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Effects of central vs. peripheral attentional-oculomotor exercise on lexical processing. EXPRESS:中枢和外周注意-眼动运动对词汇加工的影响。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241310440
Shaylyn Kress, Scott Caron, Josh Neudorf, Braedyn Borowsky, Ron Borowsky

Past research from our lab has suggested visual demands in video games serve to exercise attentional-oculomotor (A-O) processing in a manner beneficial to reading. However, testing the effect of video games on reading typically requires long timeframes (e.g., multiweek training or years of accumulated video game experience). The current study manipulated within-experiment peripheral and central demands to evaluate the effects of A-O exercise on task performance. Our study included two tasks: an orthographic lexical decision task (OLDT), designed to optimise orthographic lexical processing, and a novel graphic-based health bar decision task (HBDT). In Experiment 1, the stimuli were presented centrally in one block and peripherally in another block to manipulate A-O exercise. We observed greater improvements in the peripheral-first than the central-first group, particularly for the OLDT. In Experiments 2 and 3, we focused on the OLDT, with the HBDT serving as the A-O exercise task, and observed improvements in both centrally and peripherally trained participants. We additionally observed, through analyses of word and bigram frequency, a double dissociation, whereby increased target word frequency was associated with faster target reaction times and improved error rates, whereas increased foil bigram frequency was associated with slower foil reaction times and worse error rates. Taken together, the experiments demonstrate a mechanism beyond simple task learning that drives reading improvements, and A-O exercise, even if movements are small, appears to play a role in the improvements observed. We suggest future research should further develop this paradigm and examine its utility for reading remediation in dyslexia.

我们实验室过去的研究表明,视频游戏中的视觉需求有助于锻炼注意力-眼动处理,从而有利于阅读。然而,测试电子游戏对阅读的影响通常需要很长的时间框架(例如,数周的训练或多年的电子游戏经验积累)。本研究利用实验内外周需求和中心需求来评估注意-眼肌运动(A-O)训练对任务表现的影响。我们的研究包括两个任务:一个是旨在优化正字法词汇处理的正字法词汇决策任务(OLDT),另一个是基于图形的健康条决策任务(HBDT)。在实验1中,刺激在一个区域集中呈现,在另一个区域外围呈现,以操纵A-O练习。我们观察到外围优先组比中心优先组有更大的改善,特别是对于OLDT。在实验2和3中,我们将注意力集中在OLDT上,HBDT作为A-O训练任务,并观察到在中央和外围训练的参与者中都有改善。此外,通过对单词和双字母频率的分析,我们还观察到一种双重分离,即增加的目标单词频率与更快的目标反应时间和更高的错误率有关,而增加的箔双字母频率与更慢的箔反应时间和更糟的错误率有关。综上所述,这些实验证明了一种超越简单任务学习的机制,它推动了阅读能力的提高,而a - o练习,即使动作很小,似乎也在观察到的提高中发挥了作用。我们建议未来的研究应该进一步发展这一范式,并检验其在阅读障碍的阅读修复中的效用。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive and affective processes in children's third-party punishment. 表达:儿童第三方惩罚的认知和情感过程。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241310829
Rhea L Arini, Juliana Bocarejo Aljure, Nereida Bueno Guerra, Clara Bayón González, Estrella Fernández Alba, Natalia Suárez Fernández, Gordon P D Ingram, Luci Wiggs, Ben Kenward

This study investigated how children's punishment affective states change over time, as well as when children begin to prioritise intentions over outcomes in their punishment decisions. Whereas most prior research sampled children from Anglo-America or Northwestern Europe, we tested 5- to 11-year-old children from Colombia and Spain (N = 123). We focused on punishment behaviour in response to ostensibly real moral transgressions, rather than punishment recommendations for hypothetical moral transgressions. We employed moral scenarios involving disloyalty (group-focused moral domain) and unfairness (individual-focused moral domain). Regarding punishment affective states, on average, children did not derive much enjoyment from administering punishment, nor did they anticipate that punishment would feel good. Thus, children did not make the same emotional forecasting error adults commonly commit. Regarding the cognitive integration of outcomes and intentions, children began to punish failed intentional transgressions more harshly than accidental transgression, in both disloyalty and unfairness scenarios, much earlier than in previous behavioural studies: around 7 years of age rather than in late adolescence. This could be due to the lower processing demands and higher intention salience of our paradigm. Exploratory analyses revealed that children showed higher concern for disloyalty than unfairness. Punishment of disloyalty remained relatively stable in severity with increasing age, while punishment of unfairness decreased in severity. This suggests that the relative importance of moral concerns for the individual vs. the group may shift because of culture-directed learning processes.

