Protoplasma最新文献

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum poses a significant threat to tomato cultivation worldwide and requiring the development of sustainable and effective control measures. This study explored the potential of biologically synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fungicides and evaluated their antifungal efficacy along with plant health impact. The IONPs were synthesized using Trichoderma spp. metabolites and characterized using multiple analytical techniques. DLS and XRD analyses confirmed a uniform size distribution (80 nm hydrodynamic size and 16.83 nm crystallite size). SEM imaging showed agglomerated particles ranging from 30 to 50 nm, while EDX confirmed Fe and O as the primary elements. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of protein capping agents and Fe-O bonds. In vitro studies demonstrated significant antifungal activity with 76.19% growth inhibition against F. oxysporum compared to commercial carbendazim (17.86%). Greenhouse experiments showed dose-dependent effects with 100 ppm IONPs treatment resulted in remarkable improvements in plant growth parameters: 143.1% increase in shoot length, 178.8% in root length, and 505.9% in wet weight. Disease incidence was reduced by 89.8% at a concentration of 100 ppm, whereas the disease severity index decreased by 60%. Plant physiological analysis revealed an enhanced chlorophyll content (237.3% increase at 100 ppm) and modulated stress enzyme (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) activity. The soil dehydrogenase activity improved by 170% after treatment with 100 ppm. Furthermore, toxicity prediction indicated a low toxicity potential (LD50: 5000 mg/kg, class 4), supporting it's safe agricultural applications. This study highlights biosynthesized IONPs as an eco-friendly alternative for Fusarium wilt management, offering potential in sustainable agriculture.

Gills are associated with a gland known as the cervical gill slit gland. Little is known regarding the composition, function, and nature of the secretion from the gill slit glands. The current work used semi-thin sections and transmission electron microscopy to analyze the morphological aspects of the gill or brachial gland in the apparently, three healthy silver carp (H. molitrix). The oil cells' basal zone had a flattened profile, a prominent nucleus with euchromatin and distinct nucleuses, and cytoplasm with relatively few lipid droplets and an indistinguishable smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The maturation zone takes on a polyhedral form, has pronounced SER, and accumulates various lipid droplets. They have a dilated smooth nuclear membrane and a dilated SER. Lipid droplets may be associated with the SER. The pyknotic nucleus identified damaged oil cells that had empty spaces and were involved in different stages of making lipids connected to the formation of small sacs. More studies should be done to explore the chemical properties of the secretion, and the tissue features of the secretory epithelium to gain a clearer understanding of the signal produced by the gill slit gland.

Spores of fungi and seedless plants, and pollen grains of seed plants, are usually characterized by variable global patterns on the surface. However, the mechanisms responsible for the development of these patterns have not been fully understood. We hypothesize that the global pattern of a spore or pollen grain is induced by the stresses resulted from the mismatch between a faster-growing outer part and a slower-growing inner part within the grain and tried to verify the hypothesis by simplifying the developing spores and pollen grains as stressed core/shell structures, simulating the buckling patterns of such structures with different shapes and shell thicknesses through finite element method, and comparing the simulated models with natural spores and pollen grains observed under microscopes. Totally, 313 models were simulated and 77 natural instances were studied. The simulated models reproduced various global patterns generally corresponding to the natural instances from a mechanical point of view. Our findings suggest that stress-driven development potentially contributes to the global patterning of spores and pollen grains, with the shape and thickness of the faster-growing outer part at the beginning of the differential growth determining the pattern types, providing new insights into the development and evolution of the global patterns on spores and pollen grains.

