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Potential of four tropical plant powders as Grain Protectants Against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 四种热带植物粉作为粮食防护剂防治斑蚜的潜力
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2018.249300.1292
O. Adedire, J. Adesina, J. Adeyemi
Effects of four tropical plant (Aframomum melegueta, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Piper guineense and Eugenia aromatica) were investigated under tropical laboratory storage conditions for the protection of cowpea seeds against insect infestation. The plant materials were pulverised into fine powder after air drying and admixed with 20 g of cowpea seeds at the rates of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g in 125 ml plastic containers for contact toxicity experiment and 0.5 g of each plant powder to 50 g cowpea seeds for the fumigant toxicity experiment. Ten unsexed Callosobruchus maculatus were used for contact toxicity experiment, while two copulating pairs of C. maculatus were used for fumigant toxicity experiment. Callosobruchus maculatus response to the plant powders was recorded at 24 and 48 hrs post treatment for contact toxicity bioassay, while observation for fumigant activity was recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs after treatment. All plant powders significantly (P < 0.05) exerted adult mortality in relations to dosage and exposure time. Cowpea seeds treated with 0.5g of E. aromatica had highest mortality of 90% and 100% at 24 and 48 hrs after exposure respectively for contact toxicity, while A. melegueta recorded the highest adult mortality for all exposure periods for the fumigant toxicity. The insects’ reactions to the plant powders admixed with cowpea seeds were restlessness, loss of coordination, knock-down and eventual death. The study indicated that the plant powders could be used as suitable alternative to synthetic insecticides to suppress C. maculatus infestation in stored cowpea seeds among the resource-poor farmers.
在热带实验室储藏条件下,研究了4种热带植物(黑穗槐、花椒、几内亚胡椒和香茅)对豇豆种子的防虫效果。将植物材料风干后粉碎成细粉,与20 g豇豆种子按0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g的比例混合在125 ml塑料容器中进行接触毒性实验,每种植物粉末0.5 g与50 g豇豆种子进行熏蒸毒性实验。以10只无性繁殖的斑纹小褐蝽进行接触毒性实验,2对交配的斑纹小褐蝽进行熏蒸毒性实验。分别于处理后24、48 h对黄斑小球虫进行接触毒性生物测定,并于处理后24、48、72、96 h对黄斑小球虫进行熏蒸活性观察。各植物粉对成虫死亡率与剂量和暴露时间的关系均显著(P < 0.05)。在熏蒸剂的熏蒸毒性作用下,0.5g熏蒸剂处理豇豆种子24 h和48 h的成虫死亡率最高,分别为90%和100%;昆虫对与豇豆种子混合的植物粉末的反应是不安,失去协调,击倒并最终死亡。研究表明,该植物粉可作为人工合成杀虫剂的替代,在资源贫乏的农户中有效地抑制豇豆储种中黄斑弧菌的侵染。
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引用次数: 0
Positive effects of salicylic acid on some biochemical and physiological parameters of Aloysia citrodora under drought stress 干旱胁迫下水杨酸对香茅部分生理生化指标的积极影响
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2019.288345.1336
B. Mohammadi, M. Rezayian, H. Ebrahimzadeh, J. Hadian, M. Mirmasoumi
Lippia citriodora H.B.K. is a valuable medicinal plant of Verbenaceae family. This study was calculated to evaluate potential role of salicylic acid (SA) in diminish the harmful effects of drought stress on L. citriodora plants. SA (0.5 and 1 mM) was used to L. citriodora plants grown under stressed (5, 10, 15 and 20% PEG) and unstressed conditions. Fresh weight (FW) and relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased under water deficit stress. Increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated drought-induced oxidative stress in L. citriodora. Water deficit stress significantly increased the protein content, proline content and antioxidative enzymes activities. The exogenous application of SA to drought-stressed plants reduced the content of MDA and H2O2 and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and chlorophyll content. It is suggested that SA minimizes the negative effects of drought stress and could be used for amelioration of drought stress in L. citriodora.
