Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1177/14777606241281624
Sunday A Osemeahon, Ayodele Akinterinwa, Esther Fasina, Fartisincha P Andrew, Mohammed H Shagal, Semiu A Kareem, Usaku Reuben, Patience U Onyebuchi, Adelagun R Olubukola, David Esenowo, Amina Aminu
Sustainable production of efficient and low-cost coating materials from recycled plastic wastes will have a significant impact on economic advancements in paints and coatings, as well as waste management. Polystyrene waste was reduced to a resin, which was further modified by blending with natural rubber latex (NRL). The recycled polystyrene resin (rPS) and NRL formed homogeneous composite resins (rPS-NRL) blends in various ratios, and the changes in some physicochemical properties of the resins were studied. The rPS-NRL blended in different ratios exhibited higher density (0.83–0.92 g/cm3), refractive index (1.401–1.438), viscosity (935–1287 cP), elongation (5–18 %), and melting point (184°C–217.5°C), as well as lower moisture uptake (1.1–0.88 %) and faster drying time (32–19 min), compared to the rPS resin. Changes in functional, structural, and morphological characteristics of the resins were studied using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA-DTA). The results indicated molecular interactions between NRL and the rPS resin, which form the basis for the unique physicochemical properties of the composite resin compared with the pristine rPS and NRL resins. White (CaCO3) pigmented emulsion paint produced using the rPS-NRL composite resin as binder was tested in comparison with paint produced using the conventional polyvinyl acetate (PVA) binder, where the rPS-NRL paint exhibits superior properties, including outstanding resistance to water.
{"title":"Characterization and application of composite resin of natural rubber latex and polystyrene waste as a binder for water-resistant emulsion paint formulation","authors":"Sunday A Osemeahon, Ayodele Akinterinwa, Esther Fasina, Fartisincha P Andrew, Mohammed H Shagal, Semiu A Kareem, Usaku Reuben, Patience U Onyebuchi, Adelagun R Olubukola, David Esenowo, Amina Aminu","doi":"10.1177/14777606241281624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241281624","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable production of efficient and low-cost coating materials from recycled plastic wastes will have a significant impact on economic advancements in paints and coatings, as well as waste management. Polystyrene waste was reduced to a resin, which was further modified by blending with natural rubber latex (NRL). The recycled polystyrene resin (rPS) and NRL formed homogeneous composite resins (rPS-NRL) blends in various ratios, and the changes in some physicochemical properties of the resins were studied. The rPS-NRL blended in different ratios exhibited higher density (0.83–0.92 g/cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>), refractive index (1.401–1.438), viscosity (935–1287 cP), elongation (5–18 %), and melting point (184°C–217.5°C), as well as lower moisture uptake (1.1–0.88 %) and faster drying time (32–19 min), compared to the rPS resin. Changes in functional, structural, and morphological characteristics of the resins were studied using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA-DTA). The results indicated molecular interactions between NRL and the rPS resin, which form the basis for the unique physicochemical properties of the composite resin compared with the pristine rPS and NRL resins. White (CaCO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) pigmented emulsion paint produced using the rPS-NRL composite resin as binder was tested in comparison with paint produced using the conventional polyvinyl acetate (PVA) binder, where the rPS-NRL paint exhibits superior properties, including outstanding resistance to water.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1177/14777606241281619
Jukka Koskinen, Noora Kemppainen, Essi Sarlin
There is a strong need to replace carbon black and silica as a reinforcing filler in rubber industry. Lignin is a promising option as a replacement, because of its wide availability, complex chemistry and sustainable source. Typically, the reinforcing effect of lignin is weak and one major cause is the poor dispersion of filler. In this study, typical dispersion parameters in mixing are tested in a systematic way to validate their effect on kraft lignin dispersion in polybutadiene rubber. Tested mixing variables are temperature, rotor speed, mixing time, fill ratio and shear forces. The effect of variables to dispersion are analyzed from electron microscopy images with an image analysis software. With this novel method exact number of particles and their properties could be calculated. Unlike for conventional fillers (carbon black and silica), the results show clearly that only the mixing temperature has an effect on lignin dispersion in rubber. With high mixing temperatures, dispersion and hence mechanical properties improved. The better dispersion is especially seen as decreasing number of large (>Ø 5 μm) particles. Other mixing variables did not have significant effect on dispersion and the number of large particles.