Epigenetic responses of in vitro-cultured plants to elicitation with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) have been little explored. This study addresses how pepper seedlings respond to incorporating SA (0 and 10 µM) and/or MJ (0 and 10 µM) into the culture medium at physiological and molecular levels. The individual application of MJ or SA enhanced root fresh weight by an average of 59.8%. However, the mixed treatment synergistically augmented the root biomass by 2.2-fold. SA was individually more effective than MJ in triggering changes in the DNA methylome profiles. The epigenetic cytosine methylation in the MJ + SA group differed from that of the individual treatments. The individual SA treatment led to severe DNA hypermethylation, which was modified with the MJ application. Moreover, MJ and/or SA-mediated upregulation of the histone deacetylase (HDA) gene also confirmed the epigenetic regulation at the histone modification level. The MJ elicitor showed greater effectiveness in influencing the transcription of the target genes than the SA one. The expression of the MAPK kinase and ethylene-responsive transcription factor (EREB) genes displayed a similar upward trend. Applying pepper seedlings with MJ and SA increased proline concentrations and catalase activities. The simultaneous application of MJ and SA supplements effectively stimulated secondary metabolism, indicated by increased soluble phenols and activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme. This study presents novel comparative insights into the SA and MJ-mediated epigenetic modifications. These findings can be employed to design in vitro culture systems and implement large-scale projects.

Chlorella spp. live in mutual symbiosis with Paramecium bursaria. In the present study, we investigated the digestive processes of Chlorella variabilis isolated from P. bursaria ingested by P. multimicronucleatum, a species that does not have the ability to undergo endosymbiosis with algae. The digestion of algae within the digestive vacuole (DV) of P. multimicronucleatum began within 5 min, and complete digestion occurred within 12 h. The digested algae were retained in P. multimicronucleatum even after 72 h of incubation. Additionally, after 0.5 h, some single green alga appeared in the P. multimicronucleatum cytoplasm by budding from the DV membrane. Comparing the re-endosymbiosis process between P. bursaria and Chlorella sp., some algae exhibited temporary lysosomal enzyme resistance in P. multimicronucleatum DVs and appeared from the DVs by budding the DV membrane one cell at a time. However, the differentiation of the DV membrane surrounding a single green alga into a symbiosome membrane, called the perialgal vacuole membrane, localized beneath the P. bursaria cell cortex was not observed in P. multimicronucleatum. These findings provide insights into the digestive process of symbiotic algae in Paramecium species incapable of endosymbiosis and highlight the unique adaptations required for the establishment of endosymbiosis between P. bursaria and Chlorella spp.

Humic acid (HA) is a redox-active organic compound that can regulate cell metabolism to produce antioxidant metabolites against oxidative stress. Haematococcus lacustris is a green microalga and is found to be a rich source of astaxanthin. In this research, the impact of HA was studied on the growth mechanisms and production of antioxidant metabolites through dynamic responses of pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, secondary messengers of H₂O₂ and Ca²⁺, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and enzyme activities in H. lacustris. Results revealed that HA at 80 µM concentration is a suitable treatment to induce astaxanthin production and cell growth. Cell numbers increased significantly under HA80, and the trend was to enter the red aplanospore phase at the stationary growth phase. High HA concentration (120 µM) increased astaxanthin content but considerably reduced cell number and size. HA80 enhanced astaxanthin (5.39 mg L^-1), flavonoid (15.64 mg g^-1 DW), and phenolic (55.64 mg g^-1 DW) contents after 9 days of induction time, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the chlorophyll pigments, proteins, and carbohydrate contents. The increase in total phenolic content was associated with enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. H₂O₂ accumulation decreased by HA80 at the late stationary growth phase. Putrescine and spermidine contents were promoted under HA80, while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Ca²⁺ contents were reduced from the logarithmic phase to the early stationary growth phase. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was promoted in the TCA cycle, and the GABA shunt was activated to regulate the ROS level. Findings indicate that the impact of HA on cell growth and astaxanthin production is associated with HA concentration and cell growth phase. HA can regulate ROS levels at the stationary growth phase by inducing polyamine metabolism and an antioxidant defense system.

