Pub Date : 2022-10-22DOI: 10.1177/14777606221136148
Heba A. Raslan, Esraa E. Fathy, S. A. Abdel Aal
Replacement of virgin polymer with its waste become one of the special technique that capture the efforts of many researchers and industrialists alike. In this context, this work discussed the partial replacement of waste tire rubber (WR) and microwave devulcanized rubber (DWR) at different ratios on the properties of virgin styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as one of the most essential components of synthetic rubber in the tire production. Fixed percent of tetramethylthiuram disulfide and spindle oil were added at the first, then the WR mixture was exposed to different microwave times. Microwave devulcanization value at time 6 min gave the highest devulcanization percent. The prepared blends were exposed in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 50 and 100 kGy. FTIR, different mechanical parameters, thermal stability (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy of the fabricated specimens have been explained. Effect of automotive oil and thermal aging at different temperature, 70oC and 100oC on the tensile strength and elongation at break (E%) of the unirradiated and irradiated prepared blends have been estimated. Mechanical measurements of all examined specimens after thermal aging and oil immersion were least affected. Moreover, these factors before and after oil dipping and thermal aging revealed that unirradiated and irradiated SBR/DWR blends have superior properties than SBR/WR. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Thermal aging and automotive oil effects on the performance of electron beam irradiated styrene butadiene rubber/waste and microwave devulcanized rubber blends","authors":"Heba A. Raslan, Esraa E. Fathy, S. A. Abdel Aal","doi":"10.1177/14777606221136148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221136148","url":null,"abstract":"Replacement of virgin polymer with its waste become one of the special technique that capture the efforts of many researchers and industrialists alike. In this context, this work discussed the partial replacement of waste tire rubber (WR) and microwave devulcanized rubber (DWR) at different ratios on the properties of virgin styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as one of the most essential components of synthetic rubber in the tire production. Fixed percent of tetramethylthiuram disulfide and spindle oil were added at the first, then the WR mixture was exposed to different microwave times. Microwave devulcanization value at time 6 min gave the highest devulcanization percent. The prepared blends were exposed in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 50 and 100 kGy. FTIR, different mechanical parameters, thermal stability (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy of the fabricated specimens have been explained. Effect of automotive oil and thermal aging at different temperature, 70oC and 100oC on the tensile strength and elongation at break (E%) of the unirradiated and irradiated prepared blends have been estimated. Mechanical measurements of all examined specimens after thermal aging and oil immersion were least affected. Moreover, these factors before and after oil dipping and thermal aging revealed that unirradiated and irradiated SBR/DWR blends have superior properties than SBR/WR. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88541400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1177/14777606221127371
Nuraina Hanim, M. D. Syafiq, Z. A. Abdul Hamid, A. Rusli, M. K. Abdullah, R. K. Shuib
This work explores the feasibility of fused deposition modelling (FDM) to produce kenaf fiber/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. Internal mixer was used for mixing different weight percentage (0, 5 and 10 wt %) of kenaf fiber with TPU before being extruded to produce filament for FDM feed stock. Addition of kenaf fiber was found to give benefits on dimensional stability of the printed samples which is importance for its implementation in FDM. TPU filled with 10wt% of kenaf fibre showed improvements in hardness and Young modulus of 15% and 49%. However, the tensile strength, elongation at break and density of the printed samples decreased with increasing kenaf fiber loading. This could be explained due to increase of voids and porosity within the material and poor wettability between TPU matrix and kenaf fiber which is evidenced by SEM observation.
