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Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Harnessing the Power of the Immune System 癌症治疗中的免疫疗法:利用免疫系统的力量
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00017
Alok Kumar, Kanchan Singh, Kartik Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Arjun Singh, Alpesh Tripath, Lakshya Tiwari
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by leveraging the body's immune system to fight against cancer cells. This article provides an overview of immunotherapy, focusing on its different modalities, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and the management of immune-related adverse events. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, are prominent modalities that enhance the immune response by blocking regulatory proteins. Additionally, CAR-T therapy genetically modifies a patient's T cells to target specific proteins on cancer cells, leading to precise cancer cell elimination. Immunotherapy has demonstrated remarkable success in certain malignancies and offers new hope for patients battling cancer.
免疫疗法利用人体的免疫系统对抗癌细胞,为癌症治疗带来了革命性的变化。本文概述了免疫疗法,重点介绍了免疫疗法的不同模式、作用机制、临床应用以及免疫相关不良反应的处理。免疫检查点抑制剂,如 PD-1 和 CTLA-4 抑制剂,是通过阻断调节蛋白来增强免疫反应的主要模式。此外,CAR-T疗法对患者的T细胞进行基因改造,使其针对癌细胞上的特定蛋白,从而精确地消灭癌细胞。免疫疗法在某些恶性肿瘤中取得了显著的成功,为癌症患者带来了新的希望。
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引用次数: 0
Formulation and Evaluation of Capsule-in-Capsule Technology for Biphasic delivery of Glipizide 用于双相给药格列吡嗪的胶囊中胶囊技术的制备与评估
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00005
Rupali Rathod, Manoj Bari, Shaikh Samir
In the present research work, to formulation and evaluation of capsule-in-capsule technology for biphasic delivery of Glipizide. The advantages of fast releasing liquid-filled-capsules and slow release beads-filled-capsules were combined to meet the optimized requirements of our biphasic drug delivery system. Glipizide slow releasing beads were prepared by ionotrophic gelation method by using natural polymers like Sodium alginate, Pectin and were filled into a smaller capsule. Glipizide fast releasing liquid dispersion was prepared by using either Castor oil carriers and further prepared a glipizide emulsion. This fast releasing liquid and slow releasing beads-filled-capsule was further inserted into a bigger capsule body and Seal the capsule by hydro alcoholic solution. The various formulation batches were subjected to physicochemical studies, entrapment efficiency, drug content, in vitro drug release and stability studies. Interaction studies reveal that there was no interaction between drug and polymers employed in this study. The optimized capsule-in-a-capsule formulation released 22.65±0.74% of drug at the end of 30 min and 95.04±0.88% of drug at the end of 12h. The drug release profile of Glipizide capsule-in-a-capsule formulation fits well with Pepas model followed by zero order, first order and Korsemeyer-peppa’s model. Korsmeyer-Peppas model analysis indicated that the drug release followed non-Fickian transport mechanism. The stability results indicate that the various parameters of our optimized formulation are not affected on storage at 45°C/75%RH up to 4 months. Target of capsule-in-capsule drug delivery loading dose reaches therapeutic drug level in blood plasma for quicker onset of action and Maintenance dose which maintain an effective therapeutic level for prolong period. The prepared Glipizide biphasic cap-in-cap will be used for treatment of Diabetes.
在本研究工作中,对用于格列吡嗪双相给药的胶囊中胶囊技术进行了配制和评估。该研究结合了快速释放液体填充胶囊和缓释珠粒填充胶囊的优点,以满足双相给药系统的优化要求。使用海藻酸钠、果胶等天然聚合物,通过离子营养凝胶法制备格列吡嗪缓释珠,并将其填充到较小的胶囊中。使用蓖麻油载体制备格列吡嗪速释液体分散体,并进一步制备格列吡嗪乳剂。将这种快释液体和缓释微珠填充胶囊进一步装入较大的胶囊体中,并用水醇溶液密封胶囊。对不同批次的制剂进行了理化研究、包埋效率、药物含量、体外药物释放和稳定性研究。相互作用研究表明,本研究中使用的药物和聚合物之间不存在相互作用。优化后的胶囊中胶囊配方在 30 分钟内释放了 22.65±0.74% 的药物,在 12 小时内释放了 95.04±0.88% 的药物。格列吡嗪胶囊剂的药物释放曲线非常符合 Pepas 模型,其次是零阶、一阶和 Korsmeyer-peppa 模型。Korsmeyer-Peppas 模型分析表明,药物的释放遵循非费克转运机制。稳定性结果表明,在 45°C/75%RH 条件下贮藏 4 个月,优化配方的各项参数均不受影响。胶囊中胶囊给药的目标是使装载剂量达到血浆中的治疗药物水平,以加快起效速度,而维持剂量则能长期保持有效的治疗水平。制备的格列吡嗪双相胶囊帽将用于治疗糖尿病。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Review on Floating Drug Delivery System 浮动给药系统综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00007
Pradnya D. Lahamge, Yashpal M. More, Pallavi P. Ahire, Vinay R. Kothawade
The category of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) includes floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). These dose formulations are intended to extend the duration of the stomach's residence period by a sustained release technique. Drugs which are harder to dissolve in high pH environments have improved bioavailability and solubility when incorporated into GRDDS. Reduced intestinal absorption of solid dose forms can be accomplished by the flotation mechanism. The novel fusion of bilayer and floating mechanism is demonstrated by the bilayer floating drug delivery device. It demonstrates the effective creation of a controlled release formulation. Bilayer floating tablets offer a sustained release layer formulation in addition to an immediate release. A attempt was made to explain the mechanism of FDDS, or floating bilayer, in the review. In order to accomplish regulated administration of various medications with predetermined release profiles, bi-layer tablets were developed. The pharmaceutical industry has been more interested in creating bilayer tablets over the past ten years as a way to improve patient compliance and convenience by combining two or more API in a single dose form.
