Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01987-2
Alejandro Sandria Díaz, Yasmini da Cunha Cruz, Vinícius Politi Duarte, Evaristo Mauro de Castro, Paulo César Magalhães, Fabricio José Pereira
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is highly toxic to plants and animals and can accumulate in the environment as a result of industrial activities and agricultural application of some types of phosphate fertilizer. This study aimed to assess the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as a source of nitric oxide (NO) in alleviating Cd stress in maize plants. Maize plants were kept in soil saturated with 40%-strength nutrient solution in a greenhouse, and cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO3)2, was applied at different concentrations, (0, 10, and 50 µM). Sodium nitroprusside, [Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O, at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 µM. Growth, leaf gas exchange, and leaf anatomy analyses were performed. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with five replicates. The highest concentrations of Cd and SNP reduced the total dry mass and leaf and stem dry mass but increased the allocation of biomass to the roots and stem, but the leaf allocation did not change. The application of Cd and SNP promoted an increase in gas exchange and leaf area, in addition to an increase in leaf tissue thickness and stomatal density. The presence of SNP at low concentrations reduces the toxicity of Cd, but at high concentrations, this compound can generate negative effects and even toxicity in maize plants.
镉(Cd)是一种对动植物有剧毒的重金属,由于工业活动和农业施用某些类型的磷肥,镉会在环境中积累。本研究旨在评估硝普钠(SNP)作为一氧化氮(NO)来源在缓解玉米植物镉胁迫中的作用。将玉米植株放在温室中饱和 40% 浓度营养液的土壤中,施用不同浓度(0、10 和 50 µM)的硝酸镉(Cd(NO3)2)。硝普钠[Fe(CN)5NO]-2H2O的浓度分别为 0.05、0.1 和 0.2 µM。进行了生长、叶片气体交换和叶片解剖分析。实验设计采用完全随机的 3 × 3 因式排列,共设五个重复。最高浓度的镉和SNP降低了总干质量以及叶和茎的干质量,但增加了根和茎的生物量分配,但叶片的分配没有变化。施用 Cd 和 SNP 除了增加叶片组织厚度和气孔密度外,还促进了气体交换和叶面积的增加。低浓度 SNP 的存在降低了镉的毒性,但高浓度 SNP 会对玉米植株产生负面影响甚至毒性。
{"title":"The role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in alleviating cadmium stress in maize plants","authors":"Alejandro Sandria Díaz, Yasmini da Cunha Cruz, Vinícius Politi Duarte, Evaristo Mauro de Castro, Paulo César Magalhães, Fabricio José Pereira","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01987-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-024-01987-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is highly toxic to plants and animals and can accumulate in the environment as a result of industrial activities and agricultural application of some types of phosphate fertilizer. This study aimed to assess the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as a source of nitric oxide (NO) in alleviating Cd stress in maize plants. Maize plants were kept in soil saturated with 40%-strength nutrient solution in a greenhouse, and cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, was applied at different concentrations, (0, 10, and 50 µM). Sodium nitroprusside, [Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>NO]·2H<sub>2</sub>O, at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 µM. Growth, leaf gas exchange, and leaf anatomy analyses were performed. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with five replicates. The highest concentrations of Cd and SNP reduced the total dry mass and leaf and stem dry mass but increased the allocation of biomass to the roots and stem, but the leaf allocation did not change. The application of Cd and SNP promoted an increase in gas exchange and leaf area, in addition to an increase in leaf tissue thickness and stomatal density. The presence of SNP at low concentrations reduces the toxicity of Cd, but at high concentrations, this compound can generate negative effects and even toxicity in maize plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01942-1
Karla Bianca de Deus Bento, Yve Canaveze, Silvia Rodrigues Machado
This study compares oil and mucilage idioblasts occurring together in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella, a Lauraceae species. Our focus is specifically on the ontogeny and developmental cytology of these secretory cells. Both types of idioblasts originate from solitary cells located in the fundamental meristem, underlying the protodermis. The growth of both types of idioblasts is asynchronous, with the oil idioblasts developing first, but their initiation is restricted to the early stages of organ development. Mucilaginous idioblasts occur exclusively in the palisade parenchyma, while oil idioblasts are scattered throughout the mesophyll, midrib, and petiole of the leaves. The lamellar secretion of mucilage idioblasts is mostly made up of polysaccharides, while the secretion of oil idioblasts is made up of terpenes and lipids. Cupule occurred only in the oil idioblasts, while suberized layers occurred in both types of cells. We found that immature oil idioblasts that are close to each other fuse; mature mucilage idioblasts have labyrinthine walls arranged in a reticulate pattern; the cells close to the oil idioblasts have a pectin protective layer; and the oil idioblasts have a sheath of phenolic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the two types of secretory idioblasts were recognized during the early stages of their development. The results emphasize the importance of combining optical and electron microscopy methods to observe the ontogenetic, histochemical and ultrastructural changes that occur during the development of the secretory idioblasts. This can help us understand how secreting cells store their secretions and how their walls become specialized.
