The invention of hafted tools, between about 500 Ka and 250 Ka years ago, was a fundamental technological innovation that has shaped human social, cognitive, and biological capabilities. Despite the recurrent evidence of hafting observed on lithic tools, handles from this period are rare since they were probably made of perishable materials. Three exceptional wooden sticks interpreted as handles have been found in the Poggetti Vecchi site, allowing a deeper investigation of the technical capabilities of the early Neanderthals who frequented the site around 170,000 years ago. The handles and the lithic tools with hafting traces were analysed using a techno-functional approach, suggesting that they could have been attached to each other to create a specific composite hafted tool. The efficiency of the composite hafted tool was tested through a detailed experimental programme. The results highlighted, for the first time, the complex production processes used to create a composite hafted tool that could have been used to butcher the carcases of the large fauna that are well attested at the site.
约在距今 500 Ka 至 250 Ka 年之间发明的带柄工具是一项基本的技术创新，它塑造了人类的社会、认知和生物能力。尽管在石器上经常可以看到有柄的证据，但这一时期的柄却很少见，因为它们很可能是用易腐烂的材料制成的。在 Poggetti Vecchi 遗址发现了三件被解释为手柄的特殊木棍，从而可以更深入地研究约 17 万年前经常光顾该遗址的早期尼安德特人的技术能力。我们采用技术功能方法分析了手柄和带有锤柄痕迹的石器，认为它们可以相互连接，从而制造出特定的复合锤柄工具。通过一项详细的实验计划，对复合锤状工具的效率进行了测试。实验结果首次凸显了用于制造复合柄工具的复杂生产工艺，而这种工具本可以用于屠宰该遗址出土的大型动物尸体。
{"title":"Wooden hafting technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy)","authors":"Silvia Florindi , Fabio Santaniello , Biancamaria Aranguren , Stefano Grimaldi , Cesare Melandri , Daniela Puzio , Anna Revedin","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The invention of hafted tools, between about 500 Ka and 250 Ka years ago, was a fundamental technological innovation that has shaped human social, cognitive, and biological capabilities. Despite the recurrent evidence of hafting observed on lithic tools, handles from this period are rare since they were probably made of perishable materials. Three exceptional wooden sticks interpreted as handles have been found in the Poggetti Vecchi site, allowing a deeper investigation of the technical capabilities of the early Neanderthals who frequented the site around 170,000 years ago. The handles and the lithic tools with hafting traces were analysed using a techno-functional approach, suggesting that they could have been attached to each other to create a specific composite hafted tool. The efficiency of the composite hafted tool was tested through a detailed experimental programme. The results highlighted, for the first time, the complex production processes used to create a composite hafted tool that could have been used to butcher the carcases of the large fauna that are well attested at the site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109014"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109013
Gennady G. Boeskorov , Marina V. Shchelchkova , Albert V. Protopopov , Nadezhda V. Kryukova , Ruslan I. Belyaev
Until now, a key question in reconstructing the appearance of the woolly rhinoceros has remained open: why did various Paleolithic artists often depict this animal with a hump on its back? Previous findings of mummies of this rhinoceros either had no hump or this area of the carcass was damaged. In this study, we describe the discovery of a subadult Coelodonta antiquitatis mummy (4–4.5 years old) from the permafrost of Yakutia. This is the first time that the presence of a hump in the neck and withers area has been reliably established. The hump of the studied rhinoceros measures 36 cm in length, 13 cm in height, and 14 cm in thickness, and is filled with adipose tissue. The dimensions of the subcutaneous and hump adipocytes probably indicate that the hump was filled with white fat. The presence of a fat hump in the woolly rhinoceros represents a distinctive adaptation that is not typical of the extant large mammals in the northern latitudes and likely contributed to their survival during the harsh winters of the Ice Age. This discovery shows that Paleolithic artists from Chauvet Cave made strikingly accurate depictions of the exterior of a woolly rhinoceros.