香茅是马鞭草科的一种珍贵药用植物。本研究旨在评价水杨酸(SA)在减少干旱胁迫对柠檬草有害影响方面的潜在作用。在胁迫(5%、10%、15%和20% PEG)和非胁迫条件下,用SA(0.5和1 mM)处理柠檬草植株。水分亏缺胁迫下,鲜重和相对含水量显著降低。过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加表明干旱诱导了柠檬的氧化应激。水分亏缺胁迫显著提高了蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性。外源施用SA降低了干旱胁迫植株的MDA和H2O2含量,提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POX)和叶绿素含量。结果表明,SA能最大限度地减少干旱胁迫的负面影响,可用于改善柠檬草的干旱胁迫。
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引用次数: 2
Molecular phylogeny of Scutellaria (Lamiaceae; Scutellarioideae) in Iranian highlands inferred from nrITS and trnL-F sequences 黄芩科植物黄芩的分子系统发育根据nrITS和trl - f序列推断伊朗高原黄芩科(Scutellarioideae)
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.270247.1324
Sareh Seyedipour, Y. Salmaki, Chun‐Lei Xiang
Scutellaria with about 360 species is one of the largest genera of Lamiaceae. The Iranian highlands accommodate about 40 Scutellaria spp., and is considered as one of the main centers of diversity of the genus. Here, we present a phylogenetic study for 44 species of Scutellaria especially from Iranian highlands, representing major subgeneric taxa, based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer using Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses. The monophyly of Scutellaria is confirmed in our study, but Scutellaria subg. Scutellaria is shown to be paraphyletic with S. subg. Apeltanthus embedded within it. Moreover, our results reveal that S. subg. Apeltanthus is paraphyletic including one accession of S. repens of S. subg. Scutellaria nested within. In addition, the two sections of S. subg. Apeltanthus, i.e. sect. Apeltanthus and sect. Lupulinaria, are not supported as monophyletic by our plastid and nuclear topologies. Thus, the subgeneric classification of Scutellaria which is mainly based on morphological characters such as the type of inflorescence, shape of calyces, presence of a scutellum and a bladder-like appendage on the upper calyx lip is not supported by our molecular data. Additionally, our phylogenetic study corroborates Paton’s finding on primitive position of S. sect. Scutellaria, but disagrees with the intermediate position of S. sect. Salviifolia between S. subg. Scutellaria and S. subg. Apeltanthus.
黄芩属(Scutellaria)是板科植物中最大的属之一,约有360种。伊朗高地有大约40种黄芩属植物,被认为是黄芩属植物多样性的主要中心之一。本文基于核糖体ITS、trnL内含子和trnL- f基因间间隔子的最大简约性(MP)和贝叶斯推理(BI)分析,对来自伊朗高原的44种黄芩属植物进行了系统发育研究。本研究证实了黄芩属植物的单系性,但黄芩属亚属的属群不同。黄芩显示出与S. subg副葡萄球菌。附属花序嵌在里面。此外,我们的研究结果表明,S. subg。Apeltanthus是附生的,包括S. subg的S. repens的一个继承。黄芩嵌在里面。此外,S. subg。我们的质体和核拓扑结构不支持Apeltanthus,即Apeltanthus节和Lupulinaria节是单系的。因此,黄芩亚属的分类主要基于花序类型、花萼形状、黄芩瓣的存在和上花萼唇上的膀胱状附属物等形态学特征,在分子数据上是不支持的。此外,我们的系统发育研究证实了Paton关于黄芩属的原始位置的发现,但不同意丹参属在黄芩属亚属之间的中间位置。黄芩和黄芩。Apeltanthus。
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引用次数: 2
Divergence times and morphological evolution of the subtribe Eritrichiinae (Boraginaceae-Rochelieae) with special reference to Lappula 凤尾草科凤尾草亚族的分化时间与形态演化,并以凤尾草为例
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.290659.1339
Mahboubeh Sherafati, Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, S. Kazempour-Osaloo
The subtribe Eritrichiinae belongs to tribe Rochelieae (Borginaceae; Cynoglossoideae) which is composed of about 200 species in five genera including Eritrichium, Lappula, Hackelia, Lepechiniella, and Rochelia. The majority of the species are annual and grow in xeric habitats. The genus Lappula as an arid adapted and the second biggest genus of Eritrichiinae with over 50 species is distributed predominantly in Irano-Turanian region. Here, we employed BEAST Bayesian inference for divergence time estimation based on nrDNA ITS, plastid trnL-F and rpl32-trnL (UAG) sequence data of 46 species of Eritrichiinae extracted from GenBank. The results obtained from molecular dating analyses indicated that the date of Eritrichiinae crown group back to late Oligocene. Diversification events took place for Lappula in Asia from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene. The North American species have been derived from the Asian relatives at the late Miocene.
