The Vaccinium genus, with over 200 species, is prized for its fruits and traditional medicinal uses. Introduced to South America in the 1980s, it has become a significant crop, particularly in Tucumán, Argentina. Southern highbush blueberries are the most cultivated. Recent research suggests that the leaves and stems of these species contain higher levels of beneficial compounds compared to fruits. This study explores the potential of V. myrtillus L. leaves and stems, typically discarded as agricultural waste, as sources of bioactive compounds. It provides the first detailed analysis of their anatomy and chemical composition, revealing high levels of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Leaf extracts show stronger antioxidant activity compared to stems. Toxicity tests on Artemia salina indicate their safety for further exploration. These findings suggest that V. myrtillus L. waste by-products could be valuable as sources of bioactive compounds, promoting their application in pharmaceuticals, food, or cosmetics industries.
越橘属有 200 多个品种,因其果实和传统药用价值而备受青睐。蓝莓于 20 世纪 80 年代引入南美洲,现已成为一种重要的农作物,尤其是在阿根廷的图库曼。南方高丛蓝莓的种植面积最大。最近的研究表明,与果实相比,这些品种的叶子和茎含有更高水平的有益化合物。本研究探讨了通常作为农业废弃物丢弃的 V. myrtillus L. 的叶和茎作为生物活性化合物来源的潜力。研究首次对其解剖结构和化学成分进行了详细分析,发现了大量具有抗氧化特性的酚类化合物。与茎相比,叶提取物显示出更强的抗氧化活性。对鳀鱼进行的毒性测试表明其安全性值得进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,V. myrtillus L. 废弃物副产品可以作为生物活性化合物的宝贵来源,促进其在制药、食品或化妆品行业的应用。
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of the anatomy, histochemistry, and phenolic composition of leaf and stems of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) cultivated in Tucumán, Argentina.","authors":"María Inés Mercado, Emilio Lizarraga, Roxana Alejandra Rubis, Susana Beatriz Genta, Natalia Cecilia Habib","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01981-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01981-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Vaccinium genus, with over 200 species, is prized for its fruits and traditional medicinal uses. Introduced to South America in the 1980s, it has become a significant crop, particularly in Tucumán, Argentina. Southern highbush blueberries are the most cultivated. Recent research suggests that the leaves and stems of these species contain higher levels of beneficial compounds compared to fruits. This study explores the potential of V. myrtillus L. leaves and stems, typically discarded as agricultural waste, as sources of bioactive compounds. It provides the first detailed analysis of their anatomy and chemical composition, revealing high levels of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Leaf extracts show stronger antioxidant activity compared to stems. Toxicity tests on Artemia salina indicate their safety for further exploration. These findings suggest that V. myrtillus L. waste by-products could be valuable as sources of bioactive compounds, promoting their application in pharmaceuticals, food, or cosmetics industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chloroplasts are usually considered spheroid organelles, but this is not the only shape of chloroplasts. The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas has been typically described as cup-shaped. However, in old studies, it was also modeled as a complex shape with "perforations" or windows. Here, we reconstructed the cellular architecture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and C. applanata using an array tomography system installed on a field emission scanning electron microscope. C. reinhardtii chloroplasts resembled a baseball glove or a cup without a side, featuring numerous large and small holes that may facilitate the transport of metabolites and proteins produced in the Golgi apparatus fitted in the holes. In a lipid-accumulating, high-light condition, the chloroplast volume increased by filling the side cleft with an entire wall. Many accumulated large lipid droplets were accommodated within the chloroplast holes, which could have been considered as "chloroplast lipid droplets." Mitochondrial meshworks surrounded the chloroplast. C. applanata chloroplasts appeared like a folded starfish or a cup with many side clefts and a few holes. There was a single mitochondrion or two that branched in a complex form. Tight contacts of various organelles were also found in C. applanata. These reconstructions illustrate the complexity of chloroplast shape, which necessitates a revised understanding of the localization of lipid droplets and the evolution of chloroplasts: The prevailing image of the spheroid chloroplasts that reminds us of the similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is no longer tenable.