这项研究调查了儿童的惩罚情感状态如何随着时间的推移而变化,以及儿童何时开始在惩罚决定中优先考虑意图而不是结果。之前的研究大多以英美或欧洲西北部的儿童为样本,而我们测试的是哥伦比亚和西班牙5至11岁的儿童(N = 123)。我们关注的是对表面上真实的道德违规行为的惩罚行为,而不是对假设的道德违规行为的惩罚建议。我们采用了涉及不忠(群体关注的道德领域)和不公平(个人关注的道德领域)的道德情景。关于惩罚的情感状态,一般来说,孩子们并没有从实施惩罚中获得多少乐趣,他们也没有期望惩罚会让他们感觉良好。因此,儿童不会犯成年人常犯的情绪预测错误。关于结果和意图的认知整合,在不忠和不公平的情况下,儿童开始惩罚失败的故意违法行为比意外违法行为更严厉,比之前的行为研究要早得多:大约7岁,而不是青春期晚期。这可能是由于我们的范式的较低的加工需求和较高的意图显著性。探索性分析显示,儿童对不忠的关注程度高于对不公平的关注程度。随着年龄的增长,不忠惩罚的严重程度保持相对稳定,而不公平惩罚的严重程度则有所下降。这表明,由于文化导向的学习过程,个人对群体的道德关注的相对重要性可能会发生变化。
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引用次数: 0
Pattern of omission bias across various measures of moral judgement: Insights from the use of Young et al. (2007) vignettes. 在道德判断的各种措施的遗漏偏差模式:从使用Young等人(2007)的小插曲的见解。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241310439
Valentino Marcel Tahamata, Philip Tseng

People are more forgiving towards harmful inaction (omission) over harmful action (commission), even when the eventual outcome is identical-known as omission bias. This phenomenon is observed in a set of moral vignettes by Young et al. that was originally designed to investigate moral judgement based on the presence of harmful intent and outcome. However, studies that used this set of vignettes have never reported the "action/omission" distinction effect, thus overlooking or conflating the impact of omission bias and potentially complicating the understanding of the targeted moral construct. In this report, we demonstrate how this omission bias may have inadvertently been incorporated into Young et al. vignettes. We analysed data from two published studies by separating the values of each moral measure into action and omission, and included them as an additional two-level factor into the model used in each included study. Overall, our results revealed statistically significant effect of omission bias. Interestingly, this effect was observed only in explicit but not implicit measures (i.e., implicit association test (IAT)), though both measures were able to capture their intended effect of "intent-outcome"-based moral reasoning. Furthermore, this report offers preliminary insights into how the action-omission asymmetry relates to intent-outcome-based moral reasoning across various categories of moral judgement, suggesting avenues for future exploration.

人们对有害的不作为(不作为)比有害的作为(作为)更宽容,即使最终的结果是相同的--这就是所谓的不作为偏差。Young 等人(2007 年)在一组道德小故事中观察到了这一现象,这组小故事最初的目的是调查基于是否存在有害意图和结果的道德判断。然而,使用这组小故事的研究从未报告过行动/不作为区别效应,从而忽略或混淆了不作为偏差的影响,并可能使对目标道德建构的理解复杂化。在本报告中,我们展示了这种遗漏偏差是如何无意中被纳入 Young 等人(2007 年)的小故事中的。我们分析了两项已发表研究(即 Kurdi 等人,2020 年;Tahamata 和 Tseng,2024a)的数据,将每个道德测量值分为行动和遗漏,并将其作为额外的 2 级因子纳入每个纳入研究的模型中。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,不作为偏差在统计学上有显著影响。有趣的是,这种影响只在显性测量中出现,而在隐性测量(即 IAT)中没有出现,尽管这两种测量都能捕捉到基于意图-结果的道德推理的预期效果。此外,本报告还初步揭示了行动-遗漏不对称与不同类别道德判断中基于意图-结果的道德推理之间的关系,为今后的探索提供了思路。
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引用次数: 0
Unpacking mentalizing: The roles of age and executive functioning in self-other appraisal and perspective taking. 解包心智化:年龄和执行功能在自我-他人评价和观点接受中的作用。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241311415
Elena Poznyak, Lucien Rochat, Deborah Badoud, Ben Meuleman, Martin Debbané