{"title":"Fused deposition modelling of flexible kenaf fiber/thermoplastic polyurethane composites","authors":"Nuraina Hanim, M. D. Syafiq, Z. A. Abdul Hamid, A. Rusli, M. K. Abdullah, R. K. Shuib","doi":"10.1177/14777606221127371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221127371","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the feasibility of fused deposition modelling (FDM) to produce kenaf fiber/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. Internal mixer was used for mixing different weight percentage (0, 5 and 10 wt %) of kenaf fiber with TPU before being extruded to produce filament for FDM feed stock. Addition of kenaf fiber was found to give benefits on dimensional stability of the printed samples which is importance for its implementation in FDM. TPU filled with 10wt% of kenaf fibre showed improvements in hardness and Young modulus of 15% and 49%. However, the tensile strength, elongation at break and density of the printed samples decreased with increasing kenaf fiber loading. This could be explained due to increase of voids and porosity within the material and poor wettability between TPU matrix and kenaf fiber which is evidenced by SEM observation.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74538644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.1177/14777606221127373
M. Stelescu, M. Sonmez, M. Georgescu, L. Alexandrescu, M. Nițuică, D. Gurau
This paper presents the obtaining and characterization of polymeric composites based on thermoplastic elastomer type styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers and vulcanized rubber powder. The rubber powder used was obtained as waste in the technological processes in the rubber industry. It was analyzed by determining the acetonic extract, ash and FTIR analysis and it was observed that the base elastomer in the rubber waste is silicone rubber, and the amounts of inorganic fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, lubricants etc. existing in the rubber powder are lower than 19%. The samples were obtained by mixing technique, on Brabender Plasti-Corder internal mixer type. The test specimens necessary to determine the characteristics were obtained on a laboratory electrical press at 170°C, applying a force of 300 kN, and moulding time 6 min. The characteristics of the obtained samples show that the addition of rubber powder improved the hardness and elasticity, and by the applying compatibility method, namely crosslinking and grafting in melt, in dynamic regime, there was a significant increase in hardness, elasticity, modulus 100%, tensile strength, and the material obtained is more compact. The new composites have physical and mechanical properties suitable for producing a wide range of rubber consumer goods.
{"title":"Polymeric compounds based on thermoplastic elastomer styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers and siliconic rubber powder","authors":"M. Stelescu, M. Sonmez, M. Georgescu, L. Alexandrescu, M. Nițuică, D. Gurau","doi":"10.1177/14777606221127373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221127373","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the obtaining and characterization of polymeric composites based on thermoplastic elastomer type styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers and vulcanized rubber powder. The rubber powder used was obtained as waste in the technological processes in the rubber industry. It was analyzed by determining the acetonic extract, ash and FTIR analysis and it was observed that the base elastomer in the rubber waste is silicone rubber, and the amounts of inorganic fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, lubricants etc. existing in the rubber powder are lower than 19%. The samples were obtained by mixing technique, on Brabender Plasti-Corder internal mixer type. The test specimens necessary to determine the characteristics were obtained on a laboratory electrical press at 170°C, applying a force of 300 kN, and moulding time 6 min. The characteristics of the obtained samples show that the addition of rubber powder improved the hardness and elasticity, and by the applying compatibility method, namely crosslinking and grafting in melt, in dynamic regime, there was a significant increase in hardness, elasticity, modulus 100%, tensile strength, and the material obtained is more compact. The new composites have physical and mechanical properties suitable for producing a wide range of rubber consumer goods.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83960135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-17DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128044
J. Sakdapipanich, Phawasoot Rodgerd, Sutaporn Yakkul, Supinya Nijpanich
Macca carbon (MC), derived from high-temperature carbonized macadamia nut-in-shell wastes from macadamia nut processing, exhibits a high surface area, high number of electrons, and high efficiency in emitting far-infrared (FIR) radiation at wavelengths between 4 and 20 μm. Numerous inventions have demonstrated promising results in health improvement applications, such as increased blood circulation, less inflammation, and enhanced life expectancy. In this study, MC and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were coupled to form a new bandage called an MC cohesive bandage. It was manufactured by combining various quantities of MC powder with PSA and applying it to a spandex fabric tape. The peeling test, water permeability, and skin irritation were examined. The quantity of FIR radiation between 6 and 14 μm and the thermal properties of MC cohesive bandages were investigated. The FIR penetration effectiveness was determined by measuring the temperature rises from the streaky pig skin covered with MC cohesive bandages at various depths.
