Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1177/14777606231203850
Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih, Muhammad Afiq Misman, Simon Maher, Azura A Rashid
Utilization of silicate minerals fillers in latex offer dual function as a compatible filler and cheapener that economical way to reduce latex consumption. This research explores the effect of using Engineered Silicate Composite Dispersion (ESD 086) as fillers for nitrile latex-supported gloves, seeking to explore their properties while ensuring cost-effectiveness. The reinforcement effect of novel Engineered Carbonate Dispersion (ECD 011) for ESD 086 filled Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR/ESD 086) latex films has also been explored. XNBR latex films were compounded with three variants of ESD 086 at different loadings (in phr). From three variants of ESD 086 fillers, variant ESD 086A at 10 phr shows the highest tensile strength. As the ESD 086A filler loading increased up to 15 phr, the tensile strength decreased, indicating the ineffectiveness to be used at higher loading. The work was continued by exploring the use of novel ECD 011 to minimize the decrement effect. The 15 phr ESD 086 filled XNBR latex films (XNBR/ESD 086A-15) were subjected to a hybrid loading from 0 to 1.2 phr with 0.2 phr staggered increment together with the reduction of ECD 011:ZnO ratio in the XNBR latex compounds. Results show that at 0.6:0.6 phr of ECD 011:ZnO, the tensile strength of XNBR/ESD 086A-15 latex films increased and the elongation at break also improved. Using ESD 086A can reduce the usage of XNBR latex. Still, it can only be used up to 10 phr (optimum loading) and ECD 011 can maintain the physical properties and offer maximum cost-saving options for XNBR latex glove formulation at higher loading of ESD fillers. Overall, both engineered dispersions offer potential commercial benefits for the Nitrile gloves industry.
{"title":"Utilization of engineered silicate dispersion as a cost-effective cheapener and engineered carbonate dispersion as novel reinforcing additives for nitrile latex glove application","authors":"Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih, Muhammad Afiq Misman, Simon Maher, Azura A Rashid","doi":"10.1177/14777606231203850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231203850","url":null,"abstract":"Utilization of silicate minerals fillers in latex offer dual function as a compatible filler and cheapener that economical way to reduce latex consumption. This research explores the effect of using Engineered Silicate Composite Dispersion (ESD 086) as fillers for nitrile latex-supported gloves, seeking to explore their properties while ensuring cost-effectiveness. The reinforcement effect of novel Engineered Carbonate Dispersion (ECD 011) for ESD 086 filled Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR/ESD 086) latex films has also been explored. XNBR latex films were compounded with three variants of ESD 086 at different loadings (in phr). From three variants of ESD 086 fillers, variant ESD 086A at 10 phr shows the highest tensile strength. As the ESD 086A filler loading increased up to 15 phr, the tensile strength decreased, indicating the ineffectiveness to be used at higher loading. The work was continued by exploring the use of novel ECD 011 to minimize the decrement effect. The 15 phr ESD 086 filled XNBR latex films (XNBR/ESD 086A-15) were subjected to a hybrid loading from 0 to 1.2 phr with 0.2 phr staggered increment together with the reduction of ECD 011:ZnO ratio in the XNBR latex compounds. Results show that at 0.6:0.6 phr of ECD 011:ZnO, the tensile strength of XNBR/ESD 086A-15 latex films increased and the elongation at break also improved. Using ESD 086A can reduce the usage of XNBR latex. Still, it can only be used up to 10 phr (optimum loading) and ECD 011 can maintain the physical properties and offer maximum cost-saving options for XNBR latex glove formulation at higher loading of ESD fillers. Overall, both engineered dispersions offer potential commercial benefits for the Nitrile gloves industry.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1177/14777606231200952
Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Noor Aishatun Majid, Abdul Rehman, Nabil Hayeemasae, Subramaniam Radhakrishnan, Malhari B. Kulkarni, Raa Khimi
The emerging self-healing concept in rubber materials appears to be a good option for reducing rubber waste since it can enhance the longevity of the product's structure in conjunction with standard development goals to ensure sustainable consumption and efficient use of resources. Self-healing elastomers are fabricated to heal cracks and damage both at the micro and macroscopic levels to restrict failure by incorporating healing agents extrinsically or intrinsically. The major successful techniques to fabricate self-healing rubber were reviewed. The review also focuses on testing and analysis methods to understand the healing phenomena and quantification methods to measure the healing performance. The review also includes an overview of the self-healing elastomers for tyre applications.
