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Contribution to the knowledge of the anatomy, histochemistry, and phenolic composition of leaf and stems of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) cultivated in Tucumán, Argentina. 对阿根廷图库曼地区栽培的山桑子(Vaccinium myrtillus L.)叶和茎的解剖学、组织化学和酚类成分的认识的贡献。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01981-8
María Inés Mercado, Emilio Lizarraga, Roxana Alejandra Rubis, Susana Beatriz Genta, Natalia Cecilia Habib

The Vaccinium genus, with over 200 species, is prized for its fruits and traditional medicinal uses. Introduced to South America in the 1980s, it has become a significant crop, particularly in Tucumán, Argentina. Southern highbush blueberries are the most cultivated. Recent research suggests that the leaves and stems of these species contain higher levels of beneficial compounds compared to fruits. This study explores the potential of V. myrtillus L. leaves and stems, typically discarded as agricultural waste, as sources of bioactive compounds. It provides the first detailed analysis of their anatomy and chemical composition, revealing high levels of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Leaf extracts show stronger antioxidant activity compared to stems. Toxicity tests on Artemia salina indicate their safety for further exploration. These findings suggest that V. myrtillus L. waste by-products could be valuable as sources of bioactive compounds, promoting their application in pharmaceuticals, food, or cosmetics industries.

越橘属有 200 多个品种,因其果实和传统药用价值而备受青睐。蓝莓于 20 世纪 80 年代引入南美洲,现已成为一种重要的农作物,尤其是在阿根廷的图库曼。南方高丛蓝莓的种植面积最大。最近的研究表明,与果实相比,这些品种的叶子和茎含有更高水平的有益化合物。本研究探讨了通常作为农业废弃物丢弃的 V. myrtillus L. 的叶和茎作为生物活性化合物来源的潜力。研究首次对其解剖结构和化学成分进行了详细分析,发现了大量具有抗氧化特性的酚类化合物。与茎相比,叶提取物显示出更强的抗氧化活性。对鳀鱼进行的毒性测试表明其安全性值得进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,V. myrtillus L. 废弃物副产品可以作为生物活性化合物的宝贵来源,促进其在制药、食品或化妆品行业的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Chloroplasts with clefts and holes: a reassessment of the chloroplast shape using 3D FE-SEM cellular reconstruction of two species of Chlamydomonas. 带有裂缝和孔洞的叶绿体:利用两种衣藻的三维 FE-SEM 细胞重建技术重新评估叶绿体的形状。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01990-7
Naoki Sato, Mayuko Sato, Mayumi Wakazaki, Takashi Moriyama, Takashi Hirashima, Kiminori Toyooka

Chloroplasts are usually considered spheroid organelles, but this is not the only shape of chloroplasts. The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas has been typically described as cup-shaped. However, in old studies, it was also modeled as a complex shape with "perforations" or windows. Here, we reconstructed the cellular architecture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and C. applanata using an array tomography system installed on a field emission scanning electron microscope. C. reinhardtii chloroplasts resembled a baseball glove or a cup without a side, featuring numerous large and small holes that may facilitate the transport of metabolites and proteins produced in the Golgi apparatus fitted in the holes. In a lipid-accumulating, high-light condition, the chloroplast volume increased by filling the side cleft with an entire wall. Many accumulated large lipid droplets were accommodated within the chloroplast holes, which could have been considered as "chloroplast lipid droplets." Mitochondrial meshworks surrounded the chloroplast. C. applanata chloroplasts appeared like a folded starfish or a cup with many side clefts and a few holes. There was a single mitochondrion or two that branched in a complex form. Tight contacts of various organelles were also found in C. applanata. These reconstructions illustrate the complexity of chloroplast shape, which necessitates a revised understanding of the localization of lipid droplets and the evolution of chloroplasts: The prevailing image of the spheroid chloroplasts that reminds us of the similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is no longer tenable.