Mentalizing involves a number of psychological processes designed to appraise self and others from different points of view. Factors affecting the flexibility in the ability to switch between self-other representations and perspectives remain yet unclear. In this study, we sought to (a) assess individual variability in processing and switching between self and other-oriented mental representations and perspectives in a sample of typically developing youths and (b) examine how age and executive functioning may affect this switching process. A total of 88 adolescents and 163 young adults completed the Self-Other Switching Task, a new computerised personality trait attribution paradigm. Measures of sustained attention, working memory, and inhibition were used to assess executive functioning. Linear mixed models showed that participants were faster at making attributions from the self-perspective and when referring to the self. They were also slower to disengage/switch from the self-perspective and the self-representation. Whereas there were no age differences in self-other switching efficiency per se, adolescents were slower than adults on trials involving appraisals of the other from the self-perspective. Importantly, higher verbal working memory scores were associated with better performance on incongruent trials and with switching scores. This study demonstrates the utility of a new experimental task permitting to tease apart the effects of self-other appraisal and perspective switching within a single paradigm. Our behavioural results highlight a self-cost observed in switching between representations and perspectives and emphasise the roles of age and working memory in the simultaneous processing of self- and other-oriented information.

心智化包括一系列心理过程,旨在从不同的角度评估自我和他人。影响在自我-他人评价和观点之间转换能力的灵活性的因素尚不清楚。在本研究中,我们试图(1)评估典型发展青年样本中自我和他人导向的心理表征和观点的加工和转换的个体差异;(2)研究年龄和执行功能如何影响这种转换过程。88名青少年和163名青年完成了自我-他者转换任务这一新的计算机化人格特质归因范式。使用持续注意力、工作记忆和抑制的测量来评估执行功能。线性混合模型表明,被试从自我角度进行归因和参照自我的速度更快。他们从自我视角和自我表征中脱离/转换的速度也较慢。虽然在自我-他人转换效率本身上没有年龄差异,但在涉及从自我角度评价他人的试验中,青少年比成年人慢。重要的是,较高的言语工作记忆分数与不一致试验和转换分数的较好表现有关。本研究展示了一项新的实验任务的实用性,该任务允许在单一范式中梳理自我-他人评价和观点转换的影响。我们的行为研究结果强调了在表征和视角之间转换时观察到的自我成本,并强调了年龄和工作记忆在同时处理自我和他者导向信息中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Accessing distant analogues over surface matches: How efficient is our retrieval system? 通过表面匹配获取遥远的类似物:我们的检索系统有多高效?
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241308032
Máximo Trench, Lucía M Tavernini, Ricardo A Minervino

A crucial aspect of human memory concerns the ability to retrieve analogous situations whose individual objects do not resemble those of the cues (distant analogues). Recent studies using a cued-recall paradigm suggest that distant analogues are more frequently retrieved than disanalogous situations that maintain a small set of object similarities with the cues (objects-only (OO) matches). In the first experiment of the present study, one condition had a distant analogue compete in long-term memory with an OO match involving a higher number of object similarities than in prior research. In another condition, the distant analogue competed in memory with a situation whose individual objects and first-order relations resembled those of the target (R+O matches) but yielded partial structural similarities that were insufficient for projecting meaningful inferences. Experiment 2 replicated this procedure with distant analogues whose similarity with the target only became apparent at higher levels of abstraction. In both experiments, retrieval rates of distant analogues were similar to those of OO matches, lower than those of R+O matches, and lower when competing against R+O matches than against OO matches. These results bear important implications for the current debate about the adequacy of our memory systems for the prospects of analogical transfer.