叶绿体通常被认为是球形细胞器,但这并不是叶绿体的唯一形状。衣藻的叶绿体通常被描述为杯状。然而,在以前的研究中,它也被模拟为具有 "穿孔 "或窗口的复杂形状。在这里,我们利用安装在场强扫描电子显微镜上的阵列断层成像系统重建了莱茵衣藻和苹果衣藻的细胞结构。莱茵叶绿体类似于棒球手套或无边的杯子,具有许多大大小小的孔,这些孔可能有助于将高尔基体中产生的代谢物和蛋白质运输到孔中。在脂质积累、高光照的条件下,叶绿体的体积增大,整个壁填满了侧裂。叶绿体孔内容纳了许多累积的大脂滴,这些脂滴可被视为 "叶绿体脂滴"。线粒体网状结构包围着叶绿体。C. applanata叶绿体看起来像一个折叠的海星或杯子,有许多侧裂和几个孔。有一个或两个线粒体以复杂的形式分枝。在 C. applanata 中还发现了各种细胞器的紧密接触。这些重建说明了叶绿体形状的复杂性,因此有必要重新认识脂滴的定位和叶绿体的进化:球形叶绿体的普遍形象提醒我们,叶绿体与蓝藻之间存在相似性,但这一形象已不再站得住脚。
{"title":"Chloroplasts with clefts and holes: a reassessment of the chloroplast shape using 3D FE-SEM cellular reconstruction of two species of Chlamydomonas.","authors":"Naoki Sato, Mayuko Sato, Mayumi Wakazaki, Takashi Moriyama, Takashi Hirashima, Kiminori Toyooka","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01990-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01990-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts are usually considered spheroid organelles, but this is not the only shape of chloroplasts. The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas has been typically described as cup-shaped. However, in old studies, it was also modeled as a complex shape with \"perforations\" or windows. Here, we reconstructed the cellular architecture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and C. applanata using an array tomography system installed on a field emission scanning electron microscope. C. reinhardtii chloroplasts resembled a baseball glove or a cup without a side, featuring numerous large and small holes that may facilitate the transport of metabolites and proteins produced in the Golgi apparatus fitted in the holes. In a lipid-accumulating, high-light condition, the chloroplast volume increased by filling the side cleft with an entire wall. Many accumulated large lipid droplets were accommodated within the chloroplast holes, which could have been considered as \"chloroplast lipid droplets.\" Mitochondrial meshworks surrounded the chloroplast. C. applanata chloroplasts appeared like a folded starfish or a cup with many side clefts and a few holes. There was a single mitochondrion or two that branched in a complex form. Tight contacts of various organelles were also found in C. applanata. These reconstructions illustrate the complexity of chloroplast shape, which necessitates a revised understanding of the localization of lipid droplets and the evolution of chloroplasts: The prevailing image of the spheroid chloroplasts that reminds us of the similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is no longer tenable.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"207-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11698768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01976-5
Joseph N Amoah, Monica Ode Adu-Gyamfi
Drought stress triggers sugar accumulation in plants, providing energy and aiding in protection against oxidative damage. Plant hardening under mild stress conditions has been shown to enhance plant resistance to severe stress conditions. While sugar accumulation and metabolism under drought stress have been well-documented in crop plants, the effect of drought acclimation treatment on sugar accumulation and metabolism has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated the impact of drought stress acclimation on sugar accumulation and metabolism in the leaves and root tissues of two commonly cultivated foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes, 'PI 689680' and 'PI 662292'. Quantification of total sugars (soluble sugar, fructose, glucose, and sucrose), their related enzymes (SPS, SuSy, NI, and AI), and the regulation of their related transcripts (SiSPS1, SiSuSy1, SiSWEET6, SiA-INV, and SiC-INV) revealed that drought-acclimated (DA) plants exhibited levels of these indicators comparable to those of control plants. However, under subsequent drought stress conditions, both the leaves and roots of non-acclimated plants accumulated higher levels of total sugars, displayed increased activity of sugar metabolism enzymes, and showed elevated expression of sugar metabolism-related transcripts compared to drought-acclimated plants. Thus, acclimation-induced restriction of sugar accumulation, transport, and metabolism could be one of the metabolic processes contributing to enhanced drought tolerance in millet. This study advocates for the use of acclimation as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impacts of drought-induced metabolic disturbances in millet, thereby enhancing global food security and promoting sustainable agricultural systems.