{"title":"Reshaping a woolly rhinoceros: Discovery of a fat hump on its back","authors":"Gennady G. Boeskorov , Marina V. Shchelchkova , Albert V. Protopopov , Nadezhda V. Kryukova , Ruslan I. Belyaev","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Until now, a key question in reconstructing the appearance of the woolly rhinoceros has remained open: why did various Paleolithic artists often depict this animal with a hump on its back? Previous findings of mummies of this rhinoceros either had no hump or this area of the carcass was damaged. In this study, we describe the discovery of a subadult <em>Coelodonta antiquitatis</em> mummy (4–4.5 years old) from the permafrost of Yakutia. This is the first time that the presence of a hump in the neck and withers area has been reliably established. The hump of the studied rhinoceros measures 36 cm in length, 13 cm in height, and 14 cm in thickness, and is filled with adipose tissue. The dimensions of the subcutaneous and hump adipocytes probably indicate that the hump was filled with white fat. The presence of a fat hump in the woolly rhinoceros represents a distinctive adaptation that is not typical of the extant large mammals in the northern latitudes and likely contributed to their survival during the harsh winters of the Ice Age. This discovery shows that Paleolithic artists from Chauvet Cave made strikingly accurate depictions of the exterior of a woolly rhinoceros.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109013"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109060
Tawane Carvalho Fonte Boa Machado , Dimila Mothé , Douglas Riff , Alexander Cherkinsky , Mário André Trindade Dantas
Proboscidea is a group of large mammals abundant in the fossil record and in Brazil it is represented by Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888). To improve the understanding on its taxonomy, chronology, annual diet, and habitats paleoenvironmental aspects, we conducted a morphological description, absolute dating, and analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O) in Notiomastodon' remains from the northern (Norte de Minas) and western (Triângulo Mineiro) mesoregions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The material includes isolated teeth, mandibular portions, and postcranial bones at different levels of fragmentation, associated with at least eight adults and one juvenile. The only individual from Triângulo, found in Campina Verde municipality, was dated at 27,715–27,903 Cal yr BP. It presented a mixed diet based on C4 plants (piC4 = 90 %; δ13C = 0.5 ‰), which implies the occupation of an open environment, mostly pasture. The region was relatively humid (δ18O = 24.7 ‰), which is supported by the existence of humidity corridors in the Amazon region. A similar phytophysiognomy was inferred for the Norte de Minas region between at least 21,966–22,279 Cal yr BP and 18,944–19,157 Cal yr BP. However, one specimen showed a different δ13C value (piC3 = 0.87 %; δ13C = −10.2 ‰). This indicates it lived in a transitional environment between low-density forest and arboreal savannah. This likely occurred during a period that favored the expansion of trees and shrubs. The region underwent climate change, from relatively humid conditions (δ18O = 25.6 ± 0.2 ‰) to expressively dry (δ18O = 34.6 ‰) between the dated periods, a change corroborated by some palynological data. The multiannual paleoecological analysis, based on sequential sampling of three dentin layers of an incisor, indicated the relative stability of vegetation and climate despite fluctuations in hydrology. The perceived disassociation between vegetation dynamics and local hydrology corroborates the idea that factors other than precipitation may play a significant role in the environmental dynamics of the Cerrado biome.
长鼻目（Proboscidea）是化石记录中非常丰富的一类大型哺乳动物，巴西的代表动物是Notiomastodon platensis（Ameghino，1888年）。为了加深对其分类、年代学、年食性和栖息地古环境等方面的了解，我们对巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州北部（Norte de Minas）和西部（Triângulo Mineiro）中区的Notiomastodon遗骸进行了形态描述、绝对年代测定以及碳和氧稳定同位素（δ13C和δ18O）分析。这些材料包括孤立的牙齿、下颌骨部分和颅后骨骼，破碎程度不一，至少与八个成年个体和一个幼年个体有关。来自特里安古洛的唯一个体发现于坎皮纳韦尔德市，其年代为公元前 27,715-27,903 卡年。它的食物以 C4 植物为主（piC4 = 90 %；δ13C = 0.5 ‰），这意味着它生活在一个开阔的环境中，主要是牧场。该地区相对潮湿（δ18O = 24.7 ‰），亚马逊地区存在的湿度走廊也证明了这一点。至少在 21,966-22,279 Cal yr BP 和 18,944-19,157 Cal yr BP 之间，北米纳斯地区也有类似的植物生理学推断。然而，有一个标本显示了不同的δ13C 值（piC3 = 0.87 %；δ13C = -10.2‰）。这表明它生活在低密度森林和树栖稀树草原之间的过渡环境中。这很可能发生在有利于树木和灌木扩展的时期。在两个年代之间，该地区经历了从相对潮湿（δ18O = 25.6 ± 0.2 ‰）到明显干燥（δ18O = 34.6 ‰）的气候变化，一些古生物学数据也证实了这一变化。根据对一颗门牙的三个牙本质层的连续取样进行的多年度古生态分析表明，尽管水文存在波动，但植被和气候相对稳定。