{"title":"A pressure-sensitive adhesive made from macca carbon for medical use","authors":"J. Sakdapipanich, Phawasoot Rodgerd, Sutaporn Yakkul, Supinya Nijpanich","doi":"10.1177/14777606221128044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221128044","url":null,"abstract":"Macca carbon (MC), derived from high-temperature carbonized macadamia nut-in-shell wastes from macadamia nut processing, exhibits a high surface area, high number of electrons, and high efficiency in emitting far-infrared (FIR) radiation at wavelengths between 4 and 20 μm. Numerous inventions have demonstrated promising results in health improvement applications, such as increased blood circulation, less inflammation, and enhanced life expectancy. In this study, MC and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were coupled to form a new bandage called an MC cohesive bandage. It was manufactured by combining various quantities of MC powder with PSA and applying it to a spandex fabric tape. The peeling test, water permeability, and skin irritation were examined. The quantity of FIR radiation between 6 and 14 μm and the thermal properties of MC cohesive bandages were investigated. The FIR penetration effectiveness was determined by measuring the temperature rises from the streaky pig skin covered with MC cohesive bandages at various depths.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83087329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128038
M. S. Islam, Z. Islam, Rashed Hasan, A. S. Islam Molla Jamal
Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles, after some pre-processing, were chemically depolymerized for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), an important monomer of PET resin. The optimized condition of PET hydrolysis was 100°C with 80% v/v aqueous sulfuric acid liquor for 30 min reaction time. The terephthalic acids (TPAs) were filtered out from the reaction mixtures with a sintered glass filter. The viscosity of recycled hydrolysis liquor was measured before it was used in a successive batch of PET depolymerization. The viscosity of hydrolysis liquor increased gradually from 5 mm2/s to 87 mm2/s. TPA yields were obtained from 85.03 ± 0.03% to 99.20 ± 0.06% and the color of TPA changed from bright white to off-white in the final batches. The structure of TPA was confirmed by FTIR, mass analysis, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The purity of TPA was found to be 95–98% from the HPLC study via external calibration technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the thermal degradation patterns of TPAs and residual weights. This experiment reveals that repeated use of sulfuric acid hydrolysis liquor would be a good option for PET depolymerization in terms of resource utilization, TPA quality as well as sustainability. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Acidic hydrolysis of recycled polyethylene terephthalate plastic for the production of its monomer terephthalic acid","authors":"M. S. Islam, Z. Islam, Rashed Hasan, A. S. Islam Molla Jamal","doi":"10.1177/14777606221128038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221128038","url":null,"abstract":"Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles, after some pre-processing, were chemically depolymerized for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), an important monomer of PET resin. The optimized condition of PET hydrolysis was 100°C with 80% v/v aqueous sulfuric acid liquor for 30 min reaction time. The terephthalic acids (TPAs) were filtered out from the reaction mixtures with a sintered glass filter. The viscosity of recycled hydrolysis liquor was measured before it was used in a successive batch of PET depolymerization. The viscosity of hydrolysis liquor increased gradually from 5 mm2/s to 87 mm2/s. TPA yields were obtained from 85.03 ± 0.03% to 99.20 ± 0.06% and the color of TPA changed from bright white to off-white in the final batches. The structure of TPA was confirmed by FTIR, mass analysis, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The purity of TPA was found to be 95–98% from the HPLC study via external calibration technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the thermal degradation patterns of TPAs and residual weights. This experiment reveals that repeated use of sulfuric acid hydrolysis liquor would be a good option for PET depolymerization in terms of resource utilization, TPA quality as well as sustainability. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90671437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1177/14777606221127372
S. Saiwari, N. Hayeemasae, S. Soontaranon, E. Kalkornsurapranee, Ruedee Jaratrotkamjorn, A. Masa
In this study, the relationships between the structure of unvulcanized rubber and vulcanizate properties were investigated for the three natural rubber clones: RRIT251, PB235, and RRIM600. The highest tensile properties of rubber vulcanizates were achieved from the PB235 clone whereas the RRIM600 showed the lowest. The PB235 contained the largest average molecular weight (Mw) with the narrowest molecular mass distribution (MWD), whereas the least Mw was for RRIM600 with the broadest MWD. The highest protein contents were noticed in RRIM600 where the highest gel formation was found. In contrast, the PB235 showed the smallest amount of proteins and gel contents. Based on this finding, the results clearly suggested that the Mw represented as a key factor controlling the mechanical properties of vulcanizates. This was because the higher average Mw provide the greater active sites available for crosslinking reaction, while the protein content governed the gel formation in the unvulcanized rubber.