{"title":"Effect of drought acclimation on sugar metabolism in millet.","authors":"Joseph N Amoah, Monica Ode Adu-Gyamfi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01976-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01976-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought stress triggers sugar accumulation in plants, providing energy and aiding in protection against oxidative damage. Plant hardening under mild stress conditions has been shown to enhance plant resistance to severe stress conditions. While sugar accumulation and metabolism under drought stress have been well-documented in crop plants, the effect of drought acclimation treatment on sugar accumulation and metabolism has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated the impact of drought stress acclimation on sugar accumulation and metabolism in the leaves and root tissues of two commonly cultivated foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes, 'PI 689680' and 'PI 662292'. Quantification of total sugars (soluble sugar, fructose, glucose, and sucrose), their related enzymes (SPS, SuSy, NI, and AI), and the regulation of their related transcripts (SiSPS1, SiSuSy1, SiSWEET6, SiA-INV, and SiC-INV) revealed that drought-acclimated (DA) plants exhibited levels of these indicators comparable to those of control plants. However, under subsequent drought stress conditions, both the leaves and roots of non-acclimated plants accumulated higher levels of total sugars, displayed increased activity of sugar metabolism enzymes, and showed elevated expression of sugar metabolism-related transcripts compared to drought-acclimated plants. Thus, acclimation-induced restriction of sugar accumulation, transport, and metabolism could be one of the metabolic processes contributing to enhanced drought tolerance in millet. This study advocates for the use of acclimation as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impacts of drought-induced metabolic disturbances in millet, thereby enhancing global food security and promoting sustainable agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"35-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11698784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01982-7
Lorenzo Alibardi
Skink, anguid, and pygopod lizards possess an extremely flat skin, imparting a compact and solid body and shining surface that facilitates their slider and/or fossorial movements. The present morphological study, conducted using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, has analyzed the microscopical morphology of extremely overlapped scales in different lizards, including species with limb reduction (scincids such as Lerista bougainvilli, Scincella lateralis, Lampropholis delicata) or legless (pygopods such as Lialis burtonis and Delma molleri and the anguid Anguis fragilis). The outer surface of the epidermis shows different micro-structures of the Oberhautchen layer containing corneous beta-proteins (CBPs) with variable immunoreactivity for these proteins. The beta-layer is relatively thick in most of these species, probably in relation to the resistance against strong mechanical forces acting on scales during the movements on harsh substrates. The scincid and anguid lizards also possess and regenerate osteoderms that reinforce scales flatness and mechanical resistance during the serpentiform or fossorial movements of these reptiles. Osteoderms are absent in pygopods. Roundish cells with a granular content are detected in the deep hinge region of scales in Lerista and Lampropholis skinks. Whether these cells may secrete substances that facilitate scale anti-friction and also determine shining of the skin surface remains to be shown.