胃保留给药系统(GRDDS)包括浮动给药系统(FDDS)。这些剂型旨在通过持续释放技术延长药物在胃中的停留时间。在高 pH 值环境中较难溶解的药物加入 GRDDS 后,其生物利用度和溶解度都会得到改善。浮游机制可以减少固体剂型的肠道吸收。双层浮动给药装置展示了双层和浮动机制的新型融合。它展示了控释制剂的有效创造。双层浮动片剂除了立即释放外,还提供了一种持续释放层配方。本综述试图解释双层浮动给药装置(FDDS)的机理。为了以预定的释放曲线实现各种药物的规范给药,双层片剂应运而生。在过去的十年中,制药业对双层片剂的开发越来越感兴趣,因为这种片剂将两种或两种以上的原料药结合在一个剂量中,可以提高患者的依从性和方便性。
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引用次数: 1
Gastroretentive drug delivery system: An Overview 胃复安给药系统:概述
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00015
Muskan Rathor, Anshika Garg
Gastric emptying is a complex and incredibly factor process. This causes the unusualness of the bioavailability of medication delivery system. GRDDSs can improve the controlled delivery of medications that have an ingestion window by continuously delivering the medication for a delayed time before it arrives at its assimilation site. Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)s have gotten huge consideration in the previous many years, because of the way that they can overcome the limitations of regular oral controlled released drug delivery system identified with quick gastric emptying time. An ideal GRDDS can be characterized as a system which stays in the stomach for an adequate time and deliver the active ingredients in a controlled way so that sustained action can be created. This, altogether broadens the duration of medication release, prolongs dosing interval and expands bioavailability of medications and consequently improves compliance of the patients and viability of pharmacotherapy. This article gives an outline of the fundamental ideas used to design drug dosage form with delayed gastric residence time as well as the factors influencing gastric emptying, favourable circumstances, deficiencies, formulation consideration and, elements that influence gastro retentive system. The principal emphasis is on the whole grouping and various types of GRDDSs.
胃排空是一个复杂而又难以置信的过程。这就造成了给药系统生物利用度的不寻常性。胃滞留给药系统可以在药物到达同化部位之前的一段延迟时间内持续给药,从而改善有摄入窗口期的药物的控制给药。胃滞留给药系统(GRDDS)能克服常规口服控释给药系统胃排空时间快的局限性,因此在过去的许多年里受到了广泛的关注。理想的控释给药系统可以在胃中停留足够长的时间,并以可控的方式输送活性成分,从而产生持续作用。这样就能延长药物释放时间,延长给药间隔,增加药物的生物利用度,从而提高患者的依从性和药物治疗的可行性。本文概述了用于设计具有延迟胃停留时间的药物剂型的基本思想,以及影响胃排空的因素、有利环境、不足之处、配方考虑和影响胃保留系统的要素。主要重点是胃滞留时间制剂的整体分组和各种类型。
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引用次数: 3
A Concise Overview on Orodispersible Film along with their Formulation and Characterization Technique’s 关于可发散薄膜及其配方和表征技术的简要概述
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00016
Navdeep Singh, S. Sweta, Shammy Jindal
Orally fast-dissolving medicine delivery techniques are increasingly common at present. Due to the desire for these delivery systems, oro-dispersible film (ODF) was recently introduced for the delivery of medicines via the oral route. Most of drugs are delivering through oral route in the form of tablets, capsules and liquids, because they are simple to make and have a greater level of patient compliance. But these conventional dosage forms have many problems including big size of dosage form, and fear of chocking. Oral rapid disintegrating/oro-dispersible drug delivery systems were created to tackle such issues. Fast dissolving films were invented for the patients who have swallowing issues with conventional/traditional oral solid dosage forms. They also have a quick onset of effect, taking only a few seconds, because the drug is absorbed directly from the injection site to the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism. In the preparation of films, polymers, surfactants, flavoring agents, coloring agents, sweetening agents, saliva stimulating agents, drug, and plasticizer are used. The drug incorporated in ODF should have pleasing taste, low molecular weight, high stability, and high aqueous solubility. Solvent and semisolid casting, hot melt extrusion, and rolling techniques are routinely used to prepare ODFs. Thickness, loss on drying, tensile strength, and elongation percentage are commonly assessed for evaluating ODFs, as well as their resistance to tearing, weight variation, folding endurance, pH, swelling property, transparency, disintegration, dissolution rate, and stability. The purpose of this review article is to provide a quick overview of ODF delivery systems.