{"title":"A review of the recent development in self-healing rubbers and their quantification methods","authors":"Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Noor Aishatun Majid, Abdul Rehman, Nabil Hayeemasae, Subramaniam Radhakrishnan, Malhari B. Kulkarni, Raa Khimi","doi":"10.1177/14777606231200952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231200952","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging self-healing concept in rubber materials appears to be a good option for reducing rubber waste since it can enhance the longevity of the product's structure in conjunction with standard development goals to ensure sustainable consumption and efficient use of resources. Self-healing elastomers are fabricated to heal cracks and damage both at the micro and macroscopic levels to restrict failure by incorporating healing agents extrinsically or intrinsically. The major successful techniques to fabricate self-healing rubber were reviewed. The review also focuses on testing and analysis methods to understand the healing phenomena and quantification methods to measure the healing performance. The review also includes an overview of the self-healing elastomers for tyre applications.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135734952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1177/14777606231201866
Ramesh Shilavant, B. K. Samui, J. Chanda, P. Ghosh, Rabindra Mukhopadhyay, S. Banerjee
Fracture is one of the failure modes of a material or product which may occur during its manufacturing process or its usage. Fractography is the science and art of examination and analysis of the fractured surface. Texture and nature of the fractured surface provide valuable information on origin of a crack and crack propagation; thereby, it helps to understand the mechanism of fracture and facilitate to identify the likely causes of failure. This review covers an extensive study on various types of fractures of steel cord and bead wire which are primarily used in rubber composites viz tyre, conveyor belt etc. Different types of fractures studied include ductile, central burst, brittle, fatigue, torsion, corrosion, delamination and weld fractures. Fundamentals on specific characteristics of each type of fracture and their likely causes have been elaborately discussed Microscopic examination through scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides deeper insights of the fractured surface as well as microstructure of material. In addition to the fundamental aspects of fractures, examples of different types of fractured samples have been illustrated in this article. This focused review would be useful to the steel cord and bead wire manufactures as well as to tyre manufacturers for detailed failure investigation of material/product and thereby to take appropriate corrective measures.
{"title":"A critical review on fractographic studies of steel cord and bead wire used in tyre reinforcement","authors":"Ramesh Shilavant, B. K. Samui, J. Chanda, P. Ghosh, Rabindra Mukhopadhyay, S. Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/14777606231201866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231201866","url":null,"abstract":"Fracture is one of the failure modes of a material or product which may occur during its manufacturing process or its usage. Fractography is the science and art of examination and analysis of the fractured surface. Texture and nature of the fractured surface provide valuable information on origin of a crack and crack propagation; thereby, it helps to understand the mechanism of fracture and facilitate to identify the likely causes of failure. This review covers an extensive study on various types of fractures of steel cord and bead wire which are primarily used in rubber composites viz tyre, conveyor belt etc. Different types of fractures studied include ductile, central burst, brittle, fatigue, torsion, corrosion, delamination and weld fractures. Fundamentals on specific characteristics of each type of fracture and their likely causes have been elaborately discussed Microscopic examination through scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides deeper insights of the fractured surface as well as microstructure of material. In addition to the fundamental aspects of fractures, examples of different types of fractured samples have been illustrated in this article. This focused review would be useful to the steel cord and bead wire manufactures as well as to tyre manufacturers for detailed failure investigation of material/product and thereby to take appropriate corrective measures.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86113834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1177/14777606231200953
I. Yalcin-Enis, H. Sezgin
Although noise pollution appears to be a minor issue, it worsens as a result of urbanization and population growth. Unwanted noises have a wide range of negative effects, including anxiety, hostility, high blood pressure, tinnitus, hearing loss, and sleep difficulties. The researchers are compelled to conduct a creative search in order to uncover future environmental solutions due to the noise problem, which is becoming each day worse. Moreover, the textile sector, which is growing day by day, generates huge amounts of waste with the effect of fast fashion trend. The objective of this study is to develop ecofriendly acoustic panels utilizing recycled textile waste and thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) fibers. Within the scope of the study, waste fabrics made of viscose, lyocell, flax, cotton, and polyester are shredded into fibers, and sandwich panels including waste fibers bonded together with PP fibers are generated using the hot press technique. In addition to the use of natural and synthetic fibers, the effects of surface shape (perforated-imperforated) and layer thickness (5 mm and 10 mm) on acoustic performance are examined. The results of the sound absorption and sound transmission loss tests reveal that the acoustic properties of the samples improve as the sample thickness increases, but the perforation process does not have the desired favorable impact on samples of the same thickness. Additionally, the outcomes demonstrate that around 2000 Hz, natural and regenerated fibers with high cellulose content had the best sound absorption coefficients around 0.60. The findings indicate that these eco-friendly panels can be used to reduce unwanted noise in open offices, co-working spaces, and meeting rooms.