{"title":"Oil and mucilage idioblasts co-occur in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella (Lauraceae): comparative development, ultrastructure and secretions.","authors":"Karla Bianca de Deus Bento, Yve Canaveze, Silvia Rodrigues Machado","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01942-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01942-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compares oil and mucilage idioblasts occurring together in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella, a Lauraceae species. Our focus is specifically on the ontogeny and developmental cytology of these secretory cells. Both types of idioblasts originate from solitary cells located in the fundamental meristem, underlying the protodermis. The growth of both types of idioblasts is asynchronous, with the oil idioblasts developing first, but their initiation is restricted to the early stages of organ development. Mucilaginous idioblasts occur exclusively in the palisade parenchyma, while oil idioblasts are scattered throughout the mesophyll, midrib, and petiole of the leaves. The lamellar secretion of mucilage idioblasts is mostly made up of polysaccharides, while the secretion of oil idioblasts is made up of terpenes and lipids. Cupule occurred only in the oil idioblasts, while suberized layers occurred in both types of cells. We found that immature oil idioblasts that are close to each other fuse; mature mucilage idioblasts have labyrinthine walls arranged in a reticulate pattern; the cells close to the oil idioblasts have a pectin protective layer; and the oil idioblasts have a sheath of phenolic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the two types of secretory idioblasts were recognized during the early stages of their development. The results emphasize the importance of combining optical and electron microscopy methods to observe the ontogenetic, histochemical and ultrastructural changes that occur during the development of the secretory idioblasts. This can help us understand how secreting cells store their secretions and how their walls become specialized.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"877-895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140120435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01939-w
Ravena Malheiros Nogueira, Mariana de Sousa Costa Freitas, Edgard Augusto de Toledo Picoli, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
Alterations in cell wall composition imply in new structural and functional traits in gall developmental sites, even when the inducer is a sucking exophytophagous insect with strict feeding sites as the aphid associated to Malus domestica Borkh. This host plant is an economically important, fruit-bearing species, susceptible to gall induction by the sucking aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802. Herein, the immunocytochemical detection of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), pectins, and hemicelluloses using monoclonal antibodies was performed in samples of non-galled roots and stems, and of root and stem galls on M. domestica. The dynamics of these cell wall components was discussed under the structural and functional traits of the galls proximal, median, and distal regions, according to the proximity of E. lanigerum colony feeding site. In the proximal region, the epitopes of AGPs and homogalacturonans (HGs) are related to cell growth and divisions, which result in the overproduction of parenchyma cells both in root and stem galls. In the proximal and median regions, the co-occurrence of HGs and arabinans in the cell walls of parenchyma and secondary tissues favors the nutrient flow and water-holding capacity, while the xylogalacturonans and hemicelluloses may function as additional carbohydrate resources to E. lanigerum. The immunocytochemical profile of the cell walls support the feeding activity of E. lanigerum mainly in the gall proximal region. The similarity of the cell wall components of the gall distal region and the non-galled portions, both in roots and stems, relates to the decrease of the cecidogenetic field the more distant the E. lanigerum colony is.