人类记忆的一个至关重要的方面涉及到检索类似情景的能力,这些情景中的单个物体与线索(遥远的类似物)不相似。最近使用线索-回忆范式的研究表明,遥远的类似物比与线索保持少量物体相似性(仅与物体匹配)的不同情况更容易被检索到。在本研究的第一个实验中,在一个条件下,远端模拟在长期记忆中与仅对象匹配竞争,涉及比先前研究中更多的对象相似性。在另一种情况下,远端模拟在记忆中与另一种情况竞争,这种情况下单个对象和一阶关系与目标的相似(R+O匹配),但产生了部分结构相似性,不足以投射有意义的推论。实验2用遥远的类似物重复了这一过程,这些类似物与目标的相似性只有在更高的抽象层次上才变得明显。在两个实验中,远端相似物的检索率与对象匹配的检索率相似,低于R+O匹配的检索率,与R+O匹配的检索率低于对象匹配的检索率。这些结果对当前关于类比转移前景的记忆系统是否充足的争论具有重要意义。
{"title":"Accessing distant analogues over surface matches: How efficient is our retrieval system?","authors":"Máximo Trench, Lucía M Tavernini, Ricardo A Minervino","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308032","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241308032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A crucial aspect of human memory concerns the ability to retrieve analogous situations whose individual objects do not resemble those of the cues (distant analogues). Recent studies using a cued-recall paradigm suggest that distant analogues are more frequently retrieved than disanalogous situations that maintain a small set of object similarities with the cues (objects-only (OO) matches). In the first experiment of the present study, one condition had a distant analogue compete in long-term memory with an OO match involving a higher number of object similarities than in prior research. In another condition, the distant analogue competed in memory with a situation whose individual objects and first-order relations resembled those of the target (R+O matches) but yielded partial structural similarities that were insufficient for projecting meaningful inferences. Experiment 2 replicated this procedure with distant analogues whose similarity with the target only became apparent at higher levels of abstraction. In both experiments, retrieval rates of distant analogues were similar to those of OO matches, lower than those of R+O matches, and lower when competing against R+O matches than against OO matches. These results bear important implications for the current debate about the adequacy of our memory systems for the prospects of analogical transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Moral virtues inferences: When limited information affects our attribution of virtues. 表达:道德美德推论:当有限的信息影响我们对美德的归因时。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241307652
Allegra Indraccolo, Riccardo Brunetti, Claudia Navarini, Claudia Del Gatto

In everyday life, when we have to formulate judgements, we often end up being influenced by information that is not directly related to the matter at hand. This happens both when we encounter the person in the real-life world, but also in the cyber-world, when, for example, we use social networks. In both cases, indeed, based simply on a few images or short stories, we may start to believe fake news or judge someone by generalising limited information to the overall judgement of that person/situation, as it happens in the halo effect. Even moral assessment can be influenced by limited, non-moral information; however, little is known on how this influence can affect our moral inferences about someone's virtues. We conduct three experiments, in which we assess how aspects non-directly connected to moral information, such as looks or fortuitous events, can affect our judgement about someone's morality. The experiments focus on the use of very limited information (e.g., attractiveness and/or short anecdotes), to reproduce the typical information available on a social network (e.g., people post selfies, or brief personal stories about their thoughts and feelings, or brief descriptions of personal events). In all experiments, the participants were asked to judge the moral virtues (honesty, courage, wisdom, and hope) of the person in the picture/narrative. Results show that pictures and narratives significantly affect the judgement of virtues. Moreover, the third experiment reveals a combined effect, by enhancing the influence of non-moral aspects on evaluation of someone's moral dispositions.

在日常生活中,当我们必须做出判断时,我们往往会受到与手头问题没有直接关系的信息的影响。这种情况既发生在我们在现实世界中遇到这个人的时候,也发生在网络世界中,例如,当我们使用社交网络的时候。事实上,在这两种情况下,仅仅基于几张图片或短篇故事,我们可能会开始相信假新闻,或者通过将有限的信息概括为对那个人/情况的整体判断来判断一个人,就像光环效应一样。即使是道德评估也会受到有限的非道德信息的影响:然而,我们对这种影响如何影响我们对某人美德的道德推断知之甚少。我们进行了三个实验,在这些实验中,我们评估了与道德信息不直接相关的方面,如外表或偶然事件,是如何影响我们对某人道德的判断的。实验的重点是使用非常有限的信息(例如,吸引力和/或简短的轶事)来重现社交网络上可用的典型信息(例如,人们发布自拍照,或关于他们的想法和感受的简短个人故事,或个人事件的简短描述)。在所有的实验中,参与者都被要求判断图片/叙述中的人的道德美德(诚实、勇气、智慧和希望)。结果表明,图片和叙事对美德的判断有显著影响。此外,第三个实验通过增强非道德方面对某人道德倾向评价的影响,揭示了一种综合效应。
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引用次数: 0
Facial occlusion with medical masks: Impacts on emotion recognition rates for emotion types and intensities. 面部遮挡与医用口罩:对情绪类型和强度的情绪识别率的影响。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241308569
Virginia B Wickline, A Shea Hall, Ryan Lavrisa, Kaylee McCook, Michael Woodcock, Marco Bani, Maria G Strepparava, Selena Russo, Stephen Nowicki