{"title":"Investigation of structural parameters of acoustic panels produced from post-industrial textile wastes containing different raw materials","authors":"I. Yalcin-Enis, H. Sezgin","doi":"10.1177/14777606231200953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231200953","url":null,"abstract":"Although noise pollution appears to be a minor issue, it worsens as a result of urbanization and population growth. Unwanted noises have a wide range of negative effects, including anxiety, hostility, high blood pressure, tinnitus, hearing loss, and sleep difficulties. The researchers are compelled to conduct a creative search in order to uncover future environmental solutions due to the noise problem, which is becoming each day worse. Moreover, the textile sector, which is growing day by day, generates huge amounts of waste with the effect of fast fashion trend. The objective of this study is to develop ecofriendly acoustic panels utilizing recycled textile waste and thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) fibers. Within the scope of the study, waste fabrics made of viscose, lyocell, flax, cotton, and polyester are shredded into fibers, and sandwich panels including waste fibers bonded together with PP fibers are generated using the hot press technique. In addition to the use of natural and synthetic fibers, the effects of surface shape (perforated-imperforated) and layer thickness (5 mm and 10 mm) on acoustic performance are examined. The results of the sound absorption and sound transmission loss tests reveal that the acoustic properties of the samples improve as the sample thickness increases, but the perforation process does not have the desired favorable impact on samples of the same thickness. Additionally, the outcomes demonstrate that around 2000 Hz, natural and regenerated fibers with high cellulose content had the best sound absorption coefficients around 0.60. The findings indicate that these eco-friendly panels can be used to reduce unwanted noise in open offices, co-working spaces, and meeting rooms.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76549741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications, and the demand for PET products has been steadily increasing in recent years. This has generated large quantities of non-biodegradable PET waste. To reduce environmental pollution, recycling and reuse of waste PET is an economical solution. Different PET products vary greatly in their impurity contents, processing technology, and performance, which poses certain challenges for the recovery, purification, and reuse of PET waste in a high value-added manner. Various recycling and reutilization methods are compared, potential issues with different PET products in the recycling process are analyzed, and viscosity enhancement modification techniques and applications of recycled PET are introduced. This paper provides a reference for the recycling of various waste PET products.
{"title":"Progress in recycling and reutilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate","authors":"Ruixin Chen, Sai Deng, Tongyan Cui, Shiyu Duan, Qingxiu Jia, Liqun Zhang","doi":"10.1177/14777606231195399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231195399","url":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications, and the demand for PET products has been steadily increasing in recent years. This has generated large quantities of non-biodegradable PET waste. To reduce environmental pollution, recycling and reuse of waste PET is an economical solution. Different PET products vary greatly in their impurity contents, processing technology, and performance, which poses certain challenges for the recovery, purification, and reuse of PET waste in a high value-added manner. Various recycling and reutilization methods are compared, potential issues with different PET products in the recycling process are analyzed, and viscosity enhancement modification techniques and applications of recycled PET are introduced. This paper provides a reference for the recycling of various waste PET products.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86580787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1177/14777606231189522
N. Kakhramanov, Z. Huseynova, Yunis Gahramanli, Reykhan Hajiyeva, N. Arzumanova, R. Kurbanova, E. Suleymanova
The article presents the results of a study of the influence of the type and concentration of nitrile butadiene rubber on the main physical and mechanical properties of polymer compositions based on compatibilized ethylene/1-hexene copolymer (EHC*). SKN-18, SKN-26, and SKN-40 were used as nitrile butadiene rubber. The compatibilizer – polyethylene-graft-methacrylic acid was used to improve the compatibility of the mixed components of the mixture. At the first stage, the task of the study was to investigate the effect of the concentration of the considered nitrile rubbers on such properties of the compositions as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, melt flow rate and heat resistance. It was found that, regardless of the type of used nitrile butadiene rubber, with an increase in its content in the composition of the ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, a regular decrease in strength parameters, heat resistance, and melt fluidity is observed. It is shown that with the loading of 30 wt% SKN-18 or 40 wt% SKN-26 and SKN-40 into the composition of the ethylene/1-hexene copolymer phase inversion occurs in the composite materials, according to which the dispersed phase becomes a dispersed medium. The thermomechanical properties of the considered samples were studied. It was found that in those samples in which phase inversion occurred, a region of a highly elastic plateau is formed, which increases with an increase in the content of the rubber component. This area indicates the formation of elastomer with rubber properties. The regularities of crystallization of the compositions depending on the content of the amorphous component were studied by the method of stepwise dilatometry. The mechanism of crystal formation was studied depending on the content of the amorphous component. The influence of the crosslinking agent concentration – dicumyl peroxide on the main properties of dynamically vulcanized elastomers has been studied.