{"title":"Lignin dispersion in polybutadiene rubber (BR) with different mixing parameters","authors":"Jukka Koskinen, Noora Kemppainen, Essi Sarlin","doi":"10.1177/14777606241281619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241281619","url":null,"abstract":"There is a strong need to replace carbon black and silica as a reinforcing filler in rubber industry. Lignin is a promising option as a replacement, because of its wide availability, complex chemistry and sustainable source. Typically, the reinforcing effect of lignin is weak and one major cause is the poor dispersion of filler. In this study, typical dispersion parameters in mixing are tested in a systematic way to validate their effect on kraft lignin dispersion in polybutadiene rubber. Tested mixing variables are temperature, rotor speed, mixing time, fill ratio and shear forces. The effect of variables to dispersion are analyzed from electron microscopy images with an image analysis software. With this novel method exact number of particles and their properties could be calculated. Unlike for conventional fillers (carbon black and silica), the results show clearly that only the mixing temperature has an effect on lignin dispersion in rubber. With high mixing temperatures, dispersion and hence mechanical properties improved. The better dispersion is especially seen as decreasing number of large (>Ø 5 μm) particles. Other mixing variables did not have significant effect on dispersion and the number of large particles.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/14777606241281611
Hasan Öktem, Naresh Kumar Konada, Halit Karasungur
The role of high-performance thermoplastic products is increasing in the present days because of its excellent physical and mechanical properties and also capable of withstanding critical loads and temperatures. In this study, an attempt was made to improve the mechanical and physical properties of two polymers PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide) and PEI (Polyethylenimine) by addition of glass fiber as a reinforcement fiber. The glass fiber (GF) content considered as 40 wt% for both the polymers. Injection molding method was used for fabrication of PPS and PEI samples. After fabrication, mechanical tests such as tensile, impact and dimensional shrinkage (%) of samples were calculated. Taguchi and Topsis analysis techniques were applied for evaluation of major influencing parameters and determining the best experiment to be performed on the machine. After conducting the test, PPS polymer exhibited better mechanical strength values and lower shrinkage (%) compared to PEI. The best input parameters kept on the machine were observed to be gate way type, temperature and pressure. The conditions of gate way type 2, temperature 320°C, and a pressure of 100 bar are obtained as the best input parameters to be fixed on the machine for achieving higher values of mechanical strength and lower dimensional shrinkage for both PPS and PEI polymers. Out of these two polymers, PPS exhibited better mechanical and physical properties combining with GF. This polymer can extend its usage as a high-performance polymer for various industrial applications.
{"title":"Comparative study: High performance polymers of polyphenylene sulfide and polyethylenimine using Taguchi-Topsis optimization approaches","authors":"Hasan Öktem, Naresh Kumar Konada, Halit Karasungur","doi":"10.1177/14777606241281611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241281611","url":null,"abstract":"The role of high-performance thermoplastic products is increasing in the present days because of its excellent physical and mechanical properties and also capable of withstanding critical loads and temperatures. In this study, an attempt was made to improve the mechanical and physical properties of two polymers PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide) and PEI (Polyethylenimine) by addition of glass fiber as a reinforcement fiber. The glass fiber (GF) content considered as 40 wt% for both the polymers. Injection molding method was used for fabrication of PPS and PEI samples. After fabrication, mechanical tests such as tensile, impact and dimensional shrinkage (%) of samples were calculated. Taguchi and Topsis analysis techniques were applied for evaluation of major influencing parameters and determining the best experiment to be performed on the machine. After conducting the test, PPS polymer exhibited better mechanical strength values and lower shrinkage (%) compared to PEI. The best input parameters kept on the machine were observed to be gate way type, temperature and pressure. The conditions of gate way type 2, temperature 320°C, and a pressure of 100 bar are obtained as the best input parameters to be fixed on the machine for achieving higher values of mechanical strength and lower dimensional shrinkage for both PPS and PEI polymers. Out of these two polymers, PPS exhibited better mechanical and physical properties combining with GF. This polymer can extend its usage as a high-performance polymer for various industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/14777606241281614