{"title":"Microscopic structure and immunolabeling of extremely overlapped scales in some scincid, anguid, and pygopod lizards.","authors":"Lorenzo Alibardi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01982-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01982-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skink, anguid, and pygopod lizards possess an extremely flat skin, imparting a compact and solid body and shining surface that facilitates their slider and/or fossorial movements. The present morphological study, conducted using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, has analyzed the microscopical morphology of extremely overlapped scales in different lizards, including species with limb reduction (scincids such as Lerista bougainvilli, Scincella lateralis, Lampropholis delicata) or legless (pygopods such as Lialis burtonis and Delma molleri and the anguid Anguis fragilis). The outer surface of the epidermis shows different micro-structures of the Oberhautchen layer containing corneous beta-proteins (CBPs) with variable immunoreactivity for these proteins. The beta-layer is relatively thick in most of these species, probably in relation to the resistance against strong mechanical forces acting on scales during the movements on harsh substrates. The scincid and anguid lizards also possess and regenerate osteoderms that reinforce scales flatness and mechanical resistance during the serpentiform or fossorial movements of these reptiles. Osteoderms are absent in pygopods. Roundish cells with a granular content are detected in the deep hinge region of scales in Lerista and Lampropholis skinks. Whether these cells may secrete substances that facilitate scale anti-friction and also determine shining of the skin surface remains to be shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"99-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01983-6
Lijiang Hou, Dongzhi Zhang, Qiufang Wu, Xinqiang Gao, Junwei Wang
Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play a vital role in plant phosphorus nutrition, serving as a crucial family of metallo-phosphoesterase enzymes. This research aimed to identify the PAP genes from the A/B/D genomes of Triticum aestivum to elucidate evolutionary mechanisms of the gene family in plants and provide genomic information for subsequent research on phosphorous-use efficiency in wheat crops. In total, 105 PAP genes (TaPAPs) were identified from the A/B/D genomes by using the Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa PAP protein sequences as queries for BLASTP against the wheat protein database. The TaPAPs were grouped into six subfamilies, Ia (17), Ib (26), IIa (11), IIb (30), IIIa (12), and IIIb (9), based on their similarities in the structure of genes and the presence of conserved protein motifs. A majority of TaPAPs were derived from tandemly (20) or segmentally (87) duplicated, with the homoeologous chromosomes 5A/B/D harboring the most duplicated PAP genes. Further analysis indicated that TaPAPs were responsible for the modulation of seed, root, and leaf development and hormone synthesis and signaling, as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses, including low temperatures, drought, and anaerobic conditions. Nine TaPAPs (TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D, TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D, and TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D) were constitutively expressed in diverse tissues such as root, shoot, leaf, spike, and seed, while the remaining genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Concerning the response to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, 57 TaPAPs were highly expressed in roots under Pi stress, including TaPAP31-4A, 4B, and 4D homeologs from the subfamily IIIb. A TaPAP31-4A transgene in A. thaliana promoted plant growth and development while increasing plant resistance to Pi-deficiency stress by enhancing the secretion of phosphatase. These discoveries provide a scientific foundation for comprehending the role of TaPAPs, offering valuable insights for identifying additional candidate genes and fostering the development of new wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to low phosphorus conditions.
紫酸磷酸酶(PAPs)在植物磷营养中发挥着重要作用,是金属磷酯酶的一个重要家族。本研究旨在鉴定小麦 A/B/D 基因组中的 PAP 基因,以阐明该基因家族在植物中的进化机制,并为后续小麦作物磷利用效率的研究提供基因组信息。通过使用拟南芥和大麦的 PAP 蛋白序列作为 BLASTP 对小麦蛋白数据库的查询,从 A/B/D 基因组中共鉴定出 105 个 PAP 基因(TaPAPs)。根据基因结构的相似性和存在的保守蛋白基序,将 TaPAPs 分成六个亚家族:Ia(17 个)、Ib(26 个)、IIa(11 个)、IIb(30 个)、IIIa(12 个)和 IIIb(9 个)。大多数 TaPAPs 来自串联重复(20 个)或节段重复(87 个),其中同源染色体 5A/B/D 上的重复 PAP 基因最多。进一步的分析表明,TaPAPs 负责调节种子、根和叶的发育、激素合成和信号转导,以及植物对非生物胁迫(包括低温、干旱和厌氧条件)的反应。9个TaPAP(TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D、TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D和TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D)在根、芽、叶、穗和种子等不同组织中呈组成型表达,其余基因则表现出组织特异性表达模式。关于对磷酸盐(Pi)剥夺的响应,57 个 TaPAPs 在 Pi 胁迫下在根中高表达,其中包括来自 IIIb 亚家族的 TaPAP31-4A、4B 和 4D 同源物。TaPAP31-4A转基因通过增强磷酸酶的分泌,促进了植物的生长和发育,同时增强了植物对Pi-缺失胁迫的抵抗力。