Protoplasma最新文献

The Tumour Protein D52 (TPD52) family, including TPD52, TPD52L1, and TPD52L2, plays critical roles in membrane trafficking, lipid metabolism, and oncogenic signalling, with its overexpression linked to multiple cancers. Phosphorylation is a key regulator of their functions, yet their phosphoproteomic landscape remains underexplored. This study integrates over 3,825 public human phosphoproteomic datasets to map phosphorylation profiles of TPD52, TPD52L1, and TPD52L2, identifying dominant phosphosites like S171, S176, S149, and S12, S166 within conserved coiled-coil and PEST-like domains. CAMK2D was identified as a predominant shared kinase, alongside CDK2 and GRK5, associating these modifications with calcium signaling, cell cycle progression, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Co-phosphoregulation highlighted positive interactions with ABRAXAS2 and negative correlations with ABLIM3, implicating involvement in ubiquitin-mediated degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cytokinesis. Notably, hypophosphorylation at TPD52_S171/S176 was observed in hepatocellular and lung carcinomas, whereas hyperphosphorylation at TPD52L2_S166 prevailed in ovarian and pancreatic cancers, underscoring biomarker utility. Phosphorylation-driven interactomes emphasized roles in vesicular trafficking and oncogenesis This study catalogues the phosphorylation events and explores the potential of TPD52 family as a phosphoregulated hub in cancer biology, with CAMK2D as a potential therapeutic target.

Crop growth, quality, and yield can be adversely affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Crop characteristics can be improved with conventional breeding and other variation-based breeding strategies. However, these strategies are time as well as resource consuming and to overcome this, novel approaches are necessary. CRISPR/Cas technique allows to improve desired traits more efficiently and accurately by targeting specific genes. Genome editing has become more versatile with CRISPR/Cas systems and is a valuable tool to protect food security by developing commercial crops optimized for yield and nutritional quality. Researchers are able to target and edit stress response pathway genes to develop crops with increased tolerance to stress. A lack of regeneration protocols and sufficient genome sequencing data has restricted fruit editing to only a few fruits (tomatoes, citrus, apple, kiwi, banana, grapes, strawberries, watermelon, etc.). This review is focused on CRISPR/Cas applications on the nutritional aspects of fruit engineering along with the challenges and opportunities. Another aspect which will be covered is the use of CRISPR/Cas technology to improve fruit resilience to biotic and abiotic stress, but not at the cost of yield. We discuss the pros and cons of using this technology, such as unintended effects on fruit traits or public concerns about GMOs. We conclude that the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has the potential to be of great benefit to the agricultural industry not only to improve nutritional aspects but also to help reduce crop losses.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive oil crop, contributing to approximately 35% of the global vegetable oil production. The tenera fruit form, derived from dura × pisifera crosses, is planted for its superior mesocarp oil yield due to thicker mesocarp and thinner endocarp fruit characteristics. In this study, histology analyses were conducted to characterize the developmental progression in tenera fruit. Cytological and morphological analyses revealed that fruit tissue compartmentation commence as early as 3 weeks after anthesis (WAA), with the pericarp distinctly differentiating into exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp layers that enclose the seed coat and endosperm. The endocarp layer becomes prominent at 4 WAA and reaches an average maximum thickness of 1.1 ± 0.55 mm until full ripening at 23 WAA. Sclereid secondary cell wall lignification is initiated at 8 WAA, coincides with the onset of endosperm cellularization and a significant increase in endocarp cell density. The expression of SHELL gene showed a developmental stage-dependent pattern with highest expression recorded at 12 WAA, aligning with the phase of active lignification detected histologically. Collectively, these findings identify 8 WAA as a critical developmental stage that defines seed size, endocarp lignification, shell thickness, endosperm cellularization, and mesocarp capacity for oil accumulation in tenera fruit. These coordinated cytological and molecular changes suggest a shared transcriptional regulation of tissue-border formation and cell wall biogenesis in oil palm fruit. This study provides a foundation for transcriptomic investigations into the molecular control of fruit tissue differentiation and size control, contributing to strategies to enhance oil yield, seed quality and fruit architecture in elite tenera palms.

In Malpighiaceae species, the corolla consists of five petals, with the posterior petal, or flag petal, being distinct in shape and size. This differentiation facilitates the proper orientation and positioning of pollinators, allowing them to access floral oils while simultaneously contacting the anthers and the stigma, thereby enabling pollen transfer. To better understand the role of the corolla in pollinator attraction, a study was conducted on the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of all petals of Alicia anisopetala and Callaeum psilophyllum. Flowers at anthesis were collected and fixed for subsequent analysis. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed. The results revealed morphological and anatomical differences between the posterior and lateral petals of both species. Hairs, druse crystals, and fimbriae were identified along the petal margins. Ultrastructural analysis revealed metabolically active and secretory epidermal cells, associated to scent secretion, with distinctive characteristics observed in the emergent structures of the posterior petal of C. psilophyllum. In summary, this study provides detailed information on petal structure in these Malpighiaceae species, suggesting adaptations for pollinator attraction through specific morphological features and fragrance secretion. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the fundamental role of the corolla in the pollination of A. anisopetala and C. psilophyllum.