叶绿体通常被认为是球形细胞器,但这并不是叶绿体的唯一形状。衣藻的叶绿体通常被描述为杯状。然而,在以前的研究中,它也被模拟为具有 "穿孔 "或窗口的复杂形状。在这里,我们利用安装在场强扫描电子显微镜上的阵列断层成像系统重建了莱茵衣藻和苹果衣藻的细胞结构。莱茵叶绿体类似于棒球手套或无边的杯子,具有许多大大小小的孔,这些孔可能有助于将高尔基体中产生的代谢物和蛋白质运输到孔中。在脂质积累、高光照的条件下,叶绿体的体积增大,整个壁填满了侧裂。叶绿体孔内容纳了许多累积的大脂滴,这些脂滴可被视为 "叶绿体脂滴"。线粒体网状结构包围着叶绿体。C. applanata叶绿体看起来像一个折叠的海星或杯子,有许多侧裂和几个孔。有一个或两个线粒体以复杂的形式分枝。在 C. applanata 中还发现了各种细胞器的紧密接触。这些重建说明了叶绿体形状的复杂性,因此有必要重新认识脂滴的定位和叶绿体的进化:球形叶绿体的普遍形象提醒我们,叶绿体与蓝藻之间存在相似性,但这一形象已不再站得住脚。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of drought acclimation on sugar metabolism in millet. 干旱对小米糖代谢的影响
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01976-5
Joseph N Amoah, Monica Ode Adu-Gyamfi

Drought stress triggers sugar accumulation in plants, providing energy and aiding in protection against oxidative damage. Plant hardening under mild stress conditions has been shown to enhance plant resistance to severe stress conditions. While sugar accumulation and metabolism under drought stress have been well-documented in crop plants, the effect of drought acclimation treatment on sugar accumulation and metabolism has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated the impact of drought stress acclimation on sugar accumulation and metabolism in the leaves and root tissues of two commonly cultivated foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes, 'PI 689680' and 'PI 662292'. Quantification of total sugars (soluble sugar, fructose, glucose, and sucrose), their related enzymes (SPS, SuSy, NI, and AI), and the regulation of their related transcripts (SiSPS1, SiSuSy1, SiSWEET6, SiA-INV, and SiC-INV) revealed that drought-acclimated (DA) plants exhibited levels of these indicators comparable to those of control plants. However, under subsequent drought stress conditions, both the leaves and roots of non-acclimated plants accumulated higher levels of total sugars, displayed increased activity of sugar metabolism enzymes, and showed elevated expression of sugar metabolism-related transcripts compared to drought-acclimated plants. Thus, acclimation-induced restriction of sugar accumulation, transport, and metabolism could be one of the metabolic processes contributing to enhanced drought tolerance in millet. This study advocates for the use of acclimation as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impacts of drought-induced metabolic disturbances in millet, thereby enhancing global food security and promoting sustainable agricultural systems.

干旱胁迫会引发植物体内的糖分积累,从而提供能量并帮助植物抵御氧化损伤。事实证明,植物在轻度胁迫条件下变硬可增强植物对严重胁迫条件的抵抗力。虽然作物在干旱胁迫下的糖分积累和新陈代谢已被充分记录,但干旱适应处理对糖分积累和新陈代谢的影响尚未被探索。在本研究中,我们研究了干旱胁迫适应对两种常见栽培狐尾黍(Setaria italica L.)基因型 "PI 689680 "和 "PI 662292 "叶片和根组织中糖积累和代谢的影响。对总糖(可溶性糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖)、其相关酶(SPS、SuSy、NI 和 AI)以及其相关转录本(SiSPS1、SiSuSy1、SiSWEET6、SiA-INV 和 SiC-INV)的调控进行定量分析后发现,干旱适应(DA)植株的这些指标水平与对照植株相当。然而,在随后的干旱胁迫条件下,与干旱适应植株相比,非干旱适应植株的叶片和根部都积累了更高水平的总糖,糖代谢酶的活性增加,糖代谢相关转录本的表达量升高。因此,适应性诱导的糖积累、运输和代谢限制可能是导致小米耐旱性增强的代谢过程之一。本研究主张将适应作为一种有效的策略,以减轻干旱引起的代谢紊乱对小米的负面影响,从而提高全球粮食安全,促进可持续农业系统的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Microscopic structure and immunolabeling of extremely overlapped scales in some scincid, anguid, and pygopod lizards. 鳞蜥类、蟒蜥类和侏儒蜥类极度重叠鳞片的显微结构和免疫标记。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01982-7
Lorenzo Alibardi