这些发现为理解 TaPAPs 的作用奠定了科学基础,为确定更多候选基因和培育对低磷条件耐受性更强的小麦新品种提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Analysis and profiling of the purple acid phosphatase gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).","authors":"Lijiang Hou, Dongzhi Zhang, Qiufang Wu, Xinqiang Gao, Junwei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01983-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01983-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play a vital role in plant phosphorus nutrition, serving as a crucial family of metallo-phosphoesterase enzymes. This research aimed to identify the PAP genes from the A/B/D genomes of Triticum aestivum to elucidate evolutionary mechanisms of the gene family in plants and provide genomic information for subsequent research on phosphorous-use efficiency in wheat crops. In total, 105 PAP genes (TaPAPs) were identified from the A/B/D genomes by using the Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa PAP protein sequences as queries for BLASTP against the wheat protein database. The TaPAPs were grouped into six subfamilies, Ia (17), Ib (26), IIa (11), IIb (30), IIIa (12), and IIIb (9), based on their similarities in the structure of genes and the presence of conserved protein motifs. A majority of TaPAPs were derived from tandemly (20) or segmentally (87) duplicated, with the homoeologous chromosomes 5A/B/D harboring the most duplicated PAP genes. Further analysis indicated that TaPAPs were responsible for the modulation of seed, root, and leaf development and hormone synthesis and signaling, as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses, including low temperatures, drought, and anaerobic conditions. Nine TaPAPs (TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D, TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D, and TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D) were constitutively expressed in diverse tissues such as root, shoot, leaf, spike, and seed, while the remaining genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Concerning the response to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, 57 TaPAPs were highly expressed in roots under Pi stress, including TaPAP31-4A, 4B, and 4D homeologs from the subfamily IIIb. A TaPAP31-4A transgene in A. thaliana promoted plant growth and development while increasing plant resistance to Pi-deficiency stress by enhancing the secretion of phosphatase. These discoveries provide a scientific foundation for comprehending the role of TaPAPs, offering valuable insights for identifying additional candidate genes and fostering the development of new wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to low phosphorus conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"73-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01980-9
Jéssica Ferreira de Lima, Denis Coelho de Oliveira, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira
In response to the restrictions imposed by their epiphytic habit, orchids have developed structural traits that allow greater efficiency in water uptake and use, such as a complex adventitious root system with velamen. The composition of cell wall of this specialized epidermis can be altered according to the substrate to which it is fixed, influencing wall permeability, absorption, and storage of water in roots. The current study aimed to evaluate the cell wall composition of adventitious roots of Vanilla phaeantha (Orchidaceae) that grow attached to the phorophyte, fixed in the soil, or hung free. Immunocytochemical analyses were used to determine the protein, hemicellulose, and pectin composition of the cell walls of aerial and terrestrial roots. We observed that pectins are present in the different tissues of the aerial roots, while in the terrestrial roots, they are concentrated in the cortical parenchyma. The deposition of xyloglucans, extensins, and arabinogalactans was greater in the epidermis of the free side of the roots attached to the phorophyte. The strong labeling of pectins in aerial roots may be related to the influx of water and nutrients, which are generally scarce in this environment. The arrangement of hemicelluloses and proteins with the pectins may be associated with increased cell rigidity and sustainability, a feature of interest for the aerial roots. In summary, the habit of roots can interfere with the non-cellulosic composition of the cell walls of V. phaeantha, possibly related to changes in cell functionality.