{"title":"Structure-Property relationships in natural rubber representing several clonal varieties of Hevea Brasiliensis","authors":"S. Saiwari, N. Hayeemasae, S. Soontaranon, E. Kalkornsurapranee, Ruedee Jaratrotkamjorn, A. Masa","doi":"10.1177/14777606221127372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221127372","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the relationships between the structure of unvulcanized rubber and vulcanizate properties were investigated for the three natural rubber clones: RRIT251, PB235, and RRIM600. The highest tensile properties of rubber vulcanizates were achieved from the PB235 clone whereas the RRIM600 showed the lowest. The PB235 contained the largest average molecular weight (Mw) with the narrowest molecular mass distribution (MWD), whereas the least Mw was for RRIM600 with the broadest MWD. The highest protein contents were noticed in RRIM600 where the highest gel formation was found. In contrast, the PB235 showed the smallest amount of proteins and gel contents. Based on this finding, the results clearly suggested that the Mw represented as a key factor controlling the mechanical properties of vulcanizates. This was because the higher average Mw provide the greater active sites available for crosslinking reaction, while the protein content governed the gel formation in the unvulcanized rubber.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73266272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128043
Amir Muhammad Noh Amin Abdul Rahman, Limin Yan, Z. A. Abdul Hamid, Ku Marsilla Ku Ishak, M. K. Abdullah, A. Rusli, Raa Khimi Shuib, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makthar, M. Shafiq
Microplastic is classified as fragmented polymeric particles up to 500 microns in diameter. In an aqueous system, microplastic does not always present as a single particle, and these microparticles tend to aggregate and subsequently causing severe ecological risks. The exploration of the underlying mechanisms on how microplastics aggregate in seawater and freshwater enables the prediction of their diffusivity, distribution, and bioavailability in the water environment. In this study microplastic model systems of polypropylene (PP) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were used to investigate the interactions and aggregation size between microplastics in seawater and with the response anionic sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant dosages via electrophoretic mobility and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements, supported by the UV-Vis spectrum analysis. This investigation revealed that mobile ions present in water ecosystems played a vital role in the surface interactions between microplastics and their aggregation behaviour. The surface charge of both PP and PVC microplastics were switched to a positive value at 5 wt.% of AOT and continued in the negative regime with increasing AOT concentration. Upon the addition of surfactant, surface charge neutralization and aggregation of PP and PVC microplastics were detected; however, the restabilization of microplastic was observed with increasing concentration of surfactant.
{"title":"Surface interactions of model microplastic particles in seawater","authors":"Amir Muhammad Noh Amin Abdul Rahman, Limin Yan, Z. A. Abdul Hamid, Ku Marsilla Ku Ishak, M. K. Abdullah, A. Rusli, Raa Khimi Shuib, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makthar, M. Shafiq","doi":"10.1177/14777606221128043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221128043","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic is classified as fragmented polymeric particles up to 500 microns in diameter. In an aqueous system, microplastic does not always present as a single particle, and these microparticles tend to aggregate and subsequently causing severe ecological risks. The exploration of the underlying mechanisms on how microplastics aggregate in seawater and freshwater enables the prediction of their diffusivity, distribution, and bioavailability in the water environment. In this study microplastic model systems of polypropylene (PP) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were used to investigate the interactions and aggregation size between microplastics in seawater and with the response anionic sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant dosages via electrophoretic mobility and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements, supported by the UV-Vis spectrum analysis. This investigation revealed that mobile ions present in water ecosystems played a vital role in the surface interactions between microplastics and their aggregation behaviour. The surface charge of both PP and PVC microplastics were switched to a positive value at 5 wt.% of AOT and continued in the negative regime with increasing AOT concentration. Upon the addition of surfactant, surface charge neutralization and aggregation of PP and PVC microplastics were detected; however, the restabilization of microplastic was observed with increasing concentration of surfactant.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75923712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1177/14777606221127370
R. Zitzumbo, S. Alonso, A. Estrada-Monje, M. B. Becerra, F. Avalos, L. Medina‐Torres
The effect of natural rubber (NR) on mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of ground tire rubber (GTR) was investigated. Mechanical and thermal properties of GTR/NR vulcanized blends were determined with a universal testing machine and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The molecular cross-linking density was determined by molecular swelling in toluene. Presents results indicate that the carbon black embedded in the GTR interior phase of the GTR/NR re-vulcanized blends, did not participate in the NR phase molecular motion restriction. The blends of GTR/NR showed the phenomenon known as reversion, leading a decreasing of the mechanical properties, that could be attributed of the degradation of the interphases (GTR/NR) n+j, j=1,2,3,…. On the other hand, the Cole-Cole charts of the GTR/NR vulcanized blends changed from a semicircular to an irregular form as the NR concentration increases, imposing the heterogeneity of the blend. In addition, in the Cole-Cole charts of GTR/NR vulcanized and re-vulcanized blends, the height ( E´´ ) and the width ( E´ ) of the curves decreased while the re-vulcanization processes number was greater; obtained results could be attributed to the increasing of the molecular cross-linking density.