{"title":"Some problem questions in studying the properties of dynamically vulcanized polymer systems based on ethylene/1-hexene copolymer and nitrile butadiene rubber","authors":"N. Kakhramanov, Z. Huseynova, Yunis Gahramanli, Reykhan Hajiyeva, N. Arzumanova, R. Kurbanova, E. Suleymanova","doi":"10.1177/14777606231189522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231189522","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of a study of the influence of the type and concentration of nitrile butadiene rubber on the main physical and mechanical properties of polymer compositions based on compatibilized ethylene/1-hexene copolymer (EHC*). SKN-18, SKN-26, and SKN-40 were used as nitrile butadiene rubber. The compatibilizer – polyethylene-graft-methacrylic acid was used to improve the compatibility of the mixed components of the mixture. At the first stage, the task of the study was to investigate the effect of the concentration of the considered nitrile rubbers on such properties of the compositions as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, melt flow rate and heat resistance. It was found that, regardless of the type of used nitrile butadiene rubber, with an increase in its content in the composition of the ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, a regular decrease in strength parameters, heat resistance, and melt fluidity is observed. It is shown that with the loading of 30 wt% SKN-18 or 40 wt% SKN-26 and SKN-40 into the composition of the ethylene/1-hexene copolymer phase inversion occurs in the composite materials, according to which the dispersed phase becomes a dispersed medium. The thermomechanical properties of the considered samples were studied. It was found that in those samples in which phase inversion occurred, a region of a highly elastic plateau is formed, which increases with an increase in the content of the rubber component. This area indicates the formation of elastomer with rubber properties. The regularities of crystallization of the compositions depending on the content of the amorphous component were studied by the method of stepwise dilatometry. The mechanism of crystal formation was studied depending on the content of the amorphous component. The influence of the crosslinking agent concentration – dicumyl peroxide on the main properties of dynamically vulcanized elastomers has been studied.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88225356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1177/14777606231186635
C. Obele, Shadrack C Ugwu, J. Chukwuneke
This research produced textile pigment printing paste using expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a binder, sodium alginate as a thickener, and ultramarine pigment. The printing paste production was optimized through response surface methodology, using central composite design (CCD). The dynamic viscosity of the produced printing paste samples ranges from 5200 to 5550.50 cP (Centi Poise). The Fourier infrared transform (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the functional groups present in the printing paste. The result of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) conducted shows a first step decomposition of 94.14% that occurred at the range of 30.96°C–127.75°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed an endothermic transition at 119.44°C due to the absorption of energy during the breaking of printing paste bonds. Textile characterization such as wash fastness, croak fastness, and light fastness was carried out to determine the suitability of the print paste on cotton and polyester fabrics. The results of the fastness tests range from 4 to 5 for wash fastness, 3 to 4/5 for croak fastness, and 4 to 6 for light fastness. The optimum values of the model variables are thickener (50%), binder (40%), and pigment (5%). The performance of the printing paste as revealed from the results is moderate and comparable with textile printing paste suitable for commercial application.