{"title":"Aerial and terrestrial root habits influence the composition of the cell walls of Vanilla phaeantha (Orchidaceae).","authors":"Jéssica Ferreira de Lima, Denis Coelho de Oliveira, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01980-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01980-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to the restrictions imposed by their epiphytic habit, orchids have developed structural traits that allow greater efficiency in water uptake and use, such as a complex adventitious root system with velamen. The composition of cell wall of this specialized epidermis can be altered according to the substrate to which it is fixed, influencing wall permeability, absorption, and storage of water in roots. The current study aimed to evaluate the cell wall composition of adventitious roots of Vanilla phaeantha (Orchidaceae) that grow attached to the phorophyte, fixed in the soil, or hung free. Immunocytochemical analyses were used to determine the protein, hemicellulose, and pectin composition of the cell walls of aerial and terrestrial roots. We observed that pectins are present in the different tissues of the aerial roots, while in the terrestrial roots, they are concentrated in the cortical parenchyma. The deposition of xyloglucans, extensins, and arabinogalactans was greater in the epidermis of the free side of the roots attached to the phorophyte. The strong labeling of pectins in aerial roots may be related to the influx of water and nutrients, which are generally scarce in this environment. The arrangement of hemicelluloses and proteins with the pectins may be associated with increased cell rigidity and sustainability, a feature of interest for the aerial roots. In summary, the habit of roots can interfere with the non-cellulosic composition of the cell walls of V. phaeantha, possibly related to changes in cell functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01977-4
Naasoom Luiz Santos Mesquita, Carlos André Espolador Leitão, Poliana Prates de Souza Soares, Quelmo Silva de Novaes, Maruzanete Pereira de Melo, José Luiz Bezerra, Armínio Santos
Sooty moulds are saprophytic epiphytic fungi that grow mostly on insect secretions, but they can also be associated with plant secretions. In this study, we aimed to describe de interaction of Capnodium alfenasii sooty mould with the extrafloral shoot nectaries of Azadirachta indica. Anatomical and histochemical studies were carried out on serial sections of extrafloral shoot nectaries of A. indica without and with C. alfenasii infestation. The total soluble sugar content of the secreted nectar was determined, and the conidial germination of the fungus in distilled water and in dextrose and nectar solutions was evaluated. The shoot nectaries of A. indica are elongated structures that occur in pairs near the base of the petiole. The exuded nectar contains an average of 534.8 µg of total soluble sugars per µL of nectar and provides ideal conditions for conidial germination and fungal growth. C. alfenasii hyphae grow on the nectary, penetrate through breaks in the cuticle, travel under the cuticle and penetrate the secretory tissue by inter- and intracellular routes. The present report is the first to describe the interaction of C. alfenasii with the A. indica nectary, including the penetration of hyphae into nectariferous tissues and the plant defence mechanisms.
煤烟霉是一种吸附性附生真菌,主要生长在昆虫的分泌物上,但也可能与植物的分泌物有关。在这项研究中,我们旨在描述 Capnodium alfenasii 煤烟霉与 Azadirachta indica 的花外芽蜜腺之间的相互作用。我们对未受 C. alfenasii 侵染和受 C. alfenasii 侵染的 A. indica 花外茎蜜腺的连续切片进行了解剖学和组织化学研究。测定了分泌的花蜜中可溶性糖的总含量,并评估了真菌在蒸馏水、葡萄糖和花蜜溶液中的分生孢子萌发情况。籼稻的嫩枝蜜腺是拉长的结构,成对出现在叶柄基部附近。渗出的花蜜平均每微升含有 534.8 微克的总可溶性糖,为分生孢子的发芽和真菌的生长提供了理想的条件。C. alfenasii菌丝在花蜜上生长,从角质层的破损处穿入,在角质层下移动,并通过细胞间和细胞内途径穿入分泌组织。本报告首次描述了 C. alfenasii 与籼稻蜜腺的相互作用,包括菌丝穿透蜜腺组织和植物防御机制。
{"title":"Interaction of Capnodium alfenasii with extrafloral nectaries of Azadirachta indica.","authors":"Naasoom Luiz Santos Mesquita, Carlos André Espolador Leitão, Poliana Prates de Souza Soares, Quelmo Silva de Novaes, Maruzanete Pereira de Melo, José Luiz Bezerra, Armínio Santos","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01977-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01977-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sooty moulds are saprophytic epiphytic fungi that grow mostly on insect secretions, but they can also be associated with plant secretions. In this study, we aimed to describe de interaction of Capnodium alfenasii sooty mould with the extrafloral shoot nectaries of Azadirachta indica. Anatomical and histochemical studies were carried out on serial sections of extrafloral shoot nectaries of A. indica without and with C. alfenasii infestation. The total soluble sugar content of the secreted nectar was determined, and the conidial germination of the fungus in distilled water and in dextrose and nectar solutions was evaluated. The shoot nectaries of A. indica are elongated structures that occur in pairs near the base of the petiole. The exuded nectar contains an average of 534.8 µg of total soluble sugars per µL of nectar and provides ideal conditions for conidial germination and fungal growth. C. alfenasii hyphae grow on the nectary, penetrate through breaks in the cuticle, travel under the cuticle and penetrate the secretory tissue by inter- and intracellular routes. The present report is the first to describe the interaction of C. alfenasii with the A. indica nectary, including the penetration of hyphae into nectariferous tissues and the plant defence mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4