Mumtaz Rizwee, Deepak Kumar
Additive manufacturing is regarded as a very efficient fabrication technique since it permits the manufacturing of any three-dimensional product. The present work determines the effect of various infill pattern on the mechanical properties in term of tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of poly-lactic acid (PLA) samples fabricated by fused deposition modeling method. The mechanical behaviour of the 3D-printed PLAs investigated using dog-bone specimens with six distinct infill patterns: line, triangle, tri-hexagon, cubic, octet, and gyroid. The mechanical characteristics were evaluated using the uniaxial tensile test and shore D type hardness tester. The strain and deformation criteria were employed to substantiate the ductile and brittle characteristics. The fractural surface morphology analyzed using the field emission scanning electron microscope. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate the uniaxial tensile test and establish a Yeoh third order hyperelastic material model for the predictions of the stress-strain response. This model is chosen for its precise ability to predict the nonlinear stress-strain responses for significant deformation and is crucial in applications that involve high degrees of flexibility and elasticity, such as in tire modeling, polymer and elastomer analysis, sports equipment designing, 3D printed components etc. Results revealed that the cubic infill had a maximum tensile strength 32.648 ± 1.42 MPa and octet infill had a minimum tensile strength 22.373 ± 0.79 MPa. The majority of experimental data indicated a brittle behaviour for line-infilled, but triangular, trihexagonal, cubic, octet, and gyroid infill patterns demonstrated ductile behaviour. In comparison to other geometrical infills, cubic shown relatively superior mechanical responses. Consequently, the geometrical infill effect plays a significant role in finding the appropriate mechanical property for industrial applications. The developed material model possesses potential utility in non-linear FEA investigations pertaining to 3D printed PLA objects that are predicted to sustain tensile strength.
增材制造被认为是一种非常高效的制造技术，因为它可以制造任何三维产品。本研究通过熔融沉积建模法确定了各种填充图案对聚乳酸（PLA）样品拉伸强度、屈服强度和硬度等机械性能的影响。研究人员使用具有六种不同填充图案的狗骨试样研究了三维打印聚乳酸的机械性能：直线、三角形、三六边形、立方体、八面体和陀螺。使用单轴拉伸试验和邵氏 D 型硬度计对机械特性进行了评估。应变和变形标准用于证实韧性和脆性特征。使用场发射扫描电子显微镜分析了断裂表面形态。非线性有限元分析（FEA）被用来模拟单轴拉伸试验，并建立了一个杨氏三阶超弹性材料模型来预测应力-应变响应。之所以选择该模型，是因为它能够精确预测重大变形的非线性应力-应变响应，在涉及高柔性和高弹性的应用中至关重要，例如轮胎建模、聚合物和弹性体分析、运动器材设计、3D 打印组件等。结果表明，立方体填充物的最大抗拉强度为 32.648 ± 1.42 兆帕，八面体填充物的最小抗拉强度为 22.373 ± 0.79 兆帕。大多数实验数据表明，线形填充物表现为脆性，但三角形、三六边形、立方体、八面体和陀螺形填充物则表现为韧性。与其他几何填充物相比，立方体显示出相对较好的机械响应。因此，几何填充效应在为工业应用寻找合适的机械性能方面发挥着重要作用。所开发的材料模型在有关 3D 打印聚乳酸物体的非线性有限元分析研究中具有潜在的实用性，这些物体预计可承受拉伸强度。
{"title":"Contribution of geometrical infill pattern on mechanical behaviour of 3D manufactured polylactic acid specimen: Experimental and numerical analysis","authors":"Mumtaz Rizwee, Deepak Kumar","doi":"10.1177/14777606241281614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241281614","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing is regarded as a very efficient fabrication technique since it permits the manufacturing of any three-dimensional product. The present work determines the effect of various infill pattern on the mechanical properties in term of tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of poly-lactic acid (PLA) samples fabricated by fused deposition modeling method. The mechanical behaviour of the 3D-printed PLAs investigated using dog-bone specimens with six distinct infill patterns: line, triangle, tri-hexagon, cubic, octet, and gyroid. The mechanical characteristics were evaluated using the uniaxial tensile test and shore D type hardness tester. The strain and deformation criteria were employed to substantiate the ductile and brittle characteristics. The fractural surface morphology analyzed using the field emission scanning electron microscope. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate the uniaxial tensile test and establish a Yeoh third order hyperelastic material model for the predictions of the stress-strain response. This model is chosen for its precise ability to predict the nonlinear stress-strain responses for significant deformation and is crucial in applications that involve high degrees of flexibility and elasticity, such as in tire modeling, polymer and elastomer analysis, sports equipment designing, 3D printed components etc. Results revealed that the cubic infill had a maximum tensile strength 32.648 ± 1.42 MPa and octet infill had a minimum tensile strength 22.373 ± 0.79 MPa. The majority of experimental data indicated a brittle behaviour for line-infilled, but triangular, trihexagonal, cubic, octet, and