细胞壁成分的改变意味着瘿发育部位出现了新的结构和功能特征,即使诱导体是一种吸食外植体的昆虫,其取食部位也很严格,例如与 Malus domestica Borkh 有关的蚜虫。该寄主植物是一种具有重要经济价值的果实类植物,易受吸浆蚜 Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802 的虫瘿诱导。本文使用单克隆抗体对 M. domestica 的无瘿根和茎样本以及根和茎瘿样本中的阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白(AGPs)、果胶和半纤维素进行了免疫细胞化学检测。根据虫瘿近端、中端和远端区域的结构和功能特征,讨论了这些细胞壁成分的动态变化。在近端区域,AGPs 和高半乳糖醛酸(HGs)的表位与细胞生长和分裂有关,这导致根瘿和茎瘿中的实质细胞过度繁殖。在近端和中间区域,实质细胞壁和次生组织的细胞壁中同时存在 HGs 和阿拉伯聚糖,这有利于养分流动和持水能力,而木糖半乳醛酸和半纤维素则可能成为 E. lanigerum 的额外碳水化合物资源。细胞壁的免疫细胞化学图谱表明,E. lanigerum 的取食活动主要集中在虫瘿近端区域。根部和茎部的虫瘿远端区域与无瘿部分的细胞壁成分相似,这与 E. lanigerum 菌落越远,虫瘿发生场越小有关。
{"title":"Implications of cell wall immunocytochemical profiles on the structural and functional traits of root and stem galls induced by Eriosoma lanigerum on Malus domestica.","authors":"Ravena Malheiros Nogueira, Mariana de Sousa Costa Freitas, Edgard Augusto de Toledo Picoli, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01939-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01939-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alterations in cell wall composition imply in new structural and functional traits in gall developmental sites, even when the inducer is a sucking exophytophagous insect with strict feeding sites as the aphid associated to Malus domestica Borkh. This host plant is an economically important, fruit-bearing species, susceptible to gall induction by the sucking aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802. Herein, the immunocytochemical detection of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), pectins, and hemicelluloses using monoclonal antibodies was performed in samples of non-galled roots and stems, and of root and stem galls on M. domestica. The dynamics of these cell wall components was discussed under the structural and functional traits of the galls proximal, median, and distal regions, according to the proximity of E. lanigerum colony feeding site. In the proximal region, the epitopes of AGPs and homogalacturonans (HGs) are related to cell growth and divisions, which result in the overproduction of parenchyma cells both in root and stem galls. In the proximal and median regions, the co-occurrence of HGs and arabinans in the cell walls of parenchyma and secondary tissues favors the nutrient flow and water-holding capacity, while the xylogalacturonans and hemicelluloses may function as additional carbohydrate resources to E. lanigerum. The immunocytochemical profile of the cell walls support the feeding activity of E. lanigerum mainly in the gall proximal region. The similarity of the cell wall components of the gall distal region and the non-galled portions, both in roots and stems, relates to the decrease of the cecidogenetic field the more distant the E. lanigerum colony is.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"911-926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140158811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01974-7
Mohamed O Badry, Ahmed K Osman, Mostafa Aboulela, Shereen Gafar, Iman H Nour
{"title":"Correction to: Taxonomic implications of normal and abnormal stomatal complexes in Indigofera L. (Indigofereae, Faboideae, Fabaceae).","authors":"Mohamed O Badry, Ahmed K Osman, Mostafa Aboulela, Shereen Gafar, Iman H Nour","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01974-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01974-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11358174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01941-2
Nicolás De Palma, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
A simple method set for assessing biochemical changes associated with osmotic stress responses was developed using coffee (Coffea arabica L.) leaf disks. Stress was induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) exposure. Quantitative evaluation of tissue physiological stress parameters was carried out using analytical methods to validate the conversion of classic qualitative histochemical tests for localizing lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and total xanthine alkaloids into semi-quantitative assays. Relative electrolyte leakage (EL%) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) were also recorded. EL% levels of treated disks were higher than those of control ones, whereas SPAD indexes were comparable. Histochemical localization indicated that levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and total xanthines were also higher under osmotic stress than in control conditions. Semi-quantitative data obtained by image processing of histochemical staining consistently matched quantitative evaluations. Chromatographic analyses revealed that theophylline and caffeine concentrations increased in the presence of PEG, whereas theobromine remained constant in relation to the control. The methods herein described can be useful to rapidly acquire initial data regarding biochemical osmotic stress responses in coffee tissues based on simple staining and imaging steps. Moreover, it is likely that the same method may be applicable to other types of stresses and plant species upon minor adjustments.