Lubia María Guedes, Narciso Aguilera, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro, Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Many insect-induced galls are considered complex structures due to their tissue compartmentalization and multiple roles performed by them. The current study investigates the complex interaction between Nothofagus obliqua host plant and the hymenopteran gall-inducer Espinosa nothofagi, focusing on cell wall properties and cytological features. The E. nothofagi galls present an inner cortex with nutritive and storage tissues, as well as outer cortex with epidermis, chlorenchyma, and water-storing parenchyma. The water-storing parenchyma cells are rich in pectins, heteromannans, and xyloglucans in their walls, and have large vacuoles. Homogalacturonans contribute to water retention, and periplasmic spaces function as additional water reservoirs. Nutritive storage cell walls support nutrient storage, with plasmodesmata facilitating nutrient mobilization crucial for larval nutrition. Their primary and sometimes thick secondary cell walls support structural integrity and act as a carbon reserve. The absent labeling of non-cellulosic epitopes indicates a predominantly cellulosic nature in nutritive cell walls, facilitating larval access to lipid, protein, and reducing sugar-rich contents. The nutritive tissue, with functional chloroplasts and high metabolism-related organelles, displays signs of self-sufficiency, emphasizing its role in larval nutrition and cellular maintenance. Overall, the intricate cell wall composition in E. nothofagi galls showcases adaptations for water storage, nutrient mobilization, and larval nutrition, contributing significantly to our understanding of plant-insect interactions.
{"title":"Integrated insights into the cytological, histochemical, and cell wall composition features of Espinosa nothofagi (Hymenoptera) gall tissues: implications for functionality.","authors":"Lubia María Guedes, Narciso Aguilera, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro, Denis Coelho de Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many insect-induced galls are considered complex structures due to their tissue compartmentalization and multiple roles performed by them. The current study investigates the complex interaction between Nothofagus obliqua host plant and the hymenopteran gall-inducer Espinosa nothofagi, focusing on cell wall properties and cytological features. The E. nothofagi galls present an inner cortex with nutritive and storage tissues, as well as outer cortex with epidermis, chlorenchyma, and water-storing parenchyma. The water-storing parenchyma cells are rich in pectins, heteromannans, and xyloglucans in their walls, and have large vacuoles. Homogalacturonans contribute to water retention, and periplasmic spaces function as additional water reservoirs. Nutritive storage cell walls support nutrient storage, with plasmodesmata facilitating nutrient mobilization crucial for larval nutrition. Their primary and sometimes thick secondary cell walls support structural integrity and act as a carbon reserve. The absent labeling of non-cellulosic epitopes indicates a predominantly cellulosic nature in nutritive cell walls, facilitating larval access to lipid, protein, and reducing sugar-rich contents. The nutritive tissue, with functional chloroplasts and high metabolism-related organelles, displays signs of self-sufficiency, emphasizing its role in larval nutrition and cellular maintenance. Overall, the intricate cell wall composition in E. nothofagi galls showcases adaptations for water storage, nutrient mobilization, and larval nutrition, contributing significantly to our understanding of plant-insect interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"149-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germination is an essential phenomenon in the life cycle of plants, and a variety of external and internal factors influence it. Fire and the produced smoke have been vital environmental stimulants for the germination of seeds in many plant species, like Leucospermum cordifolium and Serruria florida. These plants do not germinate at all if fire and smoke are not present. This phenomenon of germination in plant species has existed in the ecosystem since ancient times. Various studies to study the response of seeds to smoke and its extracts have been undertaken for stimulation of germination by burning various plant materials and bubbling the smoke produced through water. The application of plant-derived smoke and smoke water is well known for promoting germination, breaking dormancy, and checking abiotic stress. This significantly indicates that plant-derived smoke contains some bioactive metabolites responsible for the physiological metabolism of seed germination and is involved in enhancing seed vigor. The present review deals with the ancient use of smoke and smoke extracts for seed priming, the cost-efficient method of its preparation, the mode of action of karrikins relating to its perception by plants, and its significant effects on various crops, including its ability to check biotic and abiotic stresses.