凤梨亚族属于凤梨科凤梨亚族;该属包括厄立特里亚属、拉普拉属、哈克利属、Lepechiniella和罗chelia等5属约200种。大多数物种是一年生的,生长在干旱的栖息地。拉普拉属(Lappula)是厄立特里亚科第二大属,有50多种,主要分布在伊朗-图兰地区。本文基于从GenBank中提取的46种厄立特里亚亚种的nrDNA ITS、质体trnL-F和rpl32-trnL (UAG)序列数据,采用BEAST贝叶斯推理进行发散时间估计。分子定年分析结果表明,厄立特里亚科冠群的年代可追溯到晚渐新世。在晚中新世至晚更新世期间,亚洲拉普拉发生了多样化事件。北美种是在中新世晚期由亚洲近亲演化而来的。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of 12-hours delay and anticipation from traditional practice in silkworm mounting to spinning frames on economic traits of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) cocoons 从传统的上蚕到纺纱机的12小时延迟和预期对家蚕茧经济性状的影响
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.273774.1328
A. Seidavi, EL Keroumi Abderrahim, A. Torkashvand, Naamani Khalid
In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of 12 hours delay and time advancement of Bombyx mori larvae transfer to spinning frames on the economic traits of harvested cocoons. Our experience focused on the transfer of three lots of silkworm mature larvae to cocoon frames with 12 hours delay or advancement from usual spinning time. Commercial silkworm eggs were obtained and three replications of 100 larvae per each treatment were used. The larvae and cocoon conditions of hatching and rearing, feeding conditions, silkworm egg production stages were performed based on standard protocols. Rice straws were used as cocoon position (framework) in the cocoon spinning stage separately for each replication. After completion of the pupa development, total cocoon production was collected and classified based on appearance, hardness, softness, and cleanliness levels of the cortex and outer cortex into four categories, viz. good, moderate, low and double cocoons. Economic characteristics were calculated and compared between treatments using the Duncan test at p < 0.05. The comparison of economic traits of cocoons produced in perfected treatments showed no significant difference between treatments and the control. This result suggests that the 12 hours’ time anticipation or delay of larva transfer to cocoons building frames has no effect on the quantity or the quality of produced cocoons. Therefore, it is possible to shorten the rearing duration of Bombyx mori larvae by 12 hours without affecting the cocoon economic traits, and this could improve cocoon production and generate an important economic advantage in commercial sericulture.