目前,口服快速溶解给药技术越来越普遍。由于人们对这些给药系统的需求,最近推出了口服可分散薄膜(ODF),用于通过口服途径给药。大多数药物都是以片剂、胶囊和液体的形式通过口服途径给药的,因为这些剂型制作简单,患者依从性较高。但是,这些传统剂型存在许多问题,包括剂型体积大、担心堵塞等。为了解决这些问题,口服快速崩解/或非分散给药系统应运而生。快速溶解薄膜的发明是为了解决传统口服固体制剂的吞咽问题。由于药物直接从注射部位吸收进入全身循环,避免了首过代谢,因此它们的起效时间也很快,只需几秒钟。在制备薄膜时,需要使用聚合物、表面活性剂、调味剂、着色剂、甜味剂、唾液刺激剂、药物和增塑剂。加入 ODF 的药物应具有愉悦的口感、低分子量、高稳定性和高水溶性。溶剂和半固态浇铸、热熔挤压和滚压技术是制备 ODF 的常规方法。在评价 ODF 时,通常会评估其厚度、干燥损失、拉伸强度和伸长率,以及抗撕裂性、重量变化、耐折性、pH 值、溶胀性、透明度、崩解性、溶出率和稳定性。本综述文章的目的是对 ODF 给药系统进行快速概述。
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引用次数: 0
A Review on Effective Treatment of Chronic Skin Allergy using Chlorpheniramine 使用氯苯那敏有效治疗慢性皮肤过敏综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00013
Nikhil Rathore, Abhishek Taiger, Suruchi Prasad
Allergies, is a bunch of medical circumstances caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. Allergy can be a type of hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms of allergy include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Antihistaminics are very useful candidates to treat allergy. The dose of antihistaminics can be reduced by local administration of anti-histaminics at the site of allergy. Skin allergy is basically related to dermal site of the skin it replicates to other organ near or in contact with skin. Administration of chlorpheniramine directly to the shin as topical drug delivery system will help to reduce the skin allergies.
过敏,是由于免疫系统对环境中通常无害的物质过敏而引起的一系列病症。过敏症可分为花粉热、食物过敏、特应性皮炎、过敏性哮喘和过敏性休克。过敏的症状包括眼睛发红、皮疹发痒、打喷嚏、咳嗽、流鼻涕、呼吸急促或浮肿。抗组胺药是治疗过敏症的有效药物。在过敏部位局部使用抗组胺药可以减少抗组胺药的剂量。皮肤过敏基本上与皮肤的真皮部位有关,它会复制到皮肤附近或与皮肤接触的其他器官。将氯苯那敏作为局部给药系统直接用于胫部,将有助于减轻皮肤过敏。
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引用次数: 0
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste 草药牙膏的配制与评估
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00004
D. Sunitha, M. Sudhakar, G. Abhigna, G. Deevena, J. Deekshitha, J. Swapna, J. Shreya
Dentifrices are the products which are used for oral hygiene such as freshness of mouth and to avoid tooth decay. The oral hygiene can be maintained throughout the day by using various dentifrices prepared by herbal and synthetic ingredients. In present study the toothpaste was prepared by using various herbal ingredients which possess antibacterial, antiseptic and cooling properties.
牙膏是用于口腔卫生的产品,如清新口腔和避免蛀牙。通过使用由草药和合成成分配制的各种牙膏,可以全天保持口腔卫生。在本研究中,牙膏使用了多种具有抗菌、杀菌和清凉特性的草药成分。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advances on Bilayer Tablet 双层片剂的最新进展
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00008
Vinay R. Kothawade, Yashpal M. More, Pradnya D. Lahamge, Pallavi P. Ahire
When the high cardiac output exerts pressure on the arterial wall as blood flow increases, hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs. Bi-layer tablets consists with one layer of the drug prepared for immediate release or a second layer intended for sustained release, these can be used as an sustained release method or as a second dose. A bi-layered tablet is used to break away two chemicals that are incompatible, release both drugs continually in combination, or create a sustained release tablet with an initial dose that is released immediately and a maintenance dose that is granted as with time. Bilayer tablets can be used for sustained release tablets, where the first layer is immediate release as the initial dose and the second layer is delayed release. It can also be used for the sequential release of two drugs combination or at separate two incompatible items.
当高心输出量随着血流量增加而对动脉壁产生压力时,就会出现高血压或高血脂。双层片剂包括一层用于立即释放的药物或第二层用于持续释放的药物,可用作持续释放方法或第二剂量。双层片剂可用于分离两种不相容的化学物质,将两种药物结合起来持续释放,或制成一种持续释放片剂,其初始剂量立即释放,而维持剂量则随着时间的推移而释放。双层片剂可用于缓释片,其中第一层作为初始剂量立即释放,第二层为延迟释放。它还可用于两种药物组合的顺序释放,或将两种不相容的药物分开。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation and Optimization of Ivabradine Hydrochloride Mouth-Dissolving Tablet 盐酸伊伐布雷定口腔溶解片的制备与优化
Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2023.