{"title":"Smoke-water treatment of seeds, an ancient technique for increasing seed vigor.","authors":"Nidhi Pandey, Sandeep Nalla, Abhinav Dayal, Prashant Rai, Vaidurya Pratap Sahi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01975-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01975-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Germination is an essential phenomenon in the life cycle of plants, and a variety of external and internal factors influence it. Fire and the produced smoke have been vital environmental stimulants for the germination of seeds in many plant species, like Leucospermum cordifolium and Serruria florida. These plants do not germinate at all if fire and smoke are not present. This phenomenon of germination in plant species has existed in the ecosystem since ancient times. Various studies to study the response of seeds to smoke and its extracts have been undertaken for stimulation of germination by burning various plant materials and bubbling the smoke produced through water. The application of plant-derived smoke and smoke water is well known for promoting germination, breaking dormancy, and checking abiotic stress. This significantly indicates that plant-derived smoke contains some bioactive metabolites responsible for the physiological metabolism of seed germination and is involved in enhancing seed vigor. The present review deals with the ancient use of smoke and smoke extracts for seed priming, the cost-efficient method of its preparation, the mode of action of karrikins relating to its perception by plants, and its significant effects on various crops, including its ability to check biotic and abiotic stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-02024-y
Pavel Safonov, Vadim Khaitov, Olga Palii, Sergei Skarlato, Mariia Berdieva
Rhizochromulina is a genus of unicellular dictyochophycean algae (Heterokontophyta), comprising a single species R. marina and numerous strains. Recently, we described the first arctic rhizochromuline-Rhizochromulina sp. strain B44. Amoeboid cells of this algae are able to transform into flagellates, and this transition can be triggered by prolonged mechanical disturbance. Thin branching pseudopodia of the neighboring rhizochromuline cells fuse to form a meroplasmodium. The pseudopodia contain microtubules, but do not contain actin microfilaments; actin forms the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and extends only to the bases of the pseudopodia. Microtubule-driven pseudopodia are characteristic to a plethora of eukaryotes, but the role of microtubular and actin cytoskeleton in locomotion of these organisms remains poorly understood. We conducted a series of experiments where amoeboid cells of Rhizochromulina sp. B44 were treated with either 10 µM nocodazole, 10 µM latrunculin B, or both drugs simultaneously. Cellular locomotion was captured on camera, tracked, and then analyzed with the help of the generalized additive mixed model. The obtained results indicate that both drugs, when applied separately, decrease the motility of the studied cells. Unexpectedly, the combined treatment had the opposite effect, as the cells became more motile. The analysis also revealed a non-linear pattern of relationship between motility of amoeboid cells of rhizochromulines and density of their population.
{"title":"Effects of nocodazole and latrunculin B on locomotion of amoeboid cells of Rhizochromulina sp. strain B44 (Heterokontophyta, Dictyochophyceae).","authors":"Pavel Safonov, Vadim Khaitov, Olga Palii, Sergei Skarlato, Mariia Berdieva","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-02024-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-024-02024-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhizochromulina is a genus of unicellular dictyochophycean algae (Heterokontophyta), comprising a single species R. marina and numerous strains. Recently, we described the first arctic rhizochromuline-Rhizochromulina sp. strain B44. Amoeboid cells of this algae are able to transform into flagellates, and this transition can be triggered by prolonged mechanical disturbance. Thin branching pseudopodia of the neighboring rhizochromuline cells fuse to form a meroplasmodium. The pseudopodia contain microtubules, but do not contain actin microfilaments; actin forms the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and extends only to the bases of the pseudopodia. Microtubule-driven pseudopodia are characteristic to a plethora of eukaryotes, but the role of microtubular and actin cytoskeleton in locomotion of these organisms remains poorly understood. We conducted a series of experiments where amoeboid cells of Rhizochromulina sp. B44 were treated with either 10 µM nocodazole, 10 µM latrunculin B, or both drugs simultaneously. Cellular locomotion was captured on camera, tracked, and then analyzed with the help of the generalized additive mixed model. The obtained results indicate that both drugs, when applied separately, decrease the motility of the studied cells. Unexpectedly, the combined treatment had the opposite effect, as the cells became more motile. The analysis also revealed a non-linear pattern of relationship between motility of amoeboid cells of rhizochromulines and density of their population.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142897101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}