{"title":"A semi-quantitative histochemical method for assessment of biochemical responses to osmotic stress in Coffea arabica leaf disks.","authors":"Nicolás De Palma, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01941-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01941-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A simple method set for assessing biochemical changes associated with osmotic stress responses was developed using coffee (Coffea arabica L.) leaf disks. Stress was induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) exposure. Quantitative evaluation of tissue physiological stress parameters was carried out using analytical methods to validate the conversion of classic qualitative histochemical tests for localizing lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and total xanthine alkaloids into semi-quantitative assays. Relative electrolyte leakage (EL%) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) were also recorded. EL% levels of treated disks were higher than those of control ones, whereas SPAD indexes were comparable. Histochemical localization indicated that levels of lipid peroxidation, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and total xanthines were also higher under osmotic stress than in control conditions. Semi-quantitative data obtained by image processing of histochemical staining consistently matched quantitative evaluations. Chromatographic analyses revealed that theophylline and caffeine concentrations increased in the presence of PEG, whereas theobromine remained constant in relation to the control. The methods herein described can be useful to rapidly acquire initial data regarding biochemical osmotic stress responses in coffee tissues based on simple staining and imaging steps. Moreover, it is likely that the same method may be applicable to other types of stresses and plant species upon minor adjustments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1093-1100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01943-0
Yao Ling, Meng Tan, Yi Xi, Zhou Li
Dichondra (Dichondra repens) is an important ground cover plant for landscaping and establishment of green space, but adaptive mechanism of drought tolerance is not well understood in this species. This study was conducted to compare differential response to drought stress among three genotypes (Dr5, Duliujiang, and Dr29) based on integrated physiological, ultrastructural, and metabolic assays. Results showed that drought significantly inhibited photosynthesis, accelerated lipids peroxidation, and also disrupted water balance and cellular metabolism in dichondra plants. Dr5 showed better photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and water homeostasis, less oxidative damage, and more stable chlorophyll metabolism than Duliujinag or Dr29 in response to drought stress. In addition, Dr5 accumulated more amino acids, organic acids, and other metabolites, which was good for maintaining better antioxidant capacity, osmotic homeostasis, and energy metabolism under drought stress. Drought tolerance of Duliujiang was lower than Dr5, but better than Dr29, which could be positively correlated with accumulations of sucrose, maltitol, aconitic acid, isocitric acid, and shikimic acid due to critical roles of these metabolites in osmotic adjustment and metabolic homeostasis. Current findings provide insights into understanding of underlying mechanism of metabolic regulation in dichondra species. Dr5 could be used as an important drought-tolerant resource for cultivation and water-saving breeding.
