的下切特性。数值结果表明,蜗轮一般有一条下切极限线,其趋势沿轮齿宽度方向。位于齿面一侧且靠近齿根的位置是蜗轮下切的危险部位。所提出的方法有利于齿轮啮合科学的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental studies on snaking in 3D-printed cylindrical shells under axial compression using photogrammetry 利用摄影测量法对轴向压缩条件下 3D 打印圆柱形外壳中的蛇行现象进行实验研究
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0631
V. Ravulapalli, G. Raju, V. Narayanamurthy
The buckling instability of cylindrical shells under axial compression has been one of the most renowned problems in structural engineering for several decades. Many pioneering works in the twentieth century have provided insights into understanding the shells’ infamous imperfection sensitivity and led to reliability-based designs. However, a recent surge in numerical studies of the snaking phenomenon explores the development of a localized stable post-buckling mode in axially compressed cylindrical shells. Hitherto, none of the experimental studies report on the evolution of azimuthal snaking. In this work, experimental studies are carried out with the objective of revealing the snaking phenomenon. The axial compression experiments are performed on 3D-printed shells made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The work’s novelty lies in the usage of TPU shells for slowing down the propagation of circumferential dimples and making it feasible to capture them using photogrammetry. Despite the match between the experimental and numerical mode shapes, the experiments reveal multiple routes for the snaking sequence. Furthermore, mode transitions such as reduction in circumferential wave number and transformation of symmetric mode into an asymmetric one are observed. These experimental results provide insights into the localized phenomenon of snaking and validate numerical solutions.
几十年来,圆柱形壳体在轴向压缩下的屈曲不稳定性一直是结构工程领域最著名的问题之一。二十世纪的许多开创性工作为了解壳体的缺陷敏感性提供了见解,并促成了基于可靠性的设计。然而,最近对蛇形现象的数值研究激增,探索了轴向压缩圆柱壳的局部稳定后屈曲模式的发展。迄今为止,还没有任何一项实验研究报告了方位蛇行的演变过程。在这项工作中,为了揭示蛇行现象,我们进行了实验研究。轴向压缩实验是在热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)制成的 3D 打印外壳上进行的。这项工作的新颖之处在于使用热塑性聚氨酯外壳来减缓圆周凹痕的传播,并使使用摄影测量捕捉凹痕成为可行。尽管实验和数值模式形状相吻合,但实验揭示了蛇形序列的多种路径。此外,还观察到模式转换,如圆周波数减少以及对称模式转变为不对称模式。这些实验结果提供了对局部蛇行现象的见解,并验证了数值解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of auto-covariance of log hydraulic conductivity from Generalized Sub-Gaussian porosity and particle size random fields 从广义亚高斯孔隙度和粒度随机场估算对数导水性的自协方差
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0476
M. Harrison, M. Riva, M. Mousavi Nezhad, A. Guadagnini
We derive analytical formulations relating the spatial covariance ( C Y ) of (log-transformed) hydraulic conductivities to auto- and cross-covariances of porosity ( ϕ ) and representative soil particle sizes within the framework of the classical Terzaghi model. The latter provides an empirical relationship which is widely used to obtain conductivity estimates. We frame the study within recent stochastic approaches and conceptualize appropriate transformations of ϕ and representative soil particle size as Generalized Sub-Gaussian (GSG) spatially cross-correlated random processes. Consistency of the theoretical framework against sample distributions of ϕ and particle size is assessed through the analysis of field data. A perturbation-based approach yields workable expressions of C Y upon truncating the otherwise exact analytical solution at given orders of approximations. Our analytical (truncated) log-conductivity covariance is in agreement with its Monte Carlo-based counterpart. A Global Sensitivity Analysis relying on classical Sobol indices quantifies the relative importance of all parameters embedded in the formulation of C Y . We show that parameters driving the GSG nature of the distribution of (transformed) porosity are key to the main features of C Y . We also document the relevance of properly capturing emergences of possible cross-correlations between ϕ and representative particle size to reconstruct conductivity fields.
在经典特尔扎吉模型的框架内,我们推导出了(对数变换)水力传导性的空间协方差(C Y)与孔隙度(j)和代表性土壤颗粒尺寸的自协方差和交叉协方差的相关分析公式。后者提供了一种经验关系,被广泛用于估算导流系数。我们将这项研究纳入最新的随机方法,并将 ϕ 和代表性土壤粒径的适当变换概念化为广义子高斯(GSG)空间交叉相关随机过程。通过分析实地数据,评估了理论框架与 ϕ 和粒径样本分布的一致性。采用基于扰动的方法,在给定近似阶数下截断原本精确的分析解,即可得到可行的 C Y 表达式。我们的分析(截断)对数电导协方差与基于蒙特卡洛的协方差一致。全局敏感性分析依赖于经典的索布尔指数,量化了 C Y 公式中所有参数的相对重要性。我们表明,驱动(转换)孔隙度分布 GSG 性质的参数是 C Y 主要特征的关键。我们还证明了正确捕捉 ϕ 与代表性粒度之间可能存在的交叉相关性对重建电导场的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal convection with a Cattaneo heat flux model 热对流与卡塔尼奥热通量模型
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0771
M. Gentile, B. Straughan
The problem of thermal convection in a layer of viscous incompressible fluid is analysed. The heat flux law is taken to be one of Cattaneo type. The time derivative of the heat flux is allowed to be a material derivative, or a general objective derivative. It is shown that only one objective derivative leads to results consistent with what one expects in real life. This objective derivative leads to a Cattaneo–Christov theory, and the results for linear instability theory are in agreement with those for a material derivative. It is further shown that none of the theories allow a standard nonlinear, energy stability analysis. A further heat flux due to P.M. Mariano is added and then an analysis is performed for stationary convection, oscillatory convection, and fully nonlinear theory. For the material derivative case, the analysis proceeds and global nonlinear stability is achieved. For Cattaneo–Christov theory, it appears necessary to add a regularization term in the equation for the heat flux, and even then the analysis only works in two space dimensions, and is conditional upon the size of the initial data. For the three-dimensional situation, it is shown how a nonlinear stability analysis may be achieved with a Navier–Stokes–Voigt fluid rather than a Navier–Stokes one.