Skink, anguid, and pygopod lizards possess an extremely flat skin, imparting a compact and solid body and shining surface that facilitates their slider and/or fossorial movements. The present morphological study, conducted using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, has analyzed the microscopical morphology of extremely overlapped scales in different lizards, including species with limb reduction (scincids such as Lerista bougainvilli, Scincella lateralis, Lampropholis delicata) or legless (pygopods such as Lialis burtonis and Delma molleri and the anguid Anguis fragilis). The outer surface of the epidermis shows different micro-structures of the Oberhautchen layer containing corneous beta-proteins (CBPs) with variable immunoreactivity for these proteins. The beta-layer is relatively thick in most of these species, probably in relation to the resistance against strong mechanical forces acting on scales during the movements on harsh substrates. The scincid and anguid lizards also possess and regenerate osteoderms that reinforce scales flatness and mechanical resistance during the serpentiform or fossorial movements of these reptiles. Osteoderms are absent in pygopods. Roundish cells with a granular content are detected in the deep hinge region of scales in Lerista and Lampropholis skinks. Whether these cells may secrete substances that facilitate scale anti-friction and also determine shining of the skin surface remains to be shown.

石龙子蜥、鳞蜥和侏儒蜥的皮肤非常平整,因此身体紧凑坚实,表面光亮,有利于它们的滑行和/或爬行运动。本形态学研究利用免疫组织化学和电子显微镜分析了不同蜥蜴身上极度重叠的鳞片的显微形态,包括肢体减少(鳞蜥,如 Lerista bougainvilli、Scincella lateralis、Lampropholis delicata)或无腿(侏儒蜥,如 Lialis burtonis 和 Delma molleri,以及无腿蜥 Anguis fragilis)的物种。表皮的外表面显示出不同的奥伯豪森层微结构,其中含有角质β蛋白(CBPs),这些蛋白的免疫活性各不相同。在这些物种中,β层大多相对较厚,这可能与鳞片在恶劣底质上运动时抵抗强大机械力有关。鳞蜥和巨蜥也拥有并再生骨膜,以加强鳞片的平整度和这些爬行动物在蛇形或窝状运动时的机械阻力。侏儒龙没有骨膜。在 Lerista 和 Lampropholis 石龙子的鳞片深铰链区发现了颗粒状的圆形细胞。这些细胞是否会分泌促进鳞片抗摩擦和决定皮肤表面光泽的物质,还有待进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis and profiling of the purple acid phosphatase gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)紫色酸性磷酸酶基因家族的分析和剖析。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01983-6
Lijiang Hou, Dongzhi Zhang, Qiufang Wu, Xinqiang Gao, Junwei Wang

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play a vital role in plant phosphorus nutrition, serving as a crucial family of metallo-phosphoesterase enzymes. This research aimed to identify the PAP genes from the A/B/D genomes of Triticum aestivum to elucidate evolutionary mechanisms of the gene family in plants and provide genomic information for subsequent research on phosphorous-use efficiency in wheat crops. In total, 105 PAP genes (TaPAPs) were identified from the A/B/D genomes by using the Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa PAP protein sequences as queries for BLASTP against the wheat protein database. The TaPAPs were grouped into six subfamilies, Ia (17), Ib (26), IIa (11), IIb (30), IIIa (12), and IIIb (9), based on their similarities in the structure of genes and the presence of conserved protein motifs. A majority of TaPAPs were derived from tandemly (20) or segmentally (87) duplicated, with the homoeologous chromosomes 5A/B/D harboring the most duplicated PAP genes. Further analysis indicated that TaPAPs were responsible for the modulation of seed, root, and leaf development and hormone synthesis and signaling, as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses, including low temperatures, drought, and anaerobic conditions. Nine TaPAPs (TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D, TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D, and TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D) were constitutively expressed in diverse tissues such as root, shoot, leaf, spike, and seed, while the remaining genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Concerning the response to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, 57 TaPAPs were highly expressed in roots under Pi stress, including TaPAP31-4A, 4B, and 4D homeologs from the subfamily IIIb. A TaPAP31-4A transgene in A. thaliana promoted plant growth and development while increasing plant resistance to Pi-deficiency stress by enhancing the secretion of phosphatase. These discoveries provide a scientific foundation for comprehending the role of TaPAPs, offering valuable insights for identifying additional candidate genes and fostering the development of new wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to low phosphorus conditions.