{"title":"Differential drought tolerance among dichondra (Dichondra repens) genotypes in relation to alterations in chlorophyll metabolism, osmotic adjustment, and accumulation of organic metabolites.","authors":"Yao Ling, Meng Tan, Yi Xi, Zhou Li","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01943-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01943-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dichondra (Dichondra repens) is an important ground cover plant for landscaping and establishment of green space, but adaptive mechanism of drought tolerance is not well understood in this species. This study was conducted to compare differential response to drought stress among three genotypes (Dr5, Duliujiang, and Dr29) based on integrated physiological, ultrastructural, and metabolic assays. Results showed that drought significantly inhibited photosynthesis, accelerated lipids peroxidation, and also disrupted water balance and cellular metabolism in dichondra plants. Dr5 showed better photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and water homeostasis, less oxidative damage, and more stable chlorophyll metabolism than Duliujinag or Dr29 in response to drought stress. In addition, Dr5 accumulated more amino acids, organic acids, and other metabolites, which was good for maintaining better antioxidant capacity, osmotic homeostasis, and energy metabolism under drought stress. Drought tolerance of Duliujiang was lower than Dr5, but better than Dr29, which could be positively correlated with accumulations of sucrose, maltitol, aconitic acid, isocitric acid, and shikimic acid due to critical roles of these metabolites in osmotic adjustment and metabolic homeostasis. Current findings provide insights into understanding of underlying mechanism of metabolic regulation in dichondra species. Dr5 could be used as an important drought-tolerant resource for cultivation and water-saving breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"897-909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140140629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01944-z
Sibelle Dias, Rosilda Cintra Souza, Emanuelle Varão Vasconcelos, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Ana Rafaela da Silva Oliveira, Lívia do Vale Martins, Fernanda de Oliveira Bustamante, Victor Alves da Costa, Gustavo Souza, Antônio Félix da Costa, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Martin Knytl, Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal
The genus Vigna (Leguminosae) comprises about 150 species grouped into five subgenera. The present study aimed to improve the understanding of karyotype diversity and evolution in Vigna, using new and previously published data through different cytogenetic and DNA content approaches. In the Vigna subgenera, we observed a random distribution of rDNA patterns. The 35S rDNA varied in position, from terminal to proximal, and in number, ranging from one (V. aconitifolia, V. subg. Ceratotropis) to seven pairs (V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, V. subg. Vigna). On the other hand, the number of 5S rDNA was conserved (one or two pairs), except for V. radiata (V. subg. Ceratotropis), which had three pairs. Genome size was relatively conserved within the genus, ranging from 1C = 0.43 to 0.70 pg in V. oblongifolia and V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, respectively, both belonging to V. subg. Vigna. However, we observed a positive correlation between DNA content and the number of 35S rDNA sites. In addition, data from chromosome-specific BAC-FISH suggest that the ancestral 35S rDNA locus is conserved on chromosome 6 within Vigna. Considering the rapid diversification in the number and position of rDNA sites, such conservation is surprising and suggests that additional sites may have spread out from this ancestral locus.
{"title":"Cytomolecular diversity among Vigna Savi (Leguminosae) subgenera.","authors":"Sibelle Dias, Rosilda Cintra Souza, Emanuelle Varão Vasconcelos, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Ana Rafaela da Silva Oliveira, Lívia do Vale Martins, Fernanda de Oliveira Bustamante, Victor Alves da Costa, Gustavo Souza, Antônio Félix da Costa, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Martin Knytl, Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01944-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01944-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Vigna (Leguminosae) comprises about 150 species grouped into five subgenera. The present study aimed to improve the understanding of karyotype diversity and evolution in Vigna, using new and previously published data through different cytogenetic and DNA content approaches. In the Vigna subgenera, we observed a random distribution of rDNA patterns. The 35S rDNA varied in position, from terminal to proximal, and in number, ranging from one (V. aconitifolia, V. subg. Ceratotropis) to seven pairs (V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, V. subg. Vigna). On the other hand, the number of 5S rDNA was conserved (one or two pairs), except for V. radiata (V. subg. Ceratotropis), which had three pairs. Genome size was relatively conserved within the genus, ranging from 1C = 0.43 to 0.70 pg in V. oblongifolia and V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, respectively, both belonging to V. subg. Vigna. However, we observed a positive correlation between DNA content and the number of 35S rDNA sites. In addition, data from chromosome-specific BAC-FISH suggest that the ancestral 35S rDNA locus is conserved on chromosome 6 within Vigna. Considering the rapid diversification in the number and position of rDNA sites, such conservation is surprising and suggests that additional sites may have spread out from this ancestral locus.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"859-875"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140102336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01956-9
Alexei Solovchenko, Elena Lobakova, Alexey Semenov, Olga Gorelova, Tatiana Fedorenko, Olga Chivkunova, Evgenia Parshina, Georgy Maksimov, Nikolai N Sluchanko, Eugene Maksimov