分析了粘性不可压缩流体层中的热对流问题。热通量定律被认为是卡塔尼奥类型的定律。热通量的时间导数可以是物质导数,也可以是一般的客观导数。结果表明,只有一种客观导数会导致与现实生活中预期一致的结果。这种客观导数导致卡塔尼奥-克里斯托夫理论,线性不稳定性理论的结果与物质导数的结果一致。研究进一步表明,这些理论都无法进行标准的非线性能量稳定性分析。P.M. Mariano 提出的热通量被进一步添加,然后对静止对流、振荡对流和完全非线性理论进行了分析。对于材料导数情况,分析继续进行,并实现了全局非线性稳定性。对于卡塔尼奥-克里斯托夫理论,似乎有必要在热通量方程中添加正则化项,即使这样,分析也只能在两个空间维度上进行,并且以初始数据的大小为条件。对于三维空间的情况,我们展示了如何利用纳维-斯托克斯-沃伊特流体而不是纳维-斯托克斯流体实现非线性稳定性分析。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical direct scattering transform for breathers 呼吸器的直接散射数值变换
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0529
I. I. Mullyadzhanov, A. S. Gudko, R. I. Mullyadzhanov, A. A. Gelash
We consider the model of the focusing one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (fNLSE) in the presence of an unstable constant background, which exhibits coherent solitary wave structures—breathers. Within the inverse scattering transform (IST) method, we study the problem of the scattering data numerical computation for a broad class of breathers localized in space. Such a direct scattering transform (DST) procedure requires a numerical solution of the auxiliary Zakharov–Shabat system with boundary conditions corresponding to the background. To find the solution, we compute the transfer matrix using the second-order Boffetta–Osborne approach and recently developed high-order numerical schemes based on the Magnus expansion. To recover the scattering data of breathers, we derive analytical relations between the scattering coefficients and the transfer matrix elements. Then we construct localized single- and multi-breather solutions and verify the developed numerical approach by recovering the complete set of scattering data with the built-in accuracy providing the information about the amplitude, velocity, phase and position of each breather. To combine the conventional IST approach with the efficient dressing method for multi-breather solutions, we derive the exact relation between the parameters of breathers in these two frameworks.
我们考虑了存在不稳定恒定背景的聚焦一维非线性薛定谔方程(fNLSE)模型,该模型表现出相干孤波结构--呼吸器。在反向散射变换(IST)方法中,我们研究了在空间中定位的一大类呼吸器的散射数据数值计算问题。这种直接散射变换(DST)程序需要对带有与背景相对应的边界条件的辅助 Zakharov-Shabat 系统进行数值求解。为了求解,我们使用二阶 Boffetta-Osborne 方法和最近开发的基于马格努斯展开的高阶数值方案计算传递矩阵。为了恢复呼吸器的散射数据,我们推导出了散射系数与传递矩阵元素之间的分析关系。然后,我们构建了局部单呼吸器和多呼吸器解决方案,并通过提供每个呼吸器的振幅、速度、相位和位置信息的内置精度恢复整套散射数据来验证所开发的数值方法。为了将传统的 IST 方法与多呼吸器解的高效修整方法相结合,我们推导出了这两种框架中呼吸器参数之间的精确关系。
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引用次数: 0
Improved estimates for the number of non-negative integer matrices with given row and column sums 给定行和列和的非负整数矩阵数的改进估计值
IF 3.5 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 Mathematics Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2023.0470
Maximilian Jerdee, Alec Kirkley, M. E. J. Newman
The number of non-negative integer matrices with given row and column sums features in a variety of problems in mathematics and statistics but no closed-form expression for it is known, so we rely on approximations. In this paper, we describe a new such approximation, motivated by consideration of the statistics of matrices with non-integer numbers of columns. This estimate can be evaluated in time linear in the size of the matrix and returns results of accuracy as good as or better than existing linear-time approximations across a wide range of settings. We show that the estimate is asymptotically exact in the regime of sparse tables, while empirically performing at least as well as other linear-time estimates in the regime of dense tables. We also use the new estimate as the starting point for an improved numerical method for either counting or sampling matrices with given margins using sequential importance sampling. Code implementing our methods is available.
给定行列和的非负整数矩阵数是数学和统计学中各种问题的特征,但目前还不知道它的闭式表达式,因此我们依赖于近似值。在本文中,我们描述了一种新的近似值,其动机是考虑具有非整数列的矩阵的统计量。这个估计值可以在与矩阵大小成线性关系的时间内进行评估,其结果的准确性与现有的线性时间近似值不相上下,甚至优于现有的线性时间近似值。我们证明,该估计值在稀疏表中是渐进精确的,而在密集表中的经验表现至少与其他线性时间估计值一样好。我们还以新的估计值为起点,改进了使用序列重要性采样对具有给定边际的矩阵进行计数或采样的数值方法。我们提供了实现我们方法的代码。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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