{"title":"Development of textile printing ink using expanded polystyrene waste as a binder","authors":"C. Obele, Shadrack C Ugwu, J. Chukwuneke","doi":"10.1177/14777606231186635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231186635","url":null,"abstract":"This research produced textile pigment printing paste using expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a binder, sodium alginate as a thickener, and ultramarine pigment. The printing paste production was optimized through response surface methodology, using central composite design (CCD). The dynamic viscosity of the produced printing paste samples ranges from 5200 to 5550.50 cP (Centi Poise). The Fourier infrared transform (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the functional groups present in the printing paste. The result of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) conducted shows a first step decomposition of 94.14% that occurred at the range of 30.96°C–127.75°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed an endothermic transition at 119.44°C due to the absorption of energy during the breaking of printing paste bonds. Textile characterization such as wash fastness, croak fastness, and light fastness was carried out to determine the suitability of the print paste on cotton and polyester fabrics. The results of the fastness tests range from 4 to 5 for wash fastness, 3 to 4/5 for croak fastness, and 4 to 6 for light fastness. The optimum values of the model variables are thickener (50%), binder (40%), and pigment (5%). The performance of the printing paste as revealed from the results is moderate and comparable with textile printing paste suitable for commercial application.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79725165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1177/14777606231186631
Zahara Miranian, S. Ostad Movahed, Nadia Ostad Movahed
The cured rubber-made bladder used for curing the green tire because, it is thermally stable, and has low gas permeability. The bladder is made with the cured butyl rubber as a base rubber under a phenolic curing system. To save the resources and also, the environmental protection, it should be de-crosslink to gum rubber. A commercial source waste bladder rubber compounded with different de-crosslinking agents, including TMTD, DPDS, DCBS, MBTS, MBT, and TBBS. To do de-crosslinking, the prepared compounds were heated in a laboratory heating oven at different temperatures. The de-crosslinking parameters including the sol fraction and de-crosslinking percent measured using traditional rubber swollen tests. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) graphs showed the existence of the phenolic resin in the structure of waste bladder butyl rubber powder. Efficient de-crosslinking was observed for all studied de-crosslinking agents. It evidenced by the scanning electron microscope micrographs and also, the measured crosslink densities of the reclaimed rubbers. The highest and the lowest de-crosslinking percents belonged to the compounds with 4 phr DPDS in recipe at 220 [Formula: see text] and 4 phr DCBS at 180 [Formula: see text], respectively. Based on the obtained de-crosslinking parameters, the DPDS was selected as a suitable de-crosslinking agent for used waste rubber. In accordance with Horikx analysis, the oven heating broke down the crosslinks and rubber main chains simultaneously. Increasing the oven temperature had a positive effect on de-crosslinking process with similar effects on the crosslink and main chain break down.
{"title":"The phenolic cured butyl rubber reclamation using different de-crosslinking agents","authors":"Zahara Miranian, S. Ostad Movahed, Nadia Ostad Movahed","doi":"10.1177/14777606231186631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231186631","url":null,"abstract":"The cured rubber-made bladder used for curing the green tire because, it is thermally stable, and has low gas permeability. The bladder is made with the cured butyl rubber as a base rubber under a phenolic curing system. To save the resources and also, the environmental protection, it should be de-crosslink to gum rubber. A commercial source waste bladder rubber compounded with different de-crosslinking agents, including TMTD, DPDS, DCBS, MBTS, MBT, and TBBS. To do de-crosslinking, the prepared compounds were heated in a laboratory heating oven at different temperatures. The de-crosslinking parameters including the sol fraction and de-crosslinking percent measured using traditional rubber swollen tests. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) graphs showed the existence of the phenolic resin in the structure of waste bladder butyl rubber powder. Efficient de-crosslinking was observed for all studied de-crosslinking agents. It evidenced by the scanning electron microscope micrographs and also, the measured crosslink densities of the reclaimed rubbers. The highest and the lowest de-crosslinking percents belonged to the compounds with 4 phr DPDS in recipe at 220 [Formula: see text] and 4 phr DCBS at 180 [Formula: see text], respectively. Based on the obtained de-crosslinking parameters, the DPDS was selected as a suitable de-crosslinking agent for used waste rubber. In accordance with Horikx analysis, the oven heating broke down the crosslinks and rubber main chains simultaneously. Increasing the oven temperature had a positive effect on de-crosslinking process with similar effects on the crosslink and main chain break down.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83746364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.1177/14777606231186633
Jani S P, S. A, Rajaganapathy C, A. M