本试验旨在研究家蚕幼虫转移到纺纱机的延迟和提前12 h对收获茧经济性状的影响。我们的经验集中在将三批成熟的蚕蛹转移到茧架上,比通常的纺纱时间延迟或提前12小时。取商品蚕卵,3个重复,每个处理100只幼虫。按标准方案进行幼虫和茧的孵化和饲养条件、取食条件、产卵阶段。每个复制阶段分别用稻秆作茧位(架)。蛹发育完成后,收集茧总产量,根据表皮和外表皮的外观、硬度、柔软度和清洁度分为好茧、中等茧、低茧和双茧四类。采用Duncan检验计算和比较处理间的经济特性,p < 0.05。完善处理茧的经济性状与对照比较,差异不显著。上述结果表明,幼虫转移到造茧架的时间提前或延迟12 h对产茧的数量和质量没有影响。因此,在不影响蚕茧经济性状的情况下,将家蚕幼虫的饲养时间缩短12小时是可能的,这将提高蚕茧产量,并在商业蚕桑中产生重要的经济优势。
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引用次数: 0
An evidence of intersex males in Jajroud River Loach, Oxynoemacheilus bergianus (Derjavin, 1934) Jajroud河泥鳅雌雄间性雄性的证据,Oxynoemacheilus bergianus (Derjavin, 1934)
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2018.234753.1271
A. Pourshabanan, A. Sari, B. Zeynali, M. Malek
In the present study, JajroudRiverloach, Oxynoemacheilus bergianus (Derjavin, 1934), was examined monthly for a previous observation of oocyte presence within testes tissues. Accordingly, the gonad development in O. bergianus is examined histologically. Although our data show typical fish gonad development and differentiation in female and some male individuals, some males show intersexuality. Gonad histology and development of females’ ovaries were carried out to provide comparative data on oocyte staging in testes. Intersex males were observed throughout the year except in March and July, especially in individuals larger than 5.3 cm total length. Occurrence of intersex males seems to be associated with sex ratios and their deviation from 1:1 and fish age at different times of the year. As no real ovotestes were observed, histological changes were considered to be a transient stage in the testicular tissue with no evidence of sex change in fish. In the absence of testes fully transformed to ovaries, this type of change was considered as intersex.
在本研究中,JajroudRiverloach, Oxynoemacheilus bergianus (Derjavin, 1934)每月检查一次,以观察睾丸组织中卵母细胞的存在。因此,从组织学上考察了柏氏水蛭的性腺发育。虽然我们的数据显示了典型的鱼类性腺发育和分化,在雌性和一些雄性个体中,一些雄性表现出中间性。对雌性卵巢的性腺组织学和发育进行了研究,以提供睾丸卵母细胞分期的比较数据。除3月和7月外,全年均有雌雄同体雄鱼出现,尤其是体长大于5.3 cm的雄鱼。双性雄鱼的出现似乎与性别比及其与1:1的偏差以及一年中不同时期的鱼龄有关。由于没有观察到真正的卵泡,组织学变化被认为是睾丸组织的短暂阶段,在鱼类中没有性别变化的证据。在没有睾丸完全转化为卵巢的情况下,这种类型的变化被认为是双性人。
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引用次数: 0
OXA-10 and OXA-2 ESBLs among multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from North West of Iran 伊朗西北部多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌分离株的OXA-10和OXA-2 ESBLs
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.260927.1307
S. Farajnia
Production of Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is a common mechanism of resistance in multidrug- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but the frequency of different ESBLs may vary significantly in different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OXA-2/OXA-10 type ESBLs and class 1 integron among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Tabriz, North West of Iran. A total of 110 P. aeruginosa isolates was entered in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. Production of ESBL was confirmed by combined disc method, and polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of OXA-2/OXA-10 beta-lactamases and class 1 integrons. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that the highest resistance rate was against aztreonam (82%) and cefepime (77.3%), whereas the highest susceptibility was to imipenem (71%), meropenem (66.4%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (37.3%). In combined disc test, 68 isolates (61.8%) were ESBL producers. PCR analysis showed that 47 (42.7%) isolates carried class 1 integron, among them 22 (32.3%) contained blaOXA-10 and 7 (10.3%) contained blaOXA-2 genes. In conclusion, high prevalence of OXA-10 and OXA-2 type ESBLs were detected in the study region and that imipenem and meropenem were the most active agents against P. aeruginosa isolates.