植被动态与当地水文之间的明显脱节证实了这样一种观点，即除降水外，其他因素也可能在塞拉多生物群落的环境动态中发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Radiocarbon dating and isotopic paleoecology of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Minas Gerais, Brazil","authors":"Tawane Carvalho Fonte Boa Machado , Dimila Mothé , Douglas Riff , Alexander Cherkinsky , Mário André Trindade Dantas","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proboscidea is a group of large mammals abundant in the fossil record and in Brazil it is represented by <em>Notiomastodon platensis</em> (Ameghino, 1888). To improve the understanding on its taxonomy, chronology, annual diet, and habitats paleoenvironmental aspects, we conducted a morphological description, absolute dating, and analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen (<em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C and <em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O) in <em>Notiomastodon</em>' remains from the northern (Norte de Minas) and western (Triângulo Mineiro) mesoregions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The material includes isolated teeth, mandibular portions, and postcranial bones at different levels of fragmentation, associated with at least eight adults and one juvenile. The only individual from Triângulo, found in Campina Verde municipality, was dated at 27,715–27,903 Cal yr BP. It presented a mixed diet based on C<sub>4</sub> plants (<em>p</em><sub><em>i</em></sub>C<sub>4</sub> = 90 %; <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C = 0.5 ‰), which implies the occupation of an open environment, mostly pasture. The region was relatively humid (<em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O = 24.7 ‰), which is supported by the existence of humidity corridors in the Amazon region. A similar phytophysiognomy was inferred for the Norte de Minas region between at least 21,966–22,279 Cal yr BP and 18,944–19,157 Cal yr BP. However, one specimen showed a different <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C value (<em>p</em><sub><em>i</em></sub>C<sub>3</sub> = 0.87 %; <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C = −10.2 ‰). This indicates it lived in a transitional environment between low-density forest and arboreal savannah. This likely occurred during a period that favored the expansion of trees and shrubs. The region underwent climate change, from relatively humid conditions (<em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O = 25.6 ± 0.2 ‰) to expressively dry (<em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O = 34.6 ‰) between the dated periods, a change corroborated by some palynological data. The multiannual paleoecological analysis, based on sequential sampling of three dentin layers of an incisor, indicated the relative stability of vegetation and climate despite fluctuations in hydrology. The perceived disassociation between vegetation dynamics and local hydrology corroborates the idea that factors other than precipitation may play a significant role in the environmental dynamics of the Cerrado biome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109060"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109011
N. Stevenard , C. Kissel , A. Govin , C. Wandres
Most of the high-resolution studies investigating the past variability of the deep North Atlantic circulation are focused on recent timescales, but little is known for periods older than the last glacial period. Based on magnetic, elemental and physical grain-size proxies of three pairs of sediment cores located South of Iceland, we reconstructed the past changes in grain-size and basaltic-derived grain concentration over the last 400 ka (1 ka = 1000 years). The source and grain-size proxies exhibit highly similar variations between the three sites, suggesting they are affected by the same regional process. Persistently lower concentrations and finer grain-sizes recorded in the southernmost and deeper site compared to the northern sites indicate a North to South gradient that is consistent with the southward transport of sediments from a northern basaltic source by a deep current. Therefore, we interpret changes recorded by the ensemble of proxies at the three sites as past variations in the ISOW intensity. These new results show persistent influence, over the entire 400 ka, of a southward deep-water flow in the subpolar North Atlantic, from 1800 to 2800 m water depth. The “off mode” of deep Atlantic circulation during Heinrich events suggested by many studies is therefore questioned. This study extends the previous observations made for the 20–65 ka period over the last 400 ka. Our results also show that the three studied sites are bathed by a deep-water mass formed in the Nordic Seas, during both glacial and interglacial periods, suggesting that the present-day convection areas were still active during glacial periods. Our ISOW intensity records are highly similar to those of deep-water ventilation. We propose that the strength of overflows in the North Atlantic regulates the volume of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and its southward transport in the Atlantic basin. Therefore, the Southern source waters may only act as an opportunistic component of the deep Atlantic circulation, invading or retreating depending on the NADW strength.