The development of novel ornamental variants through targeted mutagenesis represents a key advancement for the aquatic plant industry. However, efficient methods remain limited for generating stable dwarf cultivars in non-model species. This study induced stable dwarf mutants of Cryptocoryne crispatula var. albida through gamma irradiation, focusing on protocol optimization, phenotypic evaluation, and genetic validation. In vitro plantlets were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L^- 1 6-benzyladenine, 0.5 mg L^- 1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and 100 mg L^- 1 ceftriaxone prior to gamma irradiation using a Cesium-137 source. Linear regression across two independent trials yielded consistent LD₅₀ values of 15.38 and 14.5 Gy, guiding mutagenesis within the 10-16 Gy range. Morphological assessment over three clonal generations identified 10-12 Gy as optimal, producing stable dwarf phenotypes with significantly increased shoot proliferation using 10 Gy and 12 Gy (4.46 ± 0.27 and 5.37 ± 0.47 shoots per plantlet, respectively) compared to controls (3.38 ± 0.60). Leaf length was significantly reduced at 10-12 Gy, whereas leaf width showed a significant reduction only at 10 Gy (p < 0.05). Microscopy confirmed epidermal changes, including reduced adaxial stomatal density from 86 ± 31.5 to 56 ± 20.9 stomata mm^-² and altered guard cell morphology. SCoT26 amplified a unique 1,100 bp fragment in 10-12 Gy mutants, indicating its potential utility as a putative marker for genotypic selection. These findings confirmed that gamma irradiation could effectively generate compact, genetically stable cultivars for C. crispatula var. albida for the Thai aquatic ornamental plant industry.

Rupestrian fields are high-altitude environments with nutrient-poor soils, posing challenges for dioecious species like Baccharis platypoda DC. This study assessed leaf anatomy and chemical composition to explore variations related to environmental conditions and sex differences. Leaves from male and female individuals were collected in Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Anatomical and chemical analyses, including histochemical tests and chromatographic techniques, were performed to evaluate structural traits and compound profiles. Both sexes exhibited a uniseriate epidermis, dorsiventral mesophyll, and hypostomatic profile, with capitate glandular trichomes distributed on both surfaces, with abundant secretion observed predominantly on the abaxial side. Significant differences were observed between sexes in the thickness of the adaxial cuticle and epidermis, as well as in the proportions of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Histochemical tests detected various compounds in trichomes and secretions. Flavonoid content ranged from 5.95 to 7.50% relative to the dry weight of the crude extract, with higher values observed in female leaves. Chromatographic analyses annotated phenolic compounds, terpenes, and other less common classes. The findings highlight traits that may contribute to ecological success in nutrient-poor environments and reveal subtle sex-based anatomical and chemical differences. This study advances the understanding of the responses of dioecious species to challenging habitats and provides a basis for future ecological and biochemical research.

Adult males of Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) produce pheromones in their dorsal-abdominal glands, which are located internally between abdominal tergites III and IV. These pheromones attract adult individuals making them useful for biological control and as bait for capture. This article presents a morphological description of the dorsal-abdominal glands in male P. nigrispinus using light microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glands consist of a pair of coiled tubular secretory structures, each opening in an enlarged reservoir. The glandular epithelium is composed of three cell layers: a basal layer of flattened cells, a middle layer of both columnar secretory cells and narrowed interstitial cells, and an apical layer of duct cells. The duct cells enclose a glandular reservoir lined with a cuticle, into which the secretory cells release their products through a sinuous intracellular duct. Each glandular reservoir opens outward through a pair of ostioles in the dorsal tergite, controlled by a tegumental valve. Cytoplasmic characteristics suggest that the secretory product is likely synthesized through fatty acid metabolism, similar to the sex pheromones produced by other insects.

The generalized response of the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 to and its recovery from phosphorus (P) starvation stress differ drastically under diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic growth modes. In nitrogen (N) -replete medium, Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 cells were resilient even to prolonged P starvation when its growth was supported by mobilization of cellular reserves of P (polyphosphate) and glycogen on the background of accumulation of nitrogen and carbon reserves (mainly cyanophycin). The P-starving cells quickly recovered upon re-feeding with inorganic phosphate (P_i). Under diazotrophic conditions, P starvation essentially diminished the fixation of dinitrogen. As a result, most of the vegetative cells comprising the trichomes of the cyanobacterium died and decomposed while other cells retained their structural integrity but did not divide. In turn, the latter fell into two categories: some of them showed signs of nutrient starvation; while the other became dormant but did not display the signs of starvation. They resembled neither akinete nor chlorotic cells but were similar to arthrospores lacking a thickened sheath. Re-feeding with P_i triggered a quick resuscitation of the dormant vegetative cells manifested by mobilization of their internal reserves, resumption of the cell growth and division. These processes took place faster than the formation of heterocytes with well-developed envelope (thus, nitrogenase activity recovered by the 7th day after re-feeding of the cells with P_i). The results provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms of stress tolerance in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 and modulation of the cyanobacterial productivity in natural ecosystems and artificial cultivation facilities by nitrogen and P availability.

Gliomas are the most frequent tumors of the central nervous system, with an extremely low efficiency of treatment. Primary glioma cell cultures may provide an in vitro model for studying these tumors and the development of therapeutic approaches. In this review, we assess different factors that may contribute to glioma malignancy, such as the presence of glioma stem cells, cellular heterogeneity, and selection for specific genotypes. We discuss approaches for primary glioma cell culture establishment and the role of particular components of the cultivation media: culture in monolayer, neurospheres, and glioblastoma organoids; the influence of serum, growth factors, and surface coating; and the presence of glioma stem cells. Different cell culture protocols have various drawbacks - loss of the parental tumor cellular composition, loss of glioma stem cells, or loss of the glioma microenvironment. We argue that to produce primary glioma cell culture, researchers shall use a combination of standardized protocols: serum-free neurosphere culture, serum-based monolayer culture, and glioblastoma organoids.