gyroid infill patterns demonstrated ductile behaviour. In comparison to other geometrical infills, cubic shown relatively superior mechanical responses. Consequently, the geometrical infill effect plays a significant role in finding the appropriate mechanical property for industrial applications. The developed material model possesses potential utility in non-linear FEA investigations pertaining to 3D printed PLA objects that are predicted to sustain tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fourier transform (FT) rheology opens up novel frontiers in understanding non-linear mechanical behaviours of polymeric materials under sustained long-term dynamic load. The prediction of the exact point of appearance of a crack in a sample under dynamic mechanical strains of large amplitude and the fatigue analysis has been made possible to such degrees of precision, previously not possible through conventional rheological and mechanical analysis. In this work, the fatigue behaviour of a thermoplastic elastomeric material (TPE) and a thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and epichlorohydrin− ethylene oxide−allyl glycidyl ether (GECO) rubber is investigated by Fourier transform studies under oscillatory strain-controlled tensional test to understand the linear and non-linear mechanical behaviour. Fatigue analysis is performed through the fingerprint harmonics of the material’s stress response, i.e., the second and third harmonics, ( I 2/1 and I 3/1) to establish the stress nonlinearity, asymmetry, and the formation of macrocracks. Furthermore, these higher harmonics are fitted with the Neo-Hooke and Mooney-Rivlin model to fundamentally understand the mode of fatigue failure, and a close agreement between theoretical fitting and experimental outcomes is established. Strain-life curves were utilized for the thorough investigation of the fatigue behaviour of the specimens and more than 9-fold enhancement in the strain life of the TPV is observed over TPU at a strain amplitude of ∼1.05 indicating an increasing ductility. Finally, the necessity of FT rheology was further emphasised as it is observed that I 2/1 and I 3/1 harmonics are more sensitive towards fatigue response as compared to the storage modulus and the complex modulus. Henceforth, the FT rheology analysis has enabled the current study to efficiently establish the ductility of each individual specimens and for prediction of the dynamic service lifetime of the developed materials.
傅立叶变换（FT）流变学为了解聚合物材料在长期持续动态载荷下的非线性机械行为开辟了新的领域。在大振幅动态机械应变和疲劳分析条件下，预测样品中裂纹出现的确切点已达到如此高的精度，这在以前的传统流变学和机械分析中是不可能实现的。在这项研究中，通过傅立叶变换研究，对热塑性弹性材料（TPE）和热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）与环氧氯丙烷-环氧乙烷-烯丙基缩水甘油醚（GECO）橡胶制成的热塑性硫化弹性体（TPV）在振荡应变控制拉伸试验下的疲劳行为进行了研究，以了解其线性和非线性机械行为。疲劳分析通过材料应力响应的指纹谐波，即二次谐波和三次谐波（I 2/1 和 I 3/1）进行，以确定应力非线性、不对称和大裂纹的形成。此外，这些高次谐波与 Neo-Hooke 和 Mooney-Rivlin 模型相拟合，从根本上了解了疲劳破坏的模式，并在理论拟合和实验结果之间建立了密切的一致性。利用应变-寿命曲线对试样的疲劳行为进行了深入研究，在应变振幅为 1.05 ∼ 1.05 时，观察到热塑性硫化弹性体的应变寿命比热塑性聚氨酯提高了 9 倍以上，这表明延展性在不断提高。最后，由于观察到 I 2/1 和 I 3/1 谐波与存储模量和复合模量相比对疲劳响应更为敏感，因此进一步强调了 FT 流变学的必要性。因此，傅立叶变换流变分析使当前的研究能够有效地确定每个试样的延展性，并预测所开发材料的动态使用寿命。
{"title":"Non-linear mechanical behaviour of thermoplastic elastomeric materials and its vulcanizate under tension/tension fatigue deformation by fourier transform rheological studies","authors":"Pratiksha Awasthi, Pratip Sankar Banerjee, Valerian Hirschberg, Shib Shankar Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/14777606241270513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241270513","url":null,"abstract":"Fourier transform (FT) rheology opens up novel frontiers in understanding non-linear mechanical behaviours of polymeric materials under sustained long-term dynamic load. The prediction of the exact point of appearance of a crack in a sample under dynamic mechanical strains of large amplitude and the fatigue analysis has been made possible to such degrees of precision, previously not possible through conventional rheological and mechanical analysis. In this work, the fatigue behaviour of a thermoplastic elastomeric material (TPE) and a thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and epichlorohydrin− ethylene oxide−allyl glycidyl ether (GECO) rubber is investigated by Fourier transform studies under oscillatory strain-controlled tensional test to understand the linear and non-linear mechanical behaviour. Fatigue analysis is performed through the fingerprint harmonics of the material’s stress response, i.e., the second and third harmonics, ( I<jats:sub> 2/1</jats:sub> and I<jats:sub> 3/1</jats:sub>) to establish the stress nonlinearity, asymmetry, and the formation of macrocracks. Furthermore, these higher harmonics are fitted with the Neo-Hooke and Mooney-Rivlin model to fundamentally understand the mode of fatigue failure, and a close agreement between theoretical fitting and experimental outcomes is established. Strain-life curves were utilized for the thorough investigation of the fatigue behaviour of the specimens and more than 9-fold enhancement in the strain life of the TPV is observed over TPU at a strain amplitude of ∼1.05 indicating an increasing ductility. Finally, the necessity of FT rheology was further emphasised as it is observed that I<jats:sub> 2/1</jats:sub> and I<jats:sub> 3/1</jats:sub> harmonics are more sensitive towards fatigue response as compared to the storage modulus and the complex modulus. Henceforth, the FT rheology analysis has enabled the current study to efficiently establish the ductility of each individual specimens and for prediction of the dynamic service lifetime of the developed materials.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1177/14777606241270516