大多数调查北大西洋深层环流过去变异性的高分辨率研究都集中在最近的时间尺度上，但对上一个冰川期之前的时期却知之甚少。根据冰岛南部三对沉积岩芯的磁性、元素和物理粒度代用指标，我们重建了过去 400 ka（1 ka = 1000 年）内粒度和玄武岩衍生颗粒浓度的变化。三个地点的来源和粒度代用指标呈现出高度相似的变化，表明它们受到了同一区域过程的影响。与北部站点相比，最南端和最深站点记录到的浓度和粒度持续较低，这表明存在一个由北向南的梯度，与深海洋流从北部玄武岩源头向南输送沉积物的情况一致。因此，我们将这三个地点的代用指标组合所记录的变化解释为过去 ISOW 强度的变化。这些新结果表明，在整个 400 ka 期间，北大西洋副极地水深 1800 米至 2800 米处的南向深水洋流持续产生影响。因此，许多研究提出的海因里希事件期间大西洋深层环流的 "关闭模式 "受到了质疑。这项研究将以前对 20-65 ka 期间的观测结果延伸到了过去的 400 ka 期间。我们的研究结果还表明，在冰川期和间冰期，所研究的三个地点都被北欧海域形成的深水体所覆盖，这表明在冰川期，现今的对流区域仍然活跃。我们的 ISOW 强度记录与深水通气记录高度相似。我们认为，北大西洋的溢流强度调节着北大西洋深水（NADW）的水量及其在大西洋海盆中的南向输送。因此，南源水可能只是大西洋深层环流的一个机会性组成部分，其入侵或撤退取决于 NADW 的强度。
{"title":"Deep north atlantic circulation strength: Glacial-interglacial variability over the last 400,000 years","authors":"N. Stevenard , C. Kissel , A. Govin , C. Wandres","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of the high-resolution studies investigating the past variability of the deep North Atlantic circulation are focused on recent timescales, but little is known for periods older than the last glacial period. Based on magnetic, elemental and physical grain-size proxies of three pairs of sediment cores located South of Iceland, we reconstructed the past changes in grain-size and basaltic-derived grain concentration over the last 400 ka (1 ka = 1000 years). The source and grain-size proxies exhibit highly similar variations between the three sites, suggesting they are affected by the same regional process. Persistently lower concentrations and finer grain-sizes recorded in the southernmost and deeper site compared to the northern sites indicate a North to South gradient that is consistent with the southward transport of sediments from a northern basaltic source by a deep current. Therefore, we interpret changes recorded by the ensemble of proxies at the three sites as past variations in the ISOW intensity. These new results show persistent influence, over the entire 400 ka, of a southward deep-water flow in the subpolar North Atlantic, from 1800 to 2800 m water depth. The “off mode” of deep Atlantic circulation during Heinrich events suggested by many studies is therefore questioned. This study extends the previous observations made for the 20–65 ka period over the last 400 ka. Our results also show that the three studied sites are bathed by a deep-water mass formed in the Nordic Seas, during both glacial and interglacial periods, suggesting that the present-day convection areas were still active during glacial periods. Our ISOW intensity records are highly similar to those of deep-water ventilation. We propose that the strength of overflows in the North Atlantic regulates the volume of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and its southward transport in the Atlantic basin. Therefore, the Southern source waters may only act as an opportunistic component of the deep Atlantic circulation, invading or retreating depending on the NADW strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109011"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109046
Airui Li , Xiaoping Yang , Xulong Wang , Jinhua Du , Deguo Zhang , Bo Chen , Louis Scuderi
The current distribution of dune fields and sandy lands in northeastern China is closely related to the hydrological environment with fluvial processes often providing sediments for dune formation. The Keerqin Sandy Land (also known as Horqin) incised by the tributaries of the West Liao River and located at the northern boundary of East Asian summer monsoon (EAM) in northeastern China, is sensitive to monsoon system variability. As such, aeolian-fluvial-paleosol sequences in northeastern China are valuable geological archives for reconstructing river system behavior and palaeoclimate since the Late Quaternary. Here we show from analysis of these archives that fluvial systems were active at ∼11 ka likely due to the occurrence of floods at the end of the last glaciation. This was followed by frequent channel migration within the floodplains around 7∼5 ka associated with mid-Holocene monsoon precipitation fluctuation and higher humidity. Sediments from this active Holocene fluvial system along with a more humid climate produced conditions in the Keerqin Sandy Land that resulted in extensive paleosol formation. These findings are consistent with the timing and development of paleosols in other sandy lands in northeastern China. Former channels and floodplains along with a higher groundwater table aided the early development of agriculture in this region: many of the former flood plains are still intensively cultivated and highly productive.