Microalgae are the richest source of natural carotenoids-accessory photosynthetic pigments used as natural antioxidants, safe colorants, and nutraceuticals. Microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus IPPAS C-2045 responds to stresses, including high light, with carotenogenesis-gross accumulation of secondary carotenoids (the carotenoids structurally and energetically uncoupled from photosynthesis). Precise mechanisms of cytoplasmic transport and subcellular distribution of the secondary carotenoids under stress are still unknown. Using multimodal imaging combining micro-Raman imaging (MRI), fluorescent lifetime (τ) imaging (FLIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we monitored ultrastructural and biochemical rearrangements of B. aggregatus cells during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. MRI revealed a decline in the diversity of molecular surrounding of the carotenoids in the cells compatible with the relocation of the bulk of the carotenoids in the cell from functionally and structurally heterogeneous photosynthetic apparatus to the more homogenous lipid matrix of the oleosomes. Two-photon FLIM highlighted the pigment transformation in the cell during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. The structures co-localized with the carotenoids with shorter τ (mainly chloroplast) shrunk, whereas the structures harboring secondary carotenoids with longer τ (mainly oleosomes) expanded. These changes were in line with the ultrastructural data (TEM). Fluorescence of B. aggregatus carotenoids, either in situ or in acetone extracts, possessed a surprisingly long lifetime. We hypothesize that the extension of τ of the carotenoids is due to their aggregation and/or association with lipids and proteins. The propagation of the carotenoids with prolonged τ is considered to be a manifestation of the secondary carotenogenesis suitable for its non-invasive monitoring with multimodal imaging.
{"title":"Multimodal non-invasive probing of stress-induced carotenogenesis in the cells of microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus.","authors":"Alexei Solovchenko, Elena Lobakova, Alexey Semenov, Olga Gorelova, Tatiana Fedorenko, Olga Chivkunova, Evgenia Parshina, Georgy Maksimov, Nikolai N Sluchanko, Eugene Maksimov","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01956-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01956-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae are the richest source of natural carotenoids-accessory photosynthetic pigments used as natural antioxidants, safe colorants, and nutraceuticals. Microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus IPPAS C-2045 responds to stresses, including high light, with carotenogenesis-gross accumulation of secondary carotenoids (the carotenoids structurally and energetically uncoupled from photosynthesis). Precise mechanisms of cytoplasmic transport and subcellular distribution of the secondary carotenoids under stress are still unknown. Using multimodal imaging combining micro-Raman imaging (MRI), fluorescent lifetime (τ) imaging (FLIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we monitored ultrastructural and biochemical rearrangements of B. aggregatus cells during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. MRI revealed a decline in the diversity of molecular surrounding of the carotenoids in the cells compatible with the relocation of the bulk of the carotenoids in the cell from functionally and structurally heterogeneous photosynthetic apparatus to the more homogenous lipid matrix of the oleosomes. Two-photon FLIM highlighted the pigment transformation in the cell during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. The structures co-localized with the carotenoids with shorter τ (mainly chloroplast) shrunk, whereas the structures harboring secondary carotenoids with longer τ (mainly oleosomes) expanded. These changes were in line with the ultrastructural data (TEM). Fluorescence of B. aggregatus carotenoids, either in situ or in acetone extracts, possessed a surprisingly long lifetime. We hypothesize that the extension of τ of the carotenoids is due to their aggregation and/or association with lipids and proteins. The propagation of the carotenoids with prolonged τ is considered to be a manifestation of the secondary carotenogenesis suitable for its non-invasive monitoring with multimodal imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1051-1071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140851132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01953-y
Aayushree Kharel, James Rookes, Mark Ziemann, David Cahill
Phytophthora cinnamomi is an oomycete plant pathogen with a host range of almost 5000 plant species worldwide and therefore poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Omics technology has provided significant progress in our understanding of oomycete biology, however, transformation studies of Phytophthora for gene functionalisation are still in their infancy. Only a limited number of Phytophthora species have been successfully transformed and gene edited to elucidate the role of particular genes. There is a need to escalate our efforts to understand molecular processes, gene regulation and infection mechanisms of the pathogen to enable us to develop new disease management strategies. The primary obstacle hindering the advancement of transformation studies in Phytophthora is their challenging and unique nature, coupled with our limited comprehension of why they remain such an intractable system to work with. In this study, we have identified some of the key factors associated with the recalcitrant nature of P. cinnamomi. We have incorporated fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry along with the organelle-specific dyes, fluorescein diacetate, Hoechst 33342 and MitoTracker™ Red CMXRos, to assess P. cinnamomi-derived protoplast populations. This approach has also provided valuable insights into the broader cell biology of Phytophthora. Furthermore, we have optimized the crucial steps that allow transformation of P. cinnamomi and have generated transformed isolates that express a cyan fluorescent protein, with a transformation efficiency of 19.5%. We therefore provide a platform for these methodologies to be applied for the transformation of other Phytophthora species and pave the way for future gene functionalisation studies.