Hasan Oktem, Ilyas Uygur, Ece Simooglu Sarı, Dinesh Shinde
Weld lines are a serious defect observed in plastic injection molded parts, impacting both their cosmetic appearance and mechanical properties. Controlling the conditions of plastic injection is crucial to mitigate these weld lines. This study introduces a novel approach to identify polypropylene injection molding (PIM) conditions aimed at reducing weld lines in polypropylene parts. The PIM conditions considered in this study include melt temperature, injection pressure, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time. An orthogonal array Taguchi L27 design was employed for the experimental setup, producing 27 polypropylene parts with varying combinations of process conditions. The width of weld lines generated on the parts’ surfaces was measured using an optimum microscope for all trials. Parametric analysis was conducted using response surface plots and contour plots to estimate the process conditions yielding minimum weld lines. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were employed to interpret the experimental data, with the resulting regression equation used to predict weld lines for a set of PIM process conditions. Finally, two efficient optimization algorithms, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were implemented using MATLAB programming to estimate the optimum process conditions for minimizing weld lines. The GA and PSO predicted weld line widths of 6.12302 μm and 6.123 μm, respectively, representing an 18.51% improvement in results. These findings demonstrate that the novel approach presented in this study can be effectively and reliably applied to address plastic product defects in the industry.
{"title":"The hybrid approach of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization on reduced weld line defect in plastic injection molding","authors":"Hasan Oktem, Ilyas Uygur, Ece Simooglu Sarı, Dinesh Shinde","doi":"10.1177/14777606241270516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241270516","url":null,"abstract":"Weld lines are a serious defect observed in plastic injection molded parts, impacting both their cosmetic appearance and mechanical properties. Controlling the conditions of plastic injection is crucial to mitigate these weld lines. This study introduces a novel approach to identify polypropylene injection molding (PIM) conditions aimed at reducing weld lines in polypropylene parts. The PIM conditions considered in this study include melt temperature, injection pressure, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time. An orthogonal array Taguchi L<jats:sub>27</jats:sub> design was employed for the experimental setup, producing 27 polypropylene parts with varying combinations of process conditions. The width of weld lines generated on the parts’ surfaces was measured using an optimum microscope for all trials. Parametric analysis was conducted using response surface plots and contour plots to estimate the process conditions yielding minimum weld lines. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were employed to interpret the experimental data, with the resulting regression equation used to predict weld lines for a set of PIM process conditions. Finally, two efficient optimization algorithms, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were implemented using MATLAB programming to estimate the optimum process conditions for minimizing weld lines. The GA and PSO predicted weld line widths of 6.12302 μm and 6.123 μm, respectively, representing an 18.51% improvement in results. These findings demonstrate that the novel approach presented in this study can be effectively and reliably applied to address plastic product defects in the industry.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/14777606241270496
Naveed Ahmad Tahir, Nadras Othman, Syazana Ahmad Zubir