中国东北地区目前的沙丘地和沙地分布与水文环境密切相关，河川过程往往为沙丘的形成提供了沉积物。西辽河支流切入的科尔沁沙地（又称科尔沁沙地）位于中国东北地区东亚夏季季风（EAM）的北部边界，对季风系统的变化非常敏感。因此，中国东北部的风化-流积-古沉积序列是重建晚第四纪以来河流系统行为和古气候的宝贵地质档案。在此，我们通过对这些档案的分析表明，可能由于末次冰川末期的洪水泛滥，河流系统在 ∼11 ka 活跃。随后，在 7∼5 ka 前后，随着全新世中期季风降水量的波动和湿度的增加，洪泛平原上的河道频繁迁移。全新世活跃的河道系统所产生的沉积物以及更加湿润的气候为科尔沁沙地提供了条件，从而形成了大量的古沉积物。这些发现与中国东北地区其他沙地的古溶胶形成时间和发展情况一致。昔日的河道和冲积平原以及较高的地下水位有助于该地区农业的早期发展：许多昔日的冲积平原至今仍有大量的耕地和高产田。
{"title":"Late Pleistocene to present landscape and anthropomorphic change in the Keerqin (Horqin) Sandy Land, China: Insights from sedimentary records","authors":"Airui Li , Xiaoping Yang , Xulong Wang , Jinhua Du , Deguo Zhang , Bo Chen , Louis Scuderi","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current distribution of dune fields and sandy lands in northeastern China is closely related to the hydrological environment with fluvial processes often providing sediments for dune formation. The Keerqin Sandy Land (also known as Horqin) incised by the tributaries of the West Liao River and located at the northern boundary of East Asian summer monsoon (EAM) in northeastern China, is sensitive to monsoon system variability. As such, aeolian-fluvial-paleosol sequences in northeastern China are valuable geological archives for reconstructing river system behavior and palaeoclimate since the Late Quaternary. Here we show from analysis of these archives that fluvial systems were active at ∼11 ka likely due to the occurrence of floods at the end of the last glaciation. This was followed by frequent channel migration within the floodplains around 7∼5 ka associated with mid-Holocene monsoon precipitation fluctuation and higher humidity. Sediments from this active Holocene fluvial system along with a more humid climate produced conditions in the Keerqin Sandy Land that resulted in extensive paleosol formation. These findings are consistent with the timing and development of paleosols in other sandy lands in northeastern China. Former channels and floodplains along with a higher groundwater table aided the early development of agriculture in this region: many of the former flood plains are still intensively cultivated and highly productive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109046"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109057
Liangqing Cheng , Hao Long , Jingran Zhang , Yubin Wu , Jun Cheng , Linhai Yang , Hongyi Cheng
Water is critical for ecological systems in arid regions, making it imperative to understand how moisture in arid Central Asia (CA) responds to anthropogenic warming. The oscillation of warming and cooling events since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼24–19.5 ka) provides a window for exploring the relationship between moisture and temperature. Employing 109 luminescence ages derived from eight sand dune sediment cores in the Bayanbulak Basin in the CA, this study endeavors to reconstruct the evolution of sand accumulation, and by extension, moisture dynamics. We found that pre-Holocene sand accumulation was predominant during the LGM and Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, ∼18–14.6 ka), indicative of a cold-dry climate prevailing during these two cold stages. During the Holocene, sand accumulation during Early Holocene is significantly stronger than that during Middle-late Holocene, supporting a long-term wetting trend. Additionally, this study reveals that the colder Little Ice Age (LIA, ∼0.55–0.2 ka) exhibited a wetter condition compared to the warmer Medieval Warming Period (MWP, ∼1–0.55 ka), indicating a cold-humid climate during the LIA. Corroborated by TraCE-21ka (Transient Climate of the Last 21,000 Years) simulation, we propose that diminished evaporation over North Atlantic during the LGM and HS1 potentially led to a reduction in water vapor transported by westerlies to the CA. During the Middle and Late Holocene, increased evaporation over North Atlantic, attributed to decreased ice sheet, westerlies intensity became the primary limiting factor. Notably, stronger westerlies during the LIA could have contributed to elevated moisture levels compared to the MWP. These findings not only resolve the debate surrounding the transition from cold-dry to cold-humid conditions but also enhance our comprehension of future moisture variations.
