Protoplasma最新文献

Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens), a model moss species, has emerged as an invaluable system for studying autophagy in plants. This review highlights the unique advantages of P. patens for autophagy research, including its efficient homologous recombination in mitotic cells, simple body plan, haploid-presiding life cycle, and accessibility to microscopic observation. I discuss recent advances in understanding autophagy mechanisms in P. patens, particularly focusing on the role of core autophagy-related (ATG) genes in growth, development, stress responses, and cell death. The characterization of autophagy-deficient mutants revealed unexpected roles of autophagy in promoting cell death under oxidative stress and desiccation, in contrast with classical survival functions. I also examine the conservation and divergence of the autophagy machinery between mosses and vascular plants, emphasizing how P. patens bridges evolutionary gaps in our understanding of plant autophagy. Finally, I outline future perspectives on the use of this model system to address fundamental questions about selective autophagy, autophagosome dynamics, and the integration of autophagy with developmental programs.

The paper presents unknown ultrastructure observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of aedeagus, spermatheca and body morphology of Psylliodes valida Weise, 1889 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Türkiye. This species, which belongs to one of the genera that is very important in biological control, is a new record for Çorum province and the Central Anatolia Region, where it was collected in August 2023.The genus Psylliodes Latreille includes 200 species in the worldwide, while it is represented by 42 species in Türkiye. As known, aedeagus, spermatheca and body morphology are taxonomically important structures. However, before the present study, the structural morphology of these features in Psylliodes Latreille had not been addressed in any previous research, leaving a notable gap in the literature For this reason, ultrastructural and detailed investigations of aedeagus, spermatheca and body morphology of Psylliodes Latreille from Türkiye were firstly studied with SEM to contain male and female genital descriptions of Psylliodes valida Weise, 1889. Photos in SEM are also given in the text.

Understanding protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in planta is essential for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying plant development and responses to environmental stresses. Here, we demonstrate the application of the split firefly luciferase complementation assay (SplitLUC) using a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD)-based plant imaging system and a microplate reader to detect and quantify PPIs in planta. As an example, we investigated the previously reported interaction between DET1- and DDB1-ASSOCIATED 1 (DDA1), a component of the CULLIN4 (CUL4)-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and PYR1-like 8 (PYL8), a known substrate of the same complex. Co-infiltration of Agrobacterium strains carrying DDA1-nLUC and cLUC-PYL8 constructs resulted in a robust luminescent signal upon addition of D-luciferin, which was visualised and quantified using the NightSHADE evo Plant Imaging System. Control combinations lacking either fusion partner or containing only empty vectors did not produce detectable luminescence, confirming the specificity of the interaction. To account for infiltration efficiency and variability in transgene expression, the luminescence values were normalised against fluorescence from co-infiltrated TagRFP, measured using a Tecan Spark microplate reader. This normalisation strategy effectively mitigated leaf-to-leaf variation in luminescence signals and demonstrated that the SplitLUC assay, when combined with fluorescence-based normalisation, provides a robust and reliable quantitative method for studying PPIs in planta. We propose that this approach is well-suited for investigating weaker interactions, assessing the influence of additional (bridge) proteins, and mapping interaction domains within the proteins of interest.

This research represents the first comprehensive biochemical analysis of mature fruits from apple trees of the Chloromeles section, specifically examining Malus coronaria, Malus ioensis, Malus × platycarpa and Malus × soulardii. The experimental investigations revealed distinctive compositional characteristics in lipids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and chlorophylls that markedly differentiate these species from other representatives of the genus Malus. Specifically, our research revealed the absence of procyanidin B1 and a high content of chlorogenic acid, accompanied by remarkably low quantities of cinnamic acid and its derivatives. Linoleic acid represented approximately 50% of the total fatty acid profile, which is substantially lower compared to the lipid content commonly observed in domesticated apple varieties. Conversely, the linolenic acid concentration was significantly higher. Fructose levels in fruit tissues of the Chloromeles section ranged from 15% in M. ioensis to 50% in M. coronaria, the section's largest fruiting species. Additionally, the analysis revealed the presence of transport sugars and highly etherified protopectins. Unlike other Malus, the Chloromeles section mature fruits exhibited high chlorophyll and low carotenoid contents. These pigments were present in both the peel and pulp tissues. The observed composition, including elevated transport sugar and protopectin levels, is typically associated with fruits at early ripening stages. This may contribute to the suboptimal flavor development, despite the presence of a relatively high total soluble sugar content.