Polyurethanes possess exceptional performance traits and are employed in almost every sphere of life. Extended pot life up to 6–8 h with acceptable performance to produce larger composite propellants is a pre-requisite. Aromatic diisocyanates being more reactive gives inadequate pot life (3–4 h) and aliphatic diisocyanates gives unrealistic pot life (20–24 h). Curative ratio (R = NCO/OH) is the most frequently used to tailor the performance properties of polyurethanes. In this research work, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI),an aliphatic diisocynate with symmetric structure and a moderate reactivity has been utilized as a curative to extend the pot life up to 6–8 h with acceptable performance traits by varying the curative ratio from 1.0 to 2.0. The synthesized PU elastomers showed a reasonable pot life of 437 min at NCO/OH = 1.0 that decreased to 305 min when curative ratio increased to 2.0. The effectiveness of curative ratio variation to fine tune physical, mechanical and thermal properties was gauged. With increasing curative ratio, the degree of hydrogen bonding and microphase separation increased. Moreover, for these polyurethanes, tensile strength increased from 0.519 MPa to 1.249 MPa, and elongation at break declined from 1068 % to 438 %. The structural integrity of composite propellants is dependent upon the mechanical properties and the curing ratio = 1.6 is considered as optimum because it provides a good balance between the soft segment and the hard segments and gives polyurethane elastomers a good combination of mechanical properties and hardness. Thermal stability in terms of onset degradation temperature (T5) also increased from 345 to 364°C.
{"title":"A study on the effectiveness of varying curative ratio to optimize performance of hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and hexamethylene diisocynate (HDI) based polyurethane elastomers","authors":"Naveed Ahmad Tahir, Nadras Othman, Syazana Ahmad Zubir","doi":"10.1177/14777606241270496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241270496","url":null,"abstract":"Polyurethanes possess exceptional performance traits and are employed in almost every sphere of life. Extended pot life up to 6–8 h with acceptable performance to produce larger composite propellants is a pre-requisite. Aromatic diisocyanates being more reactive gives inadequate pot life (3–4 h) and aliphatic diisocyanates gives unrealistic pot life (20–24 h). Curative ratio (R = NCO/OH) is the most frequently used to tailor the performance properties of polyurethanes. In this research work, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI),an aliphatic diisocynate with symmetric structure and a moderate reactivity has been utilized as a curative to extend the pot life up to 6–8 h with acceptable performance traits by varying the curative ratio from 1.0 to 2.0. The synthesized PU elastomers showed a reasonable pot life of 437 min at NCO/OH = 1.0 that decreased to 305 min when curative ratio increased to 2.0. The effectiveness of curative ratio variation to fine tune physical, mechanical and thermal properties was gauged. With increasing curative ratio, the degree of hydrogen bonding and microphase separation increased. Moreover, for these polyurethanes, tensile strength increased from 0.519 MPa to 1.249 MPa, and elongation at break declined from 1068 % to 438 %. The structural integrity of composite propellants is dependent upon the mechanical properties and the curing ratio = 1.6 is considered as optimum because it provides a good balance between the soft segment and the hard segments and gives polyurethane elastomers a good combination of mechanical properties and hardness. Thermal stability in terms of onset degradation temperature (T<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>) also increased from 345 to 364°C.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1177/14777606241262888
Ifeanyi J. Okoye, Sharif H. Zein, Eni Oko, A. A. Jalil
This paper promotes awareness of the circular economy as a superior waste disposal system alternative. The novelty of this study is to model cleaner energy generation from the gasification of polyethene terephthalate (PET) waste accompanied by a detailed analysis on the economic feasibility. In the approximate analysis of PET, the percentage values for Ash and hydrogen were low (0 and 4.21, respectively). This parameter significantly impacted the Ash and hydrogen contents of the output gas, as it directly influenced the PET feedstock to a more excellent heating value (23.34 MJ/kg) and lower heating value (10.63 MJ/kg). Temperature and pressure are treated as free variables throughout each block during the gasification procedures. A sensitivity study revealed that the PET moisture content has no significant effect on the product composition. The economic analysis indicated that the gasification process could be economically viable. The economic analysis of the process considered the comprehensive evaluation of the plant’s financial aspects. The economic evaluation indicated that the facility would reach the break-even point by the end of its third year of operation, demonstrating its economic viability, with an NPV of £77,574,506.37 and an ROI of 40.1% for the suggested 25-year operational period of the facility.