水对于干旱地区的生态系统至关重要，因此了解中亚干旱地区的水汽如何对人为变暖做出反应至关重要。自末次冰川极盛时期（LGM，∼24-19.5 ka）以来，气候变暖和变冷的振荡为探索水分与温度之间的关系提供了一个窗口。本研究利用从加利福尼亚州巴音布鲁克盆地的八个沙丘沉积物岩心中提取的 109 个发光年龄，试图重建沙丘堆积的演变过程，并进而重建湿度动态。我们发现，在全新世和海因里希晚期 1（HS1，∼18-14.6 ka）期间，全新世以前的积沙占主导地位，表明在这两个寒冷阶段盛行寒冷干燥的气候。在全新世期间，全新世早期的积沙明显强于全新世中晚期，支持了长期湿润的趋势。此外，该研究还揭示了较冷的小冰河时期（LIA，∼0.55-0.2 ka）与较暖的中世纪温暖期（MWP，∼1-0.55 ka）相比呈现出较湿润的状态，表明小冰河时期气候寒冷潮湿。通过TraCE-21ka（Transient Climate of the Last 21,000Years）模拟，我们认为，在LGM和HS1期间，北大西洋蒸发量的减少可能导致西风向CA输送的水汽减少。在全新世中期和晚期，北大西洋蒸发量的增加归因于冰盖的减少，西风强度成为主要的限制因素。值得注意的是，与小水期间相比，大水期间更强的西风可能导致了水汽水平的升高。这些发现不仅解决了围绕从寒冷干燥过渡到寒冷潮湿条件的争论，而且提高了我们对未来水汽变化的理解。
{"title":"Retreating ice sheet caused a transition from cold-dry to cold-humid conditions in arid Central Asia","authors":"Liangqing Cheng , Hao Long , Jingran Zhang , Yubin Wu , Jun Cheng , Linhai Yang , Hongyi Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water is critical for ecological systems in arid regions, making it imperative to understand how moisture in arid Central Asia (CA) responds to anthropogenic warming. The oscillation of warming and cooling events since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼24–19.5 ka) provides a window for exploring the relationship between moisture and temperature. Employing 109 luminescence ages derived from eight sand dune sediment cores in the Bayanbulak Basin in the CA, this study endeavors to reconstruct the evolution of sand accumulation, and by extension, moisture dynamics. We found that pre-Holocene sand accumulation was predominant during the LGM and Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, ∼18–14.6 ka), indicative of a cold-dry climate prevailing during these two cold stages. During the Holocene, sand accumulation during Early Holocene is significantly stronger than that during Middle-late Holocene, supporting a long-term wetting trend. Additionally, this study reveals that the colder Little Ice Age (LIA, ∼0.55–0.2 ka) exhibited a wetter condition compared to the warmer Medieval Warming Period (MWP, ∼1–0.55 ka), indicating a cold-humid climate during the LIA. Corroborated by TraCE-21ka (Transient Climate of the Last 21,000 Years) simulation, we propose that diminished evaporation over North Atlantic during the LGM and HS1 potentially led to a reduction in water vapor transported by westerlies to the CA. During the Middle and Late Holocene, increased evaporation over North Atlantic, attributed to decreased ice sheet, westerlies intensity became the primary limiting factor. Notably, stronger westerlies during the LIA could have contributed to elevated moisture levels compared to the MWP. These findings not only resolve the debate surrounding the transition from cold-dry to cold-humid conditions but also enhance our comprehension of future moisture variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109057"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109056
Martina Farese , Silvia Soncin , John Robb , Mary Anne Tafuri
Italian Later Prehistory was characterised by profound changes that impacted everyday life in many aspects. Whether or not and how such changes were reflected in the subsistence practices of ancient populations is an ongoing question in the archaeological debate. This question has been investigated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis for several decades. Here, we present a 6000-year-long review of isotopic studies in the Italian Peninsula from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. We reconstruct chronological variations in food practices by observing δ13C and δ15N trends for 776 humans, 382 animals, and 432 C3 plants from 111 archaeological sites. During the Neolithic, when farming is first introduced, a homogenous signal characterised by terrestrial protein consumption is visible. The Copper Age, instead, shows a more varied pattern, possibly representative of a more diversified use of the landscape, characteristic of those millennia. The new cultural paradigm that invested Europe during the Bronze Age is also reflected in food practices in Italy, with the introduction of millets - signalled by high δ13C values in the Northern regions - possibly representing a pivotal shift. Not much data is available for the Iron Age, as only two sites from Northern Italy, showing a diffused consumption of C4 plants, and one site from Southern Italy, with a diet centred around C3 plants, are available for this period. The analysis of this extensive set of data suggests that the “Secondary Products Revolution” probably meant a shift in subsistence practices, with secondary sources substituting meat rather than integrating it.