广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的产生是铜绿假单胞菌多药耐药的共同机制,但不同ESBLs的频率在世界不同地区可能存在显著差异。本研究旨在调查伊朗西北部大不里士地区铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中OXA-2/OXA-10型ESBLs和1类整合子的流行情况。共有110株铜绿假单胞菌进入研究。采用纸片扩散法测定药敏。采用联合圆盘法确认ESBL的产生,采用聚合酶链反应检测OXA-2/OXA-10 β -内酰胺酶和1类整合子。药敏试验结果显示,对氨曲南(82%)和头孢吡肟(77.3%)的耐药率最高,对亚胺培南(71%)、美罗培南(66.4%)和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(37.3%)的耐药率最高。在联合圆盘试验中,68株(61.8%)为ESBL产生菌。PCR分析显示,47株(42.7%)菌株携带1类整合子,其中22株(32.3%)含有blaOXA-10基因,7株(10.3%)含有blaOXA-2基因。综上所述,研究区OXA-10型和OXA-2型ESBLs感染率较高,其中亚胺培南和美罗培南对铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌活性最高。
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引用次数: 2
Are the reproductive traits of two populations of P. quatuordecimpunctata affected by the geographic conditions and the prey species 两个种群的繁殖性状是否受地理条件和猎物种类的影响
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.285319.1335
Marjan Seiedy, M. Keshavarz
Life history parameters of the ladybird populations, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), collected at two locations in Iran (Karaj and Sari) were recorded on two prey species, Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Homoptera: Aphididae). The duration of most developmental stages (egg, first, second and third instar larvae) of two local populations of P. quatuordecimpunctata differed significantly, except for the fourth instar and pupal periods. A comparison of life table parameters between the two populations with different preys, showed that the net reproductive rate (R0) was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the mean generation time (T) and the finite rate of increase (λ) of the population from Sari on A. gossypii, differed significantly from the same population fed on A. fabae (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that reproductive traits of two populations of P. quatuordecimpunctata were affected by the geographic conditions and the prey species.
对在伊朗Karaj和Sari两个地点采集的瓢虫种群Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.)的生活史参数进行了记录,记录了两种猎物Aphis fabae Scopoli(1763)和gossypii Glover(1877)的生活史参数(同翅目:蚜科)。除4龄和蛹期外,两个地方种群的大部分发育阶段(卵期、1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫)的持续时间差异显著。不同饵料条件下两种群的生命表参数比较表明,净繁殖率(R0)无显著差异(P > 0.05)。棉蚜对棉蚜种群的内在增殖率(r)、平均世代时间(T)和有限增殖率(λ)均显著高于同样种群对蚕蛹的增殖率(P < 0.05)。结果表明,两个种群的繁殖性状受地理条件和猎物种类的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of T-vector derived from pBluescript ΙΙ SK with a positive selection marker, a rapid system for cloning pBluescript ΙΙ SK衍生t载体的构建,阳性选择标记,快速克隆系统
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.278914.1333
F. Moradian, S. Alavi
A rapid DNA cloning system is a research interest of many scientists. TA cloning is one of the methods used for the cloning of PCR-amplified DNA molecules. The TA cloning method is a convenient and labor-saving replacement to traditional, restriction enzyme-mediated cloning strategies. A T-vector called pBlueskript ΙΙ SK-1 with the lethal gene ccdB was designed to construct a positive selection vector. This lethal gene was inserted in multiple cloning sites of pBlueskript ΙΙ SK. Then the vector digested with the endonuclease SmaΙ producing the blunt end. To directly clone the PCR product, a single 3'-A was added to a double-stranded DNA fragment by Taq polymerase and a T-vector with 3'-T overhang at each end using ddTTP and terminal transferase enzyme. The recombinant vector was transferred to the competent cells of host Escherichia coli. After DNA fragment entry, the activity of the ccdB gene eliminated, and the survival probability and host colony formation increased after transformation with the recombinant vector. The proliferation of the host of the T-vector was highly specific, and only hosts with the ccdA gene were able to receive this vector, to replicate the vector and survive. Therefore, after the insertion of the target gene, the lethal gene becomes inactivated, so there was no need to use a specific host and other selective markers, such as antibiotics. The TA cloning with a positive selection marker strategy is both simple and much more efficient than blunt-ended ligation and cohesive-end cloning.