In adult bees, the foregut-midgut transition is marked by the proventriculus, which consists of an anterior muscular bulb extending into the crop lumen and a posterior stomodeal valve in the midgut lumen. In larvae, the proventricular bulb is absent and forms only during metamorphosis, a process that remains poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the cellular events involved in the formation and differentiation of the honey bee Apis mellifera proventriculus during metamorphosis. The foregut-midgut transition of larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults was analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry to detect apoptosis, autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. In larvae, the proventriculus consists solely of the stomodeal valve, which disappears in prepupae as the foregut-midgut passage closes. The proventricular bulb precursor emerges in prepupae as a thick epithelium, differentiating alongside the muscle layer until the brown-eyed pupal stage. The stomodeal valve forms in brown-eyed pupae through epithelial invagination towards the foregut lumen and everts in the end of black-eyed pupae stage, projecting into the midgut. Apoptosis was frequent in prepupae but rare in later stages. Autophagy occurred in white- and brown-eyed pupae but was absent in black-eyed pupae. Cell proliferation was observed in prepupae, white- and brown-eyed pupae but not in pink-eyed pupae, where differentiation predominated. No cellular events were detected in black-eyed pupae, marking the end of proventriculus remodeling. The morphogenesis of the A. mellifera proventriculus involves extensive tissue remodeling, with apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation driving its transformation during metamorphosis.

This study investigates the role of circDCAF6 in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine myoblasts, focusing on its interaction with bta-miR-196a and IGF2BP3. Using online prediction tools like TargetScan and miRanda, we identified circDCAF6 as a target for bta-miR-196a, bta-miR-196b, and bta-miR-219-3p. Experimental results showed that interference with circDCAF6 significantly increased the expression of bta-miR-196a and miR-196b, while miR-219-3p levels remained unchanged. Following these findings, we confirmed the direct targeting relationship between circDCAF6 and bta-miR-196a using a dual luciferase reporter system and RNA pull-down experiments. Subsequent analysis revealed that circDCAF6 co-transmutation with bta-miR-196a countered the inhibitory effect of the bta-miR-196a mimic on cell proliferation marker genes (CCNA1, CCNA2, MCM6) and restored S-phase cell proportions. Additionally, circDCAF6 diminished the pro-apoptotic effects of bta-miR-196a by reducing apoptosis marker gene expression (Caspase3, Caspase6) and the proportion of early apoptotic cells. We also identified IGF2BP3 as a target of bta-miR-196a, with verification through dual luciferase assays, RT-qPCR, and Western blots. Further research indicated that interfering with IGF2BP3 significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, characterized by lower expression of proliferation markers and higher levels of apoptosis markers. Co-transfer experiments of siRNA for circDCAF6 and IGF2BP3 showed that circDCAF6 could mitigate the inhibitory effects caused by IGF2BP3 interference. In summary, this study highlights the critical role of circDCAF6 in bovine myoblast proliferation and apoptosis via the bta-miR-196a/IGF2BP3 axis, offering insight into muscle development and disease mechanisms.

This study aims to understand the effect of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices (AMF) on the regulation of carbon and nitrogen sensibility and the antioxidant system in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants under lead (Pb) stress (750 ppm). Plant morphology, accumulation of lead, IAA, H₂O₂, MDA, and chlorophyll contents were assayed. The enzymes involved in the carbon/nitrogen interaction as well as the antioxidant enzymes were evaluated via a two-factor pot experiment (inoculation by AMF and stress by Pb). AMFs attenuate Pb damage by upregulating the antioxidant system: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR). Similarly, the activity of each of the key enzymes responsible for the interaction of nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), were measured and showed a significant increase in mycorrhizal plants. AMF inoculation decreased H₂O₂ and MDA content and increased the indole acetic acid (IAA) content, which indicates that mycorrhizal inoculation has a great ability to attenuate Pb resistance. Pb stress also negatively affected plant growth by disrupting carbon and nitrogen enzymatic pathways as well as the antioxidant system. Therefore, inoculation with AMFs reduced Pb fullness by decreasing its accumulation in sorghum leaves and roots and regulating the enzymatic system involved in plant growth.