本文旨在提高人们对循环经济的认识，将其作为一种优越的废物处理系统替代方案。本研究的新颖之处在于建立了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）废物气化产生清洁能源的模型，并对经济可行性进行了详细分析。在对 PET 的近似分析中，灰分和氢气的百分比值较低（分别为 0 和 4.21）。这一参数对输出气体的灰分和氢气含量有很大影响，因为它直接影响 PET 原料的热值（23.34 兆焦/千克）和较低的热值（10.63 兆焦/千克）。在气化过程中，温度和压力在每个区块都被视为自由变量。敏感性研究表明 PET 的水分含量对产品成分没有显著影响。经济分析表明，气化工艺在经济上是可行的。该工艺的经济分析考虑了工厂财务方面的综合评估。经济评价结果表明，该设施将在第三年运营结束时达到盈亏平衡点，证明了其经济可行性，其净现值为 77,574,506.37 英镑，在建议的 25 年设施运营期内，投资回报率为 40.1%。
{"title":"Sustainable syngas production: Economic and circular economy benefits of PET waste gasification","authors":"Ifeanyi J. Okoye, Sharif H. Zein, Eni Oko, A. A. Jalil","doi":"10.1177/14777606241262888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241262888","url":null,"abstract":"This paper promotes awareness of the circular economy as a superior waste disposal system alternative. The novelty of this study is to model cleaner energy generation from the gasification of polyethene terephthalate (PET) waste accompanied by a detailed analysis on the economic feasibility. In the approximate analysis of PET, the percentage values for Ash and hydrogen were low (0 and 4.21, respectively). This parameter significantly impacted the Ash and hydrogen contents of the output gas, as it directly influenced the PET feedstock to a more excellent heating value (23.34 MJ/kg) and lower heating value (10.63 MJ/kg). Temperature and pressure are treated as free variables throughout each block during the gasification procedures. A sensitivity study revealed that the PET moisture content has no significant effect on the product composition. The economic analysis indicated that the gasification process could be economically viable. The economic analysis of the process considered the comprehensive evaluation of the plant’s financial aspects. The economic evaluation indicated that the facility would reach the break-even point by the end of its third year of operation, demonstrating its economic viability, with an NPV of £77,574,506.37 and an ROI of 40.1% for the suggested 25-year operational period of the facility.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1177/14777606241257043
Ibrahim I. Ikhries, Ali F. Al-Shawabkeh, Ibrahim M. Al-Adwan, Nijad A. Al-Najdawi
Disposing of plastic water bottles contributes to environmental pollution and waste buildup. Choosing recycling options helps mitigate these adverse impacts and supports a more sustainable approach to waste management. Polyethylene terephthalate constitutes the primary component in water bottles. This study focuses on a water bottle design model, subjecting it to simulations that replicate stresses encountered during storage, transportation, and usage. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles successfully underwent stress analysis, surpassing all stipulated requirements, the results indicate stress values below the yield point and safety factors exceeding one. This affirms the product’s superior quality and its ability to withstand even the most rigorous conditions. The analysis further identified peak stress values (59.819, 65.124, and 34.330 MPa) in distinct scenarios, noting that the bottle may incur damage beyond the critical vertical load of 88.4 N. These findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed process in validating stresses in water bottles pre-manufacture. Consequently, this approach aids in waste reduction and addresses environmental challenges associated with recycling, including resource and energy consumption, contamination, and inefficiencies in recycling systems. In essence, this study constitutes a substantial contribution to the realm of sustainable bottle design. It stands out as one of the few comprehensive investigations into the structural impact on the durability and sustainability of water bottles. This research has the potential to emerge as a significant advancement in the development of more environmentally friendly bottle designs.