快速的DNA克隆系统是许多科学家感兴趣的研究课题。TA克隆是用于克隆pcr扩增DNA分子的方法之一。与传统的限制性内切酶介导的克隆策略相比,TA克隆方法是一种方便、省力的替代方法。设计含有致死基因ccdB的t载体pBlueskript ΙΙ SK-1构建阳性选择载体。将该致死基因插入pblueskscript ΙΙ SK的多个克隆位点,用核酸内切酶SmaΙ对载体进行酶切,产生钝端。为了直接克隆PCR产物,通过Taq聚合酶在双链DNA片段上加入单个3'-A,并通过ddTTP和末端转移酶在两端各加入一个3'-T悬垂的t载体。将重组载体转染到宿主大肠杆菌的感受态细胞中。DNA片段进入后,ccdB基因活性被消除,用重组载体转化后,存活几率和宿主菌落形成增加。t载体对宿主的增殖具有高度特异性,只有携带ccdA基因的宿主才能接受该载体,复制该载体并存活。因此,靶基因插入后,致死基因失活,因此不需要使用特定宿主和其他选择性标记,如抗生素。与钝端连接和内聚端克隆相比,采用正选择标记策略克隆TA既简单又高效。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of flora, life form and geographical distribution of plant species in north-west of Ludab region, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran 伊朗Kohgiluyeh和Boyer-Ahmad省Ludab地区西北部植物区系、生活形式和地理分布调查
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22059/PBS.2020.275615.1329
Rahman Eftekhari, N. Kharazian, M. Parishani
Ludab region, known for its unique landscape comprising a vast fertile plain surrounded by high mountains and covered by loose oak forests, is a part of Boyer-Ahmad County in southern Zagros mountain range (West Iran) with an area of 87,715 km2 located 110 km north-west of the capital city, Yasuj. The aim of this research is to assess floristic elements, life forms, chorology, and endemic, medicinal, pasture, and poisonous species in Ludab region. For this purpose, several field trips were done and specimens of three regions of Ludab including Dar-e Bid, Chin, and Gelal were collected during different seasons. A total of 235 species representing 184 genera and 52 families were recognized in the region among which 55 species were endemic to the country. Regarding the life form, the majority of species were hemicryptophytes (45%; 106 species), followed by therophytes (33%; 77 species), phanerophytes (9%; 22 species), geophytes (9%; 22 species), and chamaephytes (4%; 8 species). Most of the species showed the Irano-Turanian (61%) chorotype, while Irano-Turanian/Eurosiberian (16%) chorotype was the next frequent one. From an economical point of view, we recognized 157 medicinal, 67 pasture, and 73 poisonous plant species. A conservation status survey indicated most plant species to be at a low risk (74%), and only few species to be endangered (2%), and vulnerable (2%). Overall, north-west of Ludab region presents a valuable genetic resource due to high number of endemic, medicinal, pasture, and poisonous species.
Ludab地区以其独特的景观而闻名,包括被高山包围的广阔肥沃平原和松散的橡树林,是Boyer-Ahmad县南部Zagros山脉(伊朗西部)的一部分,面积为87,715平方公里,位于首都Yasuj西北110公里处。本研究的目的是评估鲁达布地区的植物区系组成、生命形式、时序以及特有的、药用的、牧场的和有毒的物种。为此,我们进行了几次实地考察,并在不同季节采集了达拉比德、中国和杰拉尔三个地区的标本。该地区共发现52科184属235种,其中特有种55种。在生活型方面,以半隐植物居多(45%;106种),其次是植生植物(33%;77种),显生植物(9%;22种),地植物(9%;22种)和变色虫(4%;8种)。大多数种为伊朗-图兰(61%)色型,其次为伊朗-图兰/欧洲西伯利亚(16%)色型。从经济角度来看,我们发现了157种药用植物、67种牧草植物和73种有毒植物。保护现状调查显示,大多数植物物种处于低风险状态(74%),少数物种处于濒危状态(2%),脆弱状态(2%)。总的来说,由于大量的地方性、药用、牧场和有毒物种,卢达布地区的西北部呈现出宝贵的遗传资源。
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引用次数: 4
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