The urge to build a more environmentally friendly future has motivated researchers to examine composites outside of synthetic fiber and continue to consider natural fibre polymer composite. This present research, the hybrid bio composite was developed by bio fillers and natural fibres. The preliminary investigation was done to examine the possibility of using natural fillers (palm and coconut shell) in natural fibre (hemp and basalt) reinforced polymer (NFRP) composite for manufacturing application. In that way initially mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties testing were done on four different combinations of NFRP by using palm and coconut shell particles, to their influence on mechanical properties (tensile stress 278 MPa and flexural stress 330 MPa). It was found that 5% wt. palm + coco shell fillers combination hybrid composite presented good results in mechanical properties. Then 5% wt. palm + coco fillers was added in the matrix phase of NFRP composite was developed and study the machinability properties by using Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). NFRP machining in the relationships of material removal rate (MRR), kerf angle and surface roughness has been experimentally examined for various process parameters (nozzle pressure, distance stand and transverse speed). The research values for quality properties (MRR, Kt and Ra) were analysis-based on the trimming factors by developing the Taguchi method. The influence of optimized input process parameters on quality features were examined by utilizing experiential models. From this study, it is noticeable that, filler material in natural fiber composites reduces the kerf angle and the low and very high traverse speed leads the wide disparity in kerf inclination. For obtaining the good surface roughness and material removal rate medium traverse speed and medium stand of distance is the significant parameter respectively and moreover impact of jet pressure on surface finish is 3 times lower than the impact supplied to the surface finish by traverse speed
{"title":"Development of hybrid composite with natural fillers for mechanical property and machinability study","authors":"Jani S P, S. A, Rajaganapathy C, A. M","doi":"10.1177/14777606231186633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231186633","url":null,"abstract":"The urge to build a more environmentally friendly future has motivated researchers to examine composites outside of synthetic fiber and continue to consider natural fibre polymer composite. This present research, the hybrid bio composite was developed by bio fillers and natural fibres. The preliminary investigation was done to examine the possibility of using natural fillers (palm and coconut shell) in natural fibre (hemp and basalt) reinforced polymer (NFRP) composite for manufacturing application. In that way initially mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties testing were done on four different combinations of NFRP by using palm and coconut shell particles, to their influence on mechanical properties (tensile stress 278 MPa and flexural stress 330 MPa). It was found that 5% wt. palm + coco shell fillers combination hybrid composite presented good results in mechanical properties. Then 5% wt. palm + coco fillers was added in the matrix phase of NFRP composite was developed and study the machinability properties by using Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). NFRP machining in the relationships of material removal rate (MRR), kerf angle and surface roughness has been experimentally examined for various process parameters (nozzle pressure, distance stand and transverse speed). The research values for quality properties (MRR, Kt and Ra) were analysis-based on the trimming factors by developing the Taguchi method. The influence of optimized input process parameters on quality features were examined by utilizing experiential models. From this study, it is noticeable that, filler material in natural fiber composites reduces the kerf angle and the low and very high traverse speed leads the wide disparity in kerf inclination. For obtaining the good surface roughness and material removal rate medium traverse speed and medium stand of distance is the significant parameter respectively and moreover impact of jet pressure on surface finish is 3 times lower than the impact supplied to the surface finish by traverse speed","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74194264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.1177/14777606231181414
Zhihui Zhou, Wei Huang, Xiaodong Wang
To investigate the confining effect and axial compressive behavior of rubberized concrete (RuC) confined by steel tube, axial compression tests were carried out on 12 circular RuC cylinders confined by steel tube. The cylinders considered parameters such as steel tube thicknesses (2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm) and rubber volume replacement ratios of the fine aggregates (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). It was observed that the compressive strength of RuC decreases as the rubber volume replacement ratio increases. However, an increase in steel tube thickness enhances the confining effect of the core RuC, leading to an increase in its compressive strength and the corresponding strain, similar to that of conventional concrete. Moreover, post-peak curves are more likely to exhibit a strengthening part in confined concrete with more rubber content. Furthermore, a model was developed to determine the compressive strength of RuC confined by steel tube. Finally, an axial stress-strain model of steel tube confined RuC was proposed, which was validated against test results.
{"title":"Experimental assessment and compressive constitutive model of rubberized concrete confined by steel tube","authors":"Zhihui Zhou, Wei Huang, Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1177/14777606231181414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231181414","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the confining effect and axial compressive behavior of rubberized concrete (RuC) confined by steel tube, axial compression tests were carried out on 12 circular RuC cylinders confined by steel tube. The cylinders considered parameters such as steel tube thicknesses (2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm) and rubber volume replacement ratios of the fine aggregates (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). It was observed that the compressive strength of RuC decreases as the rubber volume replacement ratio increases. However, an increase in steel tube thickness enhances the confining effect of the core RuC, leading to an increase in its compressive strength and the corresponding strain, similar to that of conventional concrete. Moreover, post-peak curves are more likely to exhibit a strengthening part in confined concrete with more rubber content. Furthermore, a model was developed to determine the compressive strength of RuC confined by steel tube. Finally, an axial stress-strain model of steel tube confined RuC was proposed, which was validated against test results.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82445171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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