{"title":"Durability and sustainability of polyethylene terephthalate water bottles using computer aided design/computer aided engineering elements","authors":"Ibrahim I. Ikhries, Ali F. Al-Shawabkeh, Ibrahim M. Al-Adwan, Nijad A. Al-Najdawi","doi":"10.1177/14777606241257043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241257043","url":null,"abstract":"Disposing of plastic water bottles contributes to environmental pollution and waste buildup. Choosing recycling options helps mitigate these adverse impacts and supports a more sustainable approach to waste management. Polyethylene terephthalate constitutes the primary component in water bottles. This study focuses on a water bottle design model, subjecting it to simulations that replicate stresses encountered during storage, transportation, and usage. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles successfully underwent stress analysis, surpassing all stipulated requirements, the results indicate stress values below the yield point and safety factors exceeding one. This affirms the product’s superior quality and its ability to withstand even the most rigorous conditions. The analysis further identified peak stress values (59.819, 65.124, and 34.330 MPa) in distinct scenarios, noting that the bottle may incur damage beyond the critical vertical load of 88.4 N. These findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed process in validating stresses in water bottles pre-manufacture. Consequently, this approach aids in waste reduction and addresses environmental challenges associated with recycling, including resource and energy consumption, contamination, and inefficiencies in recycling systems. In essence, this study constitutes a substantial contribution to the realm of sustainable bottle design. It stands out as one of the few comprehensive investigations into the structural impact on the durability and sustainability of water bottles. This research has the potential to emerge as a significant advancement in the development of more environmentally friendly bottle designs.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141192992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-29DOI: 10.1177/14777606241257056
Simin Emami Tajodin, Saeed Ostad Movahed
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the anti-reversion agent, 3-(bis citraconimidomethyl) Benzene, Perkalink 900, on the properties, with a focus on reversion tendencies, of carbon black-filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds cured using a semi-efficient vulcanization (SEV) sulfur curing system with various accelerators. The research highlights that the presence of Perkalink 900 significantly prolongs the optimum cure times for all rubber compounds, reducing ∆torques, especially in fast-curing systems. Crosslink density (CLD) exhibits minimal sensitivity to Perkalink 900, which effectively prevents reversion, even reaching zero in certain compounds. Reversion extent varies with the chosen curing system, and the concentration of Perkalink 900 plays a key role in its control. Perkalink 900 enhances Shore A hardness, indicating a denser and stiffer rubber, while tear strength and elongation at break improve. Tensile strength remains stable or slightly increases, and the modulus response varies based on the curing agent and Perkalink 900 loading. ATR-FTIR spectra confirm Perkalink 900 presence, with peak intensities correlating with its concentration. Additionally, a new Alder-ene reaction mechanism between EPDM and Perkalink 900 is proposed. Overall, the study establishes Perkalink 900 as an effective anti-reversion agent, proving its potential to significantly enhance rubber compound properties. Future investigations could focus on optimizing Perkalink 900 concentrations for specific applications and exploring its interactions with diverse rubber types and curing systems.
{"title":"The effect of 1,3-(bis citraconimidomethyl)Benzene on the reversion of cured ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber using semi-efficient vulcanisation (SEV) system and a nano zinc oxide as an activator","authors":"Simin Emami Tajodin, Saeed Ostad Movahed","doi":"10.1177/14777606241257056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241257056","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the anti-reversion agent, 3-(bis citraconimidomethyl) Benzene, Perkalink 900, on the properties, with a focus on reversion tendencies, of carbon black-filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds cured using a semi-efficient vulcanization (SEV) sulfur curing system with various accelerators. The research highlights that the presence of Perkalink 900 significantly prolongs the optimum cure times for all rubber compounds, reducing ∆torques, especially in fast-curing systems. Crosslink density (CLD) exhibits minimal sensitivity to Perkalink 900, which effectively prevents reversion, even reaching zero in certain compounds. Reversion extent varies with the chosen curing system, and the concentration of Perkalink 900 plays a key role in its control. Perkalink 900 enhances Shore A hardness, indicating a denser and stiffer rubber, while tear strength and elongation at break improve. Tensile strength remains stable or slightly increases, and the modulus response varies based on the curing agent and Perkalink 900 loading. ATR-FTIR spectra confirm Perkalink 900 presence, with peak intensities correlating with its concentration. Additionally, a new Alder-ene reaction mechanism between EPDM and Perkalink 900 is proposed. Overall, the study establishes Perkalink 900 as an effective anti-reversion agent, proving its potential to significantly enhance rubber compound properties. Future investigations could focus on optimizing Perkalink 900 concentrations for specific applications and exploring its interactions with diverse rubber types and curing systems.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141192901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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