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mask-wearing became prominent or required worldwide as a predominant preventive strategy up until and even after vaccines became widely available. Because masks make emotion recognition more challenging for both the face and voice, medical and behavioural/mental health providers became aware of the disruptions this generated in practitioner-patient relationships. The current set of studies utilised two adult samples, first from United States college students (N = 516) and second from the U.S. American general public (N = 115), to document the severity and types of errors in facial expression recognition that were exacerbated by medical mask occlusion. Using a within-subjects experimental design and a well-validated test of emotion recognition that incorporated multiethnic adult facial stimuli, both studies found that happy, sad, and angry faces were significantly more difficult to interpret with masks than without, with lesser effects for fear. Both high- and low-intensity emotions were more difficult to interpret with masks, with a greater relative change for high-intensity emotions. The implications of these findings for medical and behavioural/mental health practitioners are briefly described, with emphasis on strategies that can be taken to mitigate the impact in health care settings.

在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,在疫苗广泛获得之前甚至之后,作为一项主要的预防策略,戴口罩在世界范围内变得突出或必要。因为面具使面部和声音的情感识别更具挑战性,医学和行为/心理健康提供者开始意识到这对医患关系产生的破坏。目前的一组研究使用了两个成人样本,第一个来自美国大学生(N = 516),第二个来自美国普通公众(N = 115),以记录医疗口罩遮挡加剧面部表情识别错误的严重程度和类型。两项研究都采用了受试者内部实验设计和一项经过充分验证的情绪识别测试,其中包括多种族成年人的面部刺激,结果发现,戴面具比不戴面具更难以理解快乐、悲伤和愤怒的表情,而对恐惧的影响较小。高强度和低强度的情绪都更难以用面具来解释,高强度情绪的相对变化更大。简要描述了这些发现对医学和行为/心理健康从业人员的影响,重点是可以采取的策略,以减轻对医疗保健环境的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Observation inflation as source confusion: Symmetrical conflation of memories based on action performance and observation. EXPRESS:观察膨胀作为来源混淆:基于动作表现和观察的记忆的对称合并。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241306743
Bence Neszmélyi, Roland Pfister

People often cannot remember the source of their memories despite recalling other elements of a remembered event correctly. Observation inflation is one such error of source monitoring. It refers to remembering the actions of another agent as self-performed. While the existence of this memory error is well documented, it is not clear how it relates to other errors of source attribution: It is not evident whether the phenomenon reflects (1) a specific tendency to appropriate the actions of other agents, (2) a general confusion of sources with overlapping features, or (3) whether it is a confound induced by the complex structure of the conventionally used experimental paradigm. We conducted two online experiments to assess these potential contributions to observation inflation. Crucially, administering a full source monitoring test revealed a symmetrical pattern: Recognising other's actions as one's own occurred at the same rate as misattributing one's own actions to another agent. The findings resonate with source-monitoring frameworks by suggesting that source attribution errors arise due to the similarity of the sources, whereas the evidence speaks against a special status for appropriating observed actions.

人们常常记不住记忆的来源,尽管能正确地回忆起记忆事件的其他要素。观测膨胀就是这样一种源监测误差。它指的是记住另一个代理的行为是自我执行的。虽然这种记忆错误的存在是有案可查的,但尚不清楚它与来源归因的其他错误之间的关系:尚不清楚这种现象是否反映了(1)挪用其他主体行为的特定倾向,(2)具有重叠特征的来源的普遍混淆,或(3)是否是由传统使用的实验范式的复杂结构引起的混淆。我们进行了两个在线实验来评估这些对观测暴胀的潜在贡献。至关重要的是,管理一个完整的源监控测试揭示了一个对称模式:将他人的行为视为自己的行为的发生率与将自己的行为错误归因于另一个主体的发生率相同。这些发现与来源监测框架产生了共鸣,表明来源归因错误是由于来源的相似性造成的,而证据反对将观察到的行为占为己有的特殊地位。
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引用次数: 0
When function words carry content. EXPRESS:当虚词带有内容时。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241307582
João Vieira, Elisângela Teixeira, Erica Rodrigues, Hayward J Godwin, Denis Drieghe

