Psychological bulletin最新文献

Electronic screens are everywhere and are easily accessible to children. Parents report fears that screens cause socioemotional problems. But most research has been cross-sectional, making it difficult to establish causality. We reviewed the longitudinal evidence to answer two fundamental questions: Does screen use lead to socioemotional problems, and do socioemotional problems lead children to use screens more often? A total of 132 longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. From these, 117 studies (292,739 children; 2,284 effects) were meta-analyzed. Small significant associations were found in both directions: Screen use led to socioemotional problems, b = 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.02, 0.11], p ≤ 0.05, n = 200,018, K = 117, and socioemotional problems led to greater screen use (b = 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 0.12], p = .01, n = 200,018, K = 117). Moderation analyses showed stronger effects in both directions when screens were used for gaming than for other purposes: Socioemotional problems led to more gaming behavior (b = 0.44, 95% CI [0.29, 0.60], n = 80,809, K = 31), and playing games led to later socioemotional problems (b = 0.32, 95% CI [0.23, 0.42], n = 80,809, K = 31). The reciprocal relationship between socioemotional problems and screen use was moderated by children's age, total screen time at baseline, and type of socioemotional problem (i.e., externalizing and internalizing behavior). Compared with prior cross-sectional studies, our temporal evidence reinforces the benefits of screen time guidelines but suggests a change in focus. Instead of merely emphasizing the reduction of screen time, guidelines should prioritize improving the quality of screen content and enhancing social interactions during screen use. Additionally, screen time guidelines should discourage high levels of the most high-risk behaviors like gaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The scientific output generated in psychology has surged in recent decades, including the number of studies investigating psychological treatments. To keep track of all this evidence, we developed the "Metapsy" meta-analytic research domain: a comprehensive system of open databases and tailored software that allows for rapid evidence generation. We leverage this novel infrastructure to summarize the effect of psychological treatment across 12 mental health problems and trace back the global expansion of psychotherapy research over the past 50 years. Including 1,029 studies with 85,952 patients, our results indicate small to moderate average benefits in treating psychosis (g = 0.32), suicidal ideation (g = 0.34), borderline personality disorder (g = 0.46), and prolonged grief (g = 0.49). In contrast, psychological interventions have large average effects on depression (g = 0.73), problem gambling (g = 0.80), panic (g = 0.83), generalized anxiety (g = 0.86), social anxiety (g = 0.95), obsessive-compulsive (g = 1.18), posttraumatic stress disorder (g = 1.18), and phobias (g = 1.25). Most available evidence (83.4%-86.1%) comes from high-income and Western countries, but their dominance is declining. We found no indication that psychotherapy is less effective in low- and middle-income countries (g = 0.38-2.41) or non-Western cultures (g = 0.74-2.20). We discuss ways to further enhance psychotherapy's public health impact, as well as how the meta-analytic research domain concept may be extended to other types of psychological research in the future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Although numerous reviews and meta-analyses have examined the effects of physical activity on cognition, no previous meta-analysis has comprehensively explored the role of contextual factors. In this systematic review, we examined the role of contextual moderators along with more commonly investigated individual (e.g., age) and physical activity-related moderators (e.g., intensity, type). A multilevel meta-analysis was applied to 171 chronic (654 effect sizes) and 68 acute studies (305 effect sizes) involving 48,625 participants from preschool to older adulthood. On average, small positive effects on cognition were found for participation in both chronic (g = 0.25, 95% CI [0.19, 0.31]) and acute physical activity (g = 0.21, 95% CI [0.12, 0.30]). Physical activity effects on cognition seem to be jointly moderated by contextual and physical activity-related factors. The largest effect sizes were depicted for chronic practice of outdoor physical activity of moderate-to-vigorous intensity (g = 0.63, 95% CI [0.41; 0.85]) and with high cognitive demand (g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.15, 0.91]), and for acute bouts of outdoor physical activity of moderate intensity (g = 0.71, 95% CI [0.42, 0.99]). These results may inform the design of future chronic and acute physical activity trials to foster a more comprehensive understanding of the intersection between multiple moderators. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

As older women drive aging population trends, it is crucial to understand how target age and gender jointly influence perceiver attitudes. Although the prevailing "double jeopardy" perspective portrays older women as the most derogated age-gender group due to facing both age and sex bias, some evidence suggests gender attitudes converge with target age (i.e., a "convergence" perspective). Investigating these competing hypotheses, we meta-analyzed 55 reports (k = 92 samples, N = 37,235) comparing attitudes toward younger, middle-aged, and older women and men. Results suggested more positive overall attitudes toward younger and middle-aged adults versus older adults-and, perhaps surprisingly, toward women versus men. Moderator analyses revealed significant Age × Gender interactions. Consistent with convergence, a pro-female bias emerged toward younger (g = -0.12) and middle-aged (g = -0.11) targets, but attitudes toward older women and men were virtually equivalent (g = -0.01). Consistent with double jeopardy, a stronger pro-younger (vs. older) bias existed for women (g = -0.34) as compared to men (g = -0.22), and a stronger pro-middle aged (vs. older) bias existed for women (g = -0.34) as compared to men (g = -0.22). Attitude dimension emerged as a significant moderator: For example, whereas warmth and agency stereotypes reflected a double jeopardy pattern-older women seen as the warmest but least agentic group-behaviors followed a pattern of gender convergence with age. Our findings highlight the complex interplay of age and gender in shaping attitudes, underscoring the need to simultaneously consider both identities in social perception research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).