The Tumour Protein D52 (TPD52) family, including TPD52, TPD52L1, and TPD52L2, plays critical roles in membrane trafficking, lipid metabolism, and oncogenic signalling, with its overexpression linked to multiple cancers. Phosphorylation is a key regulator of their functions, yet their phosphoproteomic landscape remains underexplored. This study integrates over 3,825 public human phosphoproteomic datasets to map phosphorylation profiles of TPD52, TPD52L1, and TPD52L2, identifying dominant phosphosites like S171, S176, S149, and S12, S166 within conserved coiled-coil and PEST-like domains. CAMK2D was identified as a predominant shared kinase, alongside CDK2 and GRK5, associating these modifications with calcium signaling, cell cycle progression, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Co-phosphoregulation highlighted positive interactions with ABRAXAS2 and negative correlations with ABLIM3, implicating involvement in ubiquitin-mediated degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cytokinesis. Notably, hypophosphorylation at TPD52_S171/S176 was observed in hepatocellular and lung carcinomas, whereas hyperphosphorylation at TPD52L2_S166 prevailed in ovarian and pancreatic cancers, underscoring biomarker utility. Phosphorylation-driven interactomes emphasized roles in vesicular trafficking and oncogenesis This study catalogues the phosphorylation events and explores the potential of TPD52 family as a phosphoregulated hub in cancer biology, with CAMK2D as a potential therapeutic target.

Crop growth, quality, and yield can be adversely affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Crop characteristics can be improved with conventional breeding and other variation-based breeding strategies. However, these strategies are time as well as resource consuming and to overcome this, novel approaches are necessary. CRISPR/Cas technique allows to improve desired traits more efficiently and accurately by targeting specific genes. Genome editing has become more versatile with CRISPR/Cas systems and is a valuable tool to protect food security by developing commercial crops optimized for yield and nutritional quality. Researchers are able to target and edit stress response pathway genes to develop crops with increased tolerance to stress. A lack of regeneration protocols and sufficient genome sequencing data has restricted fruit editing to only a few fruits (tomatoes, citrus, apple, kiwi, banana, grapes, strawberries, watermelon, etc.). This review is focused on CRISPR/Cas applications on the nutritional aspects of fruit engineering along with the challenges and opportunities. Another aspect which will be covered is the use of CRISPR/Cas technology to improve fruit resilience to biotic and abiotic stress, but not at the cost of yield. We discuss the pros and cons of using this technology, such as unintended effects on fruit traits or public concerns about GMOs. We conclude that the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has the potential to be of great benefit to the agricultural industry not only to improve nutritional aspects but also to help reduce crop losses.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive oil crop, contributing to approximately 35% of the global vegetable oil production. The tenera fruit form, derived from dura × pisifera crosses, is planted for its superior mesocarp oil yield due to thicker mesocarp and thinner endocarp fruit characteristics. In this study, histology analyses were conducted to characterize the developmental progression in tenera fruit. Cytological and morphological analyses revealed that fruit tissue compartmentation commence as early as 3 weeks after anthesis (WAA), with the pericarp distinctly differentiating into exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp layers that enclose the seed coat and endosperm. The endocarp layer becomes prominent at 4 WAA and reaches an average maximum thickness of 1.1 ± 0.55 mm until full ripening at 23 WAA. Sclereid secondary cell wall lignification is initiated at 8 WAA, coincides with the onset of endosperm cellularization and a significant increase in endocarp cell density. The expression of SHELL gene showed a developmental stage-dependent pattern with highest expression recorded at 12 WAA, aligning with the phase of active lignification detected histologically. Collectively, these findings identify 8 WAA as a critical developmental stage that defines seed size, endocarp lignification, shell thickness, endosperm cellularization, and mesocarp capacity for oil accumulation in tenera fruit. These coordinated cytological and molecular changes suggest a shared transcriptional regulation of tissue-border formation and cell wall biogenesis in oil palm fruit. This study provides a foundation for transcriptomic investigations into the molecular control of fruit tissue differentiation and size control, contributing to strategies to enhance oil yield, seed quality and fruit architecture in elite tenera palms.

In Malpighiaceae species, the corolla consists of five petals, with the posterior petal, or flag petal, being distinct in shape and size. This differentiation facilitates the proper orientation and positioning of pollinators, allowing them to access floral oils while simultaneously contacting the anthers and the stigma, thereby enabling pollen transfer. To better understand the role of the corolla in pollinator attraction, a study was conducted on the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of all petals of Alicia anisopetala and Callaeum psilophyllum. Flowers at anthesis were collected and fixed for subsequent analysis. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed. The results revealed morphological and anatomical differences between the posterior and lateral petals of both species. Hairs, druse crystals, and fimbriae were identified along the petal margins. Ultrastructural analysis revealed metabolically active and secretory epidermal cells, associated to scent secretion, with distinctive characteristics observed in the emergent structures of the posterior petal of C. psilophyllum. In summary, this study provides detailed information on petal structure in these Malpighiaceae species, suggesting adaptations for pollinator attraction through specific morphological features and fragrance secretion. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the fundamental role of the corolla in the pollination of A. anisopetala and C. psilophyllum.