Studies on eye movements during reading have primarily focussed on the processing of content words (CWs), such as verbs and nouns. Those few studies that have analysed eye movements on function words (FWs), such as articles and prepositions, have reported that FWs are typically skipped more often and, when fixated, receive fewer and shorter fixations than CWs. However, those studies were often conducted in languages where FWs contain comparatively little information (e.g., the in English). In Brazilian Portuguese (BP), FWs can carry gender and number marking. In the present study, we analysed data from the RASTROS corpus of natural reading in BP and examined the effects of word length, predictability, frequency and word class on eye movements. Very limited differences between FWs and CWs were observed mostly restricted to the skipping rates of short words, such that FWs were skipped more often than CWs. For fixation times, differences were either nonexistent or restricted to atypical FWs, such as low frequency FWs, warranting further research. As such, our results are more compatible with studies showing limited or no differences in processing speed between FWs and CWs when influences of word length, frequency and predictability are taken into account.

关于阅读过程中眼球运动的研究主要集中在实义词的处理上,如动词和名词。少数几项研究分析了假词(如冠词和介词)的眼球运动,结果表明假词通常被跳过的次数更多,当被注视时,假词的注视次数也比假词少,时间也更短。然而,这些研究往往是用fw所载资料相对较少的语文进行的(例如英文版)。在巴西葡萄牙语(BP)中,fw可以带有性别和数字标记。在本研究中,我们分析了来自BP自然阅读RASTROS语料库的数据(Vieira, 2020),并检查了单词长度、可预测性、频率和词类对眼球运动的影响。fw和CWs之间的差异非常有限,主要局限于短词的跳过率,因此fw比CWs更经常被跳过。对于固定时间,差异要么不存在,要么仅限于非典型鱼类,如低频鱼类,值得进一步研究。因此,当考虑到单词长度、频率和可预测性的影响时,我们的结果与显示fw和CWs之间处理速度有限或没有差异的研究更加一致。
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引用次数: 0
Learning new words via reading: The influence of emotional narrative context on learning novel adjectives. 《通过阅读学习新词:情感叙事语境对小说形容词学习的影响》。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241308221
Yuzhen Dong, Matthew Hc Mak, Robert Hepach, Kate Nation

People learn new words in narrative contexts, but little is known about how the emotional valence of the narrative influences word learning. In a pre-registered experiment, 76 English-speaking adults read 30 novel adjectives embedded in 60 short narratives (20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral valence). Both immediately after and 24 hr later, participants completed a series of post-tests, including speeded recognition, sentence completion, meaning generation, and valence judgement. Results showed that participants learned both the novel word form and its meaning. Compared with novel words experienced in the neutral contexts, those read in the emotional contexts (both positive and negative) showed better learning of orthographic form in the immediate post-test, but only those read in the negative context were recognised with greater accuracy in the delayed post-test. Furthermore, the valence of the context was reflected in the word meanings participants generated for each novel word, suggesting that word valence can be inferred from the valence of the contexts. Results from sentence completion and valence judgement were mixed, depending on the task demands. These findings are discussed with reference to theories of affective embodiment and the implications for learning abstract words are considered.

人们在叙事语境中学习新单词,但关于叙事的情感效价如何影响单词学习却知之甚少。在一项预先注册的实验中,76名说英语的成年人阅读了60个短篇故事中的30个新形容词(20个积极的,20个消极的,20个中性的)。实验结束后和24小时后,参与者完成了一系列的后测,包括快速识别、句子完成、意义生成和效价判断。结果显示,参与者既学会了新单词的形式,也学会了它的意思。与在中性情境中阅读的新单词相比,在情绪情境(积极和消极)中阅读的人在即时后测中表现出更好的正字法学习,但只有在消极情境中阅读的人在延迟后测中识别出更高的准确性。此外,语境的效价反映在参与者对每个新单词产生的词义中,这表明词的效价可以从语境的效价推断出来。根据任务要求的不同,句子完成和效价判断的结果是混合的。本文结合情感体现理论对这些发现进行了讨论,并对抽象词汇学习的启示进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
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