紫酸磷酸酶(PAPs)在植物磷营养中发挥着重要作用,是金属磷酯酶的一个重要家族。本研究旨在鉴定小麦 A/B/D 基因组中的 PAP 基因,以阐明该基因家族在植物中的进化机制,并为后续小麦作物磷利用效率的研究提供基因组信息。通过使用拟南芥和大麦的 PAP 蛋白序列作为 BLASTP 对小麦蛋白数据库的查询,从 A/B/D 基因组中共鉴定出 105 个 PAP 基因(TaPAPs)。根据基因结构的相似性和存在的保守蛋白基序,将 TaPAPs 分成六个亚家族:Ia(17 个)、Ib(26 个)、IIa(11 个)、IIb(30 个)、IIIa(12 个)和 IIIb(9 个)。大多数 TaPAPs 来自串联重复(20 个)或节段重复(87 个),其中同源染色体 5A/B/D 上的重复 PAP 基因最多。进一步的分析表明,TaPAPs 负责调节种子、根和叶的发育、激素合成和信号转导,以及植物对非生物胁迫(包括低温、干旱和厌氧条件)的反应。9个TaPAP(TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D、TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D和TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D)在根、芽、叶、穗和种子等不同组织中呈组成型表达,其余基因则表现出组织特异性表达模式。关于对磷酸盐(Pi)剥夺的响应,57 个 TaPAPs 在 Pi 胁迫下在根中高表达,其中包括来自 IIIb 亚家族的 TaPAP31-4A、4B 和 4D 同源物。TaPAP31-4A转基因通过增强磷酸酶的分泌,促进了植物的生长和发育,同时增强了植物对Pi-缺失胁迫的抵抗力。这些发现为理解 TaPAPs 的作用奠定了科学基础,为确定更多候选基因和培育对低磷条件耐受性更强的小麦新品种提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Aerial and terrestrial root habits influence the composition of the cell walls of Vanilla phaeantha (Orchidaceae). 气生根和陆生根的习性影响香草(兰科)细胞壁的组成。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01980-9
Jéssica Ferreira de Lima, Denis Coelho de Oliveira, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira

In response to the restrictions imposed by their epiphytic habit, orchids have developed structural traits that allow greater efficiency in water uptake and use, such as a complex adventitious root system with velamen. The composition of cell wall of this specialized epidermis can be altered according to the substrate to which it is fixed, influencing wall permeability, absorption, and storage of water in roots. The current study aimed to evaluate the cell wall composition of adventitious roots of Vanilla phaeantha (Orchidaceae) that grow attached to the phorophyte, fixed in the soil, or hung free. Immunocytochemical analyses were used to determine the protein, hemicellulose, and pectin composition of the cell walls of aerial and terrestrial roots. We observed that pectins are present in the different tissues of the aerial roots, while in the terrestrial roots, they are concentrated in the cortical parenchyma. The deposition of xyloglucans, extensins, and arabinogalactans was greater in the epidermis of the free side of the roots attached to the phorophyte. The strong labeling of pectins in aerial roots may be related to the influx of water and nutrients, which are generally scarce in this environment. The arrangement of hemicelluloses and proteins with the pectins may be associated with increased cell rigidity and sustainability, a feature of interest for the aerial roots. In summary, the habit of roots can interfere with the non-cellulosic composition of the cell walls of V. phaeantha, possibly related to changes in cell functionality.