{"title":"Mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and molecular cross-linking of GTR/NR re-Vulcanized blends","authors":"R. Zitzumbo, S. Alonso, A. Estrada-Monje, M. B. Becerra, F. Avalos, L. Medina‐Torres","doi":"10.1177/14777606221127370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221127370","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of natural rubber (NR) on mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of ground tire rubber (GTR) was investigated. Mechanical and thermal properties of GTR/NR vulcanized blends were determined with a universal testing machine and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The molecular cross-linking density was determined by molecular swelling in toluene. Presents results indicate that the carbon black embedded in the GTR interior phase of the GTR/NR re-vulcanized blends, did not participate in the NR phase molecular motion restriction. The blends of GTR/NR showed the phenomenon known as reversion, leading a decreasing of the mechanical properties, that could be attributed of the degradation of the interphases (GTR/NR) n+j, j=1,2,3,…. On the other hand, the Cole-Cole charts of the GTR/NR vulcanized blends changed from a semicircular to an irregular form as the NR concentration increases, imposing the heterogeneity of the blend. In addition, in the Cole-Cole charts of GTR/NR vulcanized and re-vulcanized blends, the height ( E´´ ) and the width ( E´ ) of the curves decreased while the re-vulcanization processes number was greater; obtained results could be attributed to the increasing of the molecular cross-linking density.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89644415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.1177/14777606221118659
C. Heng, P. Teh, Nur Arzuar Abdul Rahim, C. Yeoh
This work reports the influence of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) as a secondary matrix in the polyurethane elastomer (PUE)/LSR/graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) stretchable conductive materials. PUE was prepared by mixing with diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4 butanediol (BDO). The content of LSR varied from 0 to 50 vol.% at fixed 1.0 vol.% of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) as a conductive filler. Liquid silicone rubber was used as the secondary immiscible phase to localize GnPs into a path in the primary phase in order to obtain higher electrical conductivity value. The tensile strength of the PUE/LSR/GnPs decreased with increasing LSR content, while the tear strength shows the optimum value at 10 vol.% of LSR. The incorporation of 20 vol.% of silicone rubber has proven to enhance the thermal stability of the blends.
{"title":"The influence of liquid silicone rubber on the properties of polyurethane elastomer/liquid silicone rubber/graphene nanoplatelets stretchable conductive materials","authors":"C. Heng, P. Teh, Nur Arzuar Abdul Rahim, C. Yeoh","doi":"10.1177/14777606221118659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221118659","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports the influence of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) as a secondary matrix in the polyurethane elastomer (PUE)/LSR/graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) stretchable conductive materials. PUE was prepared by mixing with diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4 butanediol (BDO). The content of LSR varied from 0 to 50 vol.% at fixed 1.0 vol.% of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) as a conductive filler. Liquid silicone rubber was used as the secondary immiscible phase to localize GnPs into a path in the primary phase in order to obtain higher electrical conductivity value. The tensile strength of the PUE/LSR/GnPs decreased with increasing LSR content, while the tear strength shows the optimum value at 10 vol.% of LSR. The incorporation of 20 vol.% of silicone rubber has proven to enhance the thermal stability of the blends.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82583107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1177/14777606221110252
J. Kumar, K. Kumar, K. Kumar, B. Jaiswal, R. Verma
This work highlights the recycling of waste carpet (Jute) to develop epoxy composites using a modified vacuum-assisted environment. Incorporating Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into the epoxy matrix in different weight percentages improves the physio-mechanical properties. The MWCNT was supplemented at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt% to investigate the mechanical aspects of composite samples. The nanofiller (MWCNT) dispersion in the epoxy matrix was simulated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The results were compared to the neat (pristine) sample to study the influence of nano-supplement. The Tensile, Flexural, and Impact tests were the selected experiments to assess the material characteristics. The findings show the feasibility of the developed samples for lightweight structural applications such as toy items, wall tiles, roof tiles, sound insulation, and roadside barriers. It could be endorsed as a feasible way to handle the waste issues generated by the carpet and textile sources.
{"title":"Development of waste carpet (jute) and Multi-wall carbon nanotube incorporated epoxy composites for lightweight applications","authors":"J. Kumar, K. Kumar, K. Kumar, B. Jaiswal, R. Verma","doi":"10.1177/14777606221110252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606221110252","url":null,"abstract":"This work highlights the recycling of waste carpet (Jute) to develop epoxy composites using a modified vacuum-assisted environment. Incorporating Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into the epoxy matrix in different weight percentages improves the physio-mechanical properties. The MWCNT was supplemented at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt% to investigate the mechanical aspects of composite samples. The nanofiller (MWCNT) dispersion in the epoxy matrix was simulated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The results were compared to the neat (pristine) sample to study the influence of nano-supplement. The Tensile, Flexural, and Impact tests were the selected experiments to assess the material characteristics. The findings show the feasibility of the developed samples for lightweight structural applications such as toy items, wall tiles, roof tiles, sound insulation, and roadside barriers. It could be endorsed as a feasible way to handle the waste issues generated by the carpet and textile sources.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86297232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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