Phytophthora cinnamomi 是一种卵菌植物病原体,寄主范围遍及全球近 5000 种植物,因此对生物多样性构成严重威胁。Omics 技术在我们了解卵菌生物学方面取得了重大进展,但针对基因功能化的噬菌体转化研究仍处于起步阶段。只有有限的噬菌体物种被成功转化并进行基因编辑,以阐明特定基因的作用。我们需要进一步努力了解病原体的分子过程、基因调控和感染机制,以便制定新的疾病管理策略。阻碍噬菌体转化研究进展的主要障碍是噬菌体的挑战性和独特性,以及我们对噬菌体为什么仍然是一个难以处理的系统的理解有限。在这项研究中,我们确定了与 P. cinnamomi 的顽固性相关的一些关键因素。我们将荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪与细胞器特异性染料(二乙酸荧光素、Hoechst 33342 和 MitoTracker™ Red CMXRos)结合起来,对肉桂蛀虫产生的原生质体群体进行评估。这种方法还为更广泛的噬菌体细胞生物学提供了宝贵的见解。此外,我们还优化了转化 P. cinnamomi 的关键步骤,并产生了表达青色荧光蛋白的转化分离物,转化效率达到 19.5%。因此,我们提供了一个平台,可将这些方法应用于其他噬菌体物种的转化,并为未来的基因功能化研究铺平道路。
{"title":"Viable protoplast isolation, organelle visualization and transformation of the globally distributed plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.","authors":"Aayushree Kharel, James Rookes, Mark Ziemann, David Cahill","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01953-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01953-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytophthora cinnamomi is an oomycete plant pathogen with a host range of almost 5000 plant species worldwide and therefore poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Omics technology has provided significant progress in our understanding of oomycete biology, however, transformation studies of Phytophthora for gene functionalisation are still in their infancy. Only a limited number of Phytophthora species have been successfully transformed and gene edited to elucidate the role of particular genes. There is a need to escalate our efforts to understand molecular processes, gene regulation and infection mechanisms of the pathogen to enable us to develop new disease management strategies. The primary obstacle hindering the advancement of transformation studies in Phytophthora is their challenging and unique nature, coupled with our limited comprehension of why they remain such an intractable system to work with. In this study, we have identified some of the key factors associated with the recalcitrant nature of P. cinnamomi. We have incorporated fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry along with the organelle-specific dyes, fluorescein diacetate, Hoechst 33342 and MitoTracker™ Red CMXRos, to assess P. cinnamomi-derived protoplast populations. This approach has also provided valuable insights into the broader cell biology of Phytophthora. Furthermore, we have optimized the crucial steps that allow transformation of P. cinnamomi and have generated transformed isolates that express a cyan fluorescent protein, with a transformation efficiency of 19.5%. We therefore provide a platform for these methodologies to be applied for the transformation of other Phytophthora species and pave the way for future gene functionalisation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1073-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11358197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140870030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01945-y
Juliana Klostermann Ziemmer, Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira, Claudete Santa-Catarina, Leila do Nascimento Vieira, Renato Goldenberg, Hugo Pacheco de Freitas Fraga
In plant tissue culture, differences in endogenous levels of species-specific plant growth regulators (PGRs) may explain differences in regenerative capacity. In the case of polyamines (PAs), their dynamics and distribution may vary between species, genotypes, tissues, and developmental pathways, such as sexual reproduction and apomixis. In this study, for the first time, we aimed to assess the impact of varying endogenous PAs levels in seeds from distinct reproductive modes in Miconia spp. (Melastomataceae), on their in vitro regenerative capacity. We quantified the free PAs endogenous content in seeds of Miconia australis (obligate apomictic), Miconia hyemalis (facultative apomictic), and Miconia sellowiana (sexual) and evaluated their in vitro regenerative potential in WPM culture medium supplemented with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The morphogenic responses were characterized by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and discussed regarding the endogenous PAs profiles found. Seeds of M. sellowiana presented approximately eight times more putrescine than M. australis, which was associated with a higher percentage of regenerated calluses (76.67%) than M. australis (5.56%). On the other hand, spermine levels were significantly higher in M. australis. Spermine is indicated as an inhibitor of auxin-carrying gene expression, which may have contributed to its lower regenerative capacity under the tested conditions. These findings provide important insights into in vitro morphogenesis mechanisms in Miconia and highlight the significance of endogenous PA levels in plant regeneration. These discoveries can potentially optimize future regeneration protocols in Miconia, a plant group still underexplored in this area.