为了应对附生习性所带来的限制,兰花发展出了能够提高吸水和用水效率的结构特征,例如带有绒毛的复杂不定根系统。这种特化表皮的细胞壁成分可根据其固定的基质而改变,从而影响根中细胞壁的渗透性、吸水能力和储水能力。目前的研究旨在评估兰科植物香草(Vanilla phaeantha)附着在叶片上、固定在土壤中或自由悬挂的不定根的细胞壁成分。免疫细胞化学分析用于确定气生根和陆生根细胞壁的蛋白质、半纤维素和果胶成分。我们观察到,果胶存在于气生根的不同组织中,而在陆生根中,果胶主要集中在皮层实质中。木聚糖、延展聚糖和阿拉伯半乳聚糖在附着于叶绿体的根的游离侧表皮中沉积较多。气生根中果胶的强标记可能与水和养分的流入有关,而水和养分在这种环境中通常是稀缺的。半纤维素和蛋白质与果胶的排列可能与细胞刚性和可持续性增强有关,这也是气生根的一个重要特征。总之,根的习性可能会干扰V. phaeantha细胞壁的非纤维素成分,这可能与细胞功能的变化有关。
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引用次数: 0
Interaction of Capnodium alfenasii with extrafloral nectaries of Azadirachta indica. Capnodium alfenasii 与 Azadirachta indica 花外蜜腺的相互作用。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01977-4
Naasoom Luiz Santos Mesquita, Carlos André Espolador Leitão, Poliana Prates de Souza Soares, Quelmo Silva de Novaes, Maruzanete Pereira de Melo, José Luiz Bezerra, Armínio Santos

Sooty moulds are saprophytic epiphytic fungi that grow mostly on insect secretions, but they can also be associated with plant secretions. In this study, we aimed to describe de interaction of Capnodium alfenasii sooty mould with the extrafloral shoot nectaries of Azadirachta indica. Anatomical and histochemical studies were carried out on serial sections of extrafloral shoot nectaries of A. indica without and with C. alfenasii infestation. The total soluble sugar content of the secreted nectar was determined, and the conidial germination of the fungus in distilled water and in dextrose and nectar solutions was evaluated. The shoot nectaries of A. indica are elongated structures that occur in pairs near the base of the petiole. The exuded nectar contains an average of 534.8 µg of total soluble sugars per µL of nectar and provides ideal conditions for conidial germination and fungal growth. C. alfenasii hyphae grow on the nectary, penetrate through breaks in the cuticle, travel under the cuticle and penetrate the secretory tissue by inter- and intracellular routes. The present report is the first to describe the interaction of C. alfenasii with the A. indica nectary, including the penetration of hyphae into nectariferous tissues and the plant defence mechanisms.

煤烟霉是一种吸附性附生真菌,主要生长在昆虫的分泌物上,但也可能与植物的分泌物有关。在这项研究中,我们旨在描述 Capnodium alfenasii 煤烟霉与 Azadirachta indica 的花外芽蜜腺之间的相互作用。我们对未受 C. alfenasii 侵染和受 C. alfenasii 侵染的 A. indica 花外茎蜜腺的连续切片进行了解剖学和组织化学研究。测定了分泌的花蜜中可溶性糖的总含量,并评估了真菌在蒸馏水、葡萄糖和花蜜溶液中的分生孢子萌发情况。籼稻的嫩枝蜜腺是拉长的结构,成对出现在叶柄基部附近。渗出的花蜜平均每微升含有 534.8 微克的总可溶性糖,为分生孢子的发芽和真菌的生长提供了理想的条件。C. alfenasii菌丝在花蜜上生长,从角质层的破损处穿入,在角质层下移动,并通过细胞间和细胞内途径穿入分泌组织。本报告首次描述了 C. alfenasii 与籼稻蜜腺的相互作用,包括菌丝穿透蜜腺组织和植物防御机制。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated insights into the cytological, histochemical, and cell wall composition features of Espinosa nothofagi (Hymenoptera) gall tissues: implications for functionality. 对 Espinosa nothofagi(膜翅目)虫瘿组织的细胞学、组织化学和细胞壁组成特征的综合认识:对功能性的影响。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4
Lubia María Guedes, Narciso Aguilera, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro, Denis Coelho de Oliveira