{"title":"Prehistoric Italian foodways: Meta-analysis of stable isotope data from the Neolithic to the Iron Age","authors":"Martina Farese , Silvia Soncin , John Robb , Mary Anne Tafuri","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Italian Later Prehistory was characterised by profound changes that impacted everyday life in many aspects. Whether or not and how such changes were reflected in the subsistence practices of ancient populations is an ongoing question in the archaeological debate. This question has been investigated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis for several decades. Here, we present a 6000-year-long review of isotopic studies in the Italian Peninsula from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. We reconstruct chronological variations in food practices by observing <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C and <em>δ</em><sup>15</sup>N trends for 776 humans, 382 animals, and 432 C<sub>3</sub> plants from 111 archaeological sites. During the Neolithic, when farming is first introduced, a homogenous signal characterised by terrestrial protein consumption is visible. The Copper Age, instead, shows a more varied pattern, possibly representative of a more diversified use of the landscape, characteristic of those millennia. The new cultural paradigm that invested Europe during the Bronze Age is also reflected in food practices in Italy, with the introduction of millets - signalled by high <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C values in the Northern regions - possibly representing a pivotal shift. Not much data is available for the Iron Age, as only two sites from Northern Italy, showing a diffused consumption of C<sub>4</sub> plants, and one site from Southern Italy, with a diet centred around C<sub>3</sub> plants, are available for this period. The analysis of this extensive set of data suggests that the “Secondary Products Revolution” probably meant a shift in subsistence practices, with secondary sources substituting meat rather than integrating it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109048
Jishuai Yang , Linying Wang , Tinley Tsring , Ting Li , Shungang Chen , Yunzhe Huang , Qi Yang , Qing Wang , Ting You , Yaofei Tian , Shargan Wangdue , Tashi Tsring , Zujun Chen , Songtao Chen , Nihanxue Jia , Guilian Sheng , Yu Gao , Xiaoyan Yang
Over 5500 years ago, a sustainable and intensive millet-pig system emerged in northern China. This system, which included common millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), played a crucial role in supporting the development of complex societies. Around 5000 years ago, the spread of these two millets to the Tibetan Plateau facilitated agriculturalization in the high-elevation river valley areas of the plateau (>2500 m above sea level). Previous studies tended to suggest that there were no domesticated pigs at the early settlements in high-elevation river valleys of the Tibetan Plateau, where subsistence strategies primarily relied on hunting wild animals and millet cultivation. Here, we report the earliest known domestic pigs identified through ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of pig bones excavated from these high-elevation sites, dating back to approximately 4800–4100 years ago. Additionally, we conducted stable isotope analysis on pig and wild herbivore bone remains, as well as crop remains from the La Phob site. The δ13C and δ15N values provide clear evidence of intensive millet-pig agriculture, with pigs primarily consuming both common and foxtail millets, and their manure used for field fertilization. Our study demonstrates that by 4800 years ago, not only domestic pig and the two millets but also an intensive millet-pig system had spread to the high-elevation Tibetan Plateau, contributing to the early sedentary lifestyle of humans in these regions.
{"title":"Early intensive millet-pig agriculture in the high-elevation Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Jishuai Yang , Linying Wang , Tinley Tsring , Ting Li , Shungang Chen , Yunzhe Huang , Qi Yang , Qing Wang , Ting You , Yaofei Tian , Shargan Wangdue , Tashi Tsring , Zujun Chen , Songtao Chen , Nihanxue Jia , Guilian Sheng , Yu Gao , Xiaoyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over 5500 years ago, a sustainable and intensive millet-pig system emerged in northern China. This system, which included common millet (<em>Panicum miliaceum</em>), foxtail millet (<em>Setaria italica</em>), and domestic pig (<em>Sus scrofa domesticus</em>), played a crucial role in supporting the development of complex societies. Around 5000 years ago, the spread of these two millets to the Tibetan Plateau facilitated agriculturalization in the high-elevation river valley areas of the plateau (>2500 m above sea level). Previous studies tended to suggest that there were no domesticated pigs at the early settlements in high-elevation river valleys of the Tibetan Plateau, where subsistence strategies primarily relied on hunting wild animals and millet cultivation. Here, we report the earliest known domestic pigs identified through ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of pig bones excavated from these high-elevation sites, dating back to approximately 4800–4100 years ago. Additionally, we conducted stable isotope analysis on pig and wild herbivore bone remains, as well as crop remains from the La Phob site. The <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C and <em>δ</em><sup>15</sup>N values provide clear evidence of intensive millet-pig agriculture, with pigs primarily consuming both common and foxtail millets, and their manure used for field fertilization. Our study demonstrates that by 4800 years ago, not only domestic pig and the two millets but also an intensive millet-pig system had spread to the high-elevation Tibetan Plateau, contributing to the early sedentary lifestyle of humans in these regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109047
Xiaoning Wang, Dapeng Yue, Jingbo Zhao, Lixing Zhang, Rong Liu, Jianing Li, Yueshan Liu
Exploring the relationship between the physio-mechanical properties of the loess-paleosol sequences and the paleoclimate can help provide essential references for engineering construction in the Chinese Loess Plateau, revealing the vital application value of Quaternary climate research. Continuous loess-paleosol sequence in the central Loess Plateau was selected to determine its physio-mechanical and chemical characteristics. The main results show: (1) During the interglacial period, the East Asian summer monsoon intensified, and the cementation of clay minerals made the soil structure dense under more precipitation, increasing soil cohesion. During the glacial period, the East Asian winter monsoon was stronger, and the loess's unstable microstructure was formed under the weak pedogenesis, increasing the compressibility and collapsibility. (2) The alternation of cold-dry/warm-humid climate in the Quaternary is the fundamental reason for the differences in physio-mechanical properties and structural strength between loess and paleosol; pedogenesis plays a direct decisive role. The impact of compaction after burial on the physio-mechanical properties of loess-paleosol sequences is less than that of pedogenesis. (3) Precipitation plays a dominant role in the shear strength and compressibility of loess-paleosol sequences, while precipitation and temperature jointly affect the collapsibility. A quantitative relationship between paleoclimate and physio-mechanical properties was established.