在植物组织培养中,物种特异性植物生长调节剂(PGRs)内源水平的差异可能解释了再生能力的差异。就多胺(PAs)而言,其动态和分布可能因物种、基因型、组织和发育途径(如有性生殖和无性繁殖)而异。在本研究中,我们首次评估了不同繁殖模式的毛地黄属(Miconia spp.)种子中不同内源 PAs 水平对其体外再生能力的影响。我们量化了Miconia australis(强制性无性繁殖)、Miconia hyemalis(兼性无性繁殖)和Miconia sellowiana(有性繁殖)种子中游离PAs的内源含量,并在添加了2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)和6-苄基氨基嘌呤(BAP)的WPM培养基中评估了它们的体外再生潜力。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对形态发生反应进行了表征,并对发现的内源 PAs 特征进行了讨论。M. sellowiana种子中的腐胺含量约为 M. australis的八倍,这与再生茧的比例(76.67%)高于 M. australis(5.56%)有关。另一方面,精胺水平在 M. australis 中明显较高。精胺被认为是携带辅助素基因表达的抑制剂,这可能是导致其在测试条件下再生能力较低的原因。这些发现为了解 Miconia 的离体形态发生机制提供了重要的见解,并强调了内源 PA 水平在植物再生中的重要性。这些发现有可能优化未来Miconia的再生方案。
{"title":"Plant regeneration capacity in seeds of three species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) may be related to endogenous polyamine profiles.","authors":"Juliana Klostermann Ziemmer, Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira, Claudete Santa-Catarina, Leila do Nascimento Vieira, Renato Goldenberg, Hugo Pacheco de Freitas Fraga","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01945-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01945-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In plant tissue culture, differences in endogenous levels of species-specific plant growth regulators (PGRs) may explain differences in regenerative capacity. In the case of polyamines (PAs), their dynamics and distribution may vary between species, genotypes, tissues, and developmental pathways, such as sexual reproduction and apomixis. In this study, for the first time, we aimed to assess the impact of varying endogenous PAs levels in seeds from distinct reproductive modes in Miconia spp. (Melastomataceae), on their in vitro regenerative capacity. We quantified the free PAs endogenous content in seeds of Miconia australis (obligate apomictic), Miconia hyemalis (facultative apomictic), and Miconia sellowiana (sexual) and evaluated their in vitro regenerative potential in WPM culture medium supplemented with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The morphogenic responses were characterized by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and discussed regarding the endogenous PAs profiles found. Seeds of M. sellowiana presented approximately eight times more putrescine than M. australis, which was associated with a higher percentage of regenerated calluses (76.67%) than M. australis (5.56%). On the other hand, spermine levels were significantly higher in M. australis. Spermine is indicated as an inhibitor of auxin-carrying gene expression, which may have contributed to its lower regenerative capacity under the tested conditions. These findings provide important insights into in vitro morphogenesis mechanisms in Miconia and highlight the significance of endogenous PA levels in plant regeneration. These discoveries can potentially optimize future regeneration protocols in Miconia, a plant group still underexplored in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"937-950"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140294291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}