Many insect-induced galls are considered complex structures due to their tissue compartmentalization and multiple roles performed by them. The current study investigates the complex interaction between Nothofagus obliqua host plant and the hymenopteran gall-inducer Espinosa nothofagi, focusing on cell wall properties and cytological features. The E. nothofagi galls present an inner cortex with nutritive and storage tissues, as well as outer cortex with epidermis, chlorenchyma, and water-storing parenchyma. The water-storing parenchyma cells are rich in pectins, heteromannans, and xyloglucans in their walls, and have large vacuoles. Homogalacturonans contribute to water retention, and periplasmic spaces function as additional water reservoirs. Nutritive storage cell walls support nutrient storage, with plasmodesmata facilitating nutrient mobilization crucial for larval nutrition. Their primary and sometimes thick secondary cell walls support structural integrity and act as a carbon reserve. The absent labeling of non-cellulosic epitopes indicates a predominantly cellulosic nature in nutritive cell walls, facilitating larval access to lipid, protein, and reducing sugar-rich contents. The nutritive tissue, with functional chloroplasts and high metabolism-related organelles, displays signs of self-sufficiency, emphasizing its role in larval nutrition and cellular maintenance. Overall, the intricate cell wall composition in E. nothofagi galls showcases adaptations for water storage, nutrient mobilization, and larval nutrition, contributing significantly to our understanding of plant-insect interactions.

许多昆虫诱导的虫瘿被认为是复杂的结构,因为它们的组织分区及其发挥的多重作用。本研究调查了 Nothofagus obliqua 寄主植物与膜翅目虫瘿诱导体 Espinosa nothofagi 之间复杂的相互作用,重点关注细胞壁特性和细胞学特征。E.nothofagi虫瘿的内部皮层包括营养组织和贮藏组织,外部皮层包括表皮、脉络膜和贮水实质层。储水实质细胞的细胞壁富含果胶、杂甘露聚糖和木糖,并有大液泡。同聚半乳糖醛酸有助于保持水分,而细胞质周围的空间则起到额外的储水作用。营养贮藏细胞壁支持营养贮藏,质膜有助于调动对幼虫营养至关重要的营养物质。它们的主细胞壁和有时很厚的次细胞壁支持结构的完整性,并起到碳储备的作用。非纤维素表位标记的缺失表明营养细胞壁主要是纤维素性质的,有利于幼虫获取富含脂质、蛋白质和还原糖的内容物。营养组织具有功能性叶绿体和高代谢相关细胞器,显示出自给自足的迹象,强调了其在幼虫营养和细胞维持中的作用。总之,E. nothofagi虫瘿中错综复杂的细胞壁组成展示了对储水、营养调动和幼虫营养的适应,极大地促进了我们对植物-昆虫相互作用的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Smoke-water treatment of seeds, an ancient technique for increasing seed vigor. 烟水处理种子,一种提高种子活力的古老技术。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01975-6
Nidhi Pandey, Sandeep Nalla, Abhinav Dayal, Prashant Rai, Vaidurya Pratap Sahi

Germination is an essential phenomenon in the life cycle of plants, and a variety of external and internal factors influence it. Fire and the produced smoke have been vital environmental stimulants for the germination of seeds in many plant species, like Leucospermum cordifolium and Serruria florida. These plants do not germinate at all if fire and smoke are not present. This phenomenon of germination in plant species has existed in the ecosystem since ancient times. Various studies to study the response of seeds to smoke and its extracts have been undertaken for stimulation of germination by burning various plant materials and bubbling the smoke produced through water. The application of plant-derived smoke and smoke water is well known for promoting germination, breaking dormancy, and checking abiotic stress. This significantly indicates that plant-derived smoke contains some bioactive metabolites responsible for the physiological metabolism of seed germination and is involved in enhancing seed vigor. The present review deals with the ancient use of smoke and smoke extracts for seed priming, the cost-efficient method of its preparation, the mode of action of karrikins relating to its perception by plants, and its significant effects on various crops, including its ability to check biotic and abiotic stresses.