{"title":"Physio-mechanical properties of loess-paleosol sequences over the past 400 ka and their paleoclimate controlling factors on the central Loess Plateau","authors":"Xiaoning Wang, Dapeng Yue, Jingbo Zhao, Lixing Zhang, Rong Liu, Jianing Li, Yueshan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the relationship between the physio-mechanical properties of the loess-paleosol sequences and the paleoclimate can help provide essential references for engineering construction in the Chinese Loess Plateau, revealing the vital application value of Quaternary climate research. Continuous loess-paleosol sequence in the central Loess Plateau was selected to determine its physio-mechanical and chemical characteristics. The main results show: (1) During the interglacial period, the East Asian summer monsoon intensified, and the cementation of clay minerals made the soil structure dense under more precipitation, increasing soil cohesion. During the glacial period, the East Asian winter monsoon was stronger, and the loess's unstable microstructure was formed under the weak pedogenesis, increasing the compressibility and collapsibility. (2) The alternation of cold-dry/warm-humid climate in the Quaternary is the fundamental reason for the differences in physio-mechanical properties and structural strength between loess and paleosol; pedogenesis plays a direct decisive role. The impact of compaction after burial on the physio-mechanical properties of loess-paleosol sequences is less than that of pedogenesis. (3) Precipitation plays a dominant role in the shear strength and compressibility of loess-paleosol sequences, while precipitation and temperature jointly affect the collapsibility. A quantitative relationship between paleoclimate and physio-mechanical properties was established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109049
John P. Hart
Northern Flint maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) is a distinct landrace that was common throughout early historical northeastern North America. It is likely represented archaeologically as Eastern 8-row maize, the dominant form there after 1200 CE. Genetic analyses indicate that Northern Flint is most likely derived from maize in the American Southwest. Evidence for maize in the form of phytoliths and starch recovered from directly radiocarbon dated cooking residues occurs in the Northeast by 290 BCE. Until recently there has been no substantiated evidence for maize of similar or older age in the Great Plains, through which maize is likely to have dispersed from the Southwest. A recent report of early microbotanical evidence for maize from the central Plains allows Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates to estimate the amount of time that elapsed before maize spread from the Plains to the Northeast. Results indicate only a short amount of time elapsed, from a few to less than 170 years.
{"title":"A rapid dispersal of maize from the Great Plains to northeastern North America","authors":"John P. Hart","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northern Flint maize (<em>Zea mays</em> ssp. <em>mays</em>) is a distinct landrace that was common throughout early historical northeastern North America. It is likely represented archaeologically as Eastern 8-row maize, the dominant form there after 1200 CE. Genetic analyses indicate that Northern Flint is most likely derived from maize in the American Southwest. Evidence for maize in the form of phytoliths and starch recovered from directly radiocarbon dated cooking residues occurs in the Northeast by 290 BCE. Until recently there has been no substantiated evidence for maize of similar or older age in the Great Plains, through which maize is likely to have dispersed from the Southwest. A recent report of early microbotanical evidence for maize from the central Plains allows Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates to estimate the amount of time that elapsed before maize spread from the Plains to the Northeast. Results indicate only a short amount of time elapsed, from a few to less than 170 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 109049"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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