萌发是植物生命周期中的一个重要现象,受多种内外因素的影响。火和产生的烟雾是许多植物物种种子萌发的重要环境刺激物,如脐带杉(Leucospermum cordifolium)和花叶杉(Serruria florida)。如果没有火和烟,这些植物根本不会发芽。植物物种的这种发芽现象自古以来就存在于生态系统中。为了研究种子对烟雾及其提取物的反应,人们进行了各种研究,通过燃烧各种植物材料并将产生的烟雾通过水泡来刺激发芽。众所周知,应用植物提取的烟雾和烟雾水可以促进发芽、打破休眠和抑制非生物胁迫。这充分说明,植物提取的烟雾中含有一些生物活性代谢物,负责种子萌发的生理代谢,并参与提高种子活力。本综述介绍了烟雾和烟雾提取物用于种子催芽的古老方法、成本效益高的制备方法、与植物感知有关的卡里金作用模式及其对各种作物的显著效果,包括抑制生物和非生物胁迫的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of nocodazole and latrunculin B on locomotion of amoeboid cells of Rhizochromulina sp. strain B44 (Heterokontophyta, Dictyochophyceae). nocodazole和latrunculin B对Rhizochromulina sp.菌株B44变形虫细胞运动的影响。
IF 2.5 3区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-02024-y
Pavel Safonov, Vadim Khaitov, Olga Palii, Sergei Skarlato, Mariia Berdieva

Rhizochromulina is a genus of unicellular dictyochophycean algae (Heterokontophyta), comprising a single species R. marina and numerous strains. Recently, we described the first arctic rhizochromuline-Rhizochromulina sp. strain B44. Amoeboid cells of this algae are able to transform into flagellates, and this transition can be triggered by prolonged mechanical disturbance. Thin branching pseudopodia of the neighboring rhizochromuline cells fuse to form a meroplasmodium. The pseudopodia contain microtubules, but do not contain actin microfilaments; actin forms the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and extends only to the bases of the pseudopodia. Microtubule-driven pseudopodia are characteristic to a plethora of eukaryotes, but the role of microtubular and actin cytoskeleton in locomotion of these organisms remains poorly understood. We conducted a series of experiments where amoeboid cells of Rhizochromulina sp. B44 were treated with either 10 µM nocodazole, 10 µM latrunculin B, or both drugs simultaneously. Cellular locomotion was captured on camera, tracked, and then analyzed with the help of the generalized additive mixed model. The obtained results indicate that both drugs, when applied separately, decrease the motility of the studied cells. Unexpectedly, the combined treatment had the opposite effect, as the cells became more motile. The analysis also revealed a non-linear pattern of relationship between motility of amoeboid cells of rhizochromulines and density of their population.

Rhizochromulina是一种单细胞双藻属(Heterokontophyta),由单一种R. marina和多个菌株组成。最近,我们报道了第一个北极根孢杆菌-根孢杆菌菌株B44。这种藻类的变形虫细胞能够转化为鞭毛虫,这种转变可以通过长时间的机械干扰来触发。相邻的根状嗜铬细胞的细分枝伪足融合形成一个源质体。伪足含有微管,但不含肌动蛋白微丝;肌动蛋白形成细胞质细胞骨架,只延伸到假足的基部。微管驱动的假足是大量真核生物的特征,但微管和肌动蛋白细胞骨架在这些生物运动中的作用仍然知之甚少。我们对Rhizochromulina sp. B44的变形虫细胞分别用10µM nocodazole、10µM latrunculin B或同时用这两种药物处理,进行了一系列实验。在摄像机上捕捉细胞运动,跟踪细胞运动,然后利用广义加性混合模型对细胞运动进行分析。结果表明,这两种药物单独使用时,降低了所研究细胞的运动性。出乎意料的是,联合治疗产生了相反的效果,因为细胞变得更有活力。该分析还揭示了根状嗜色胺变形虫细胞的运动性与其种群密度之间的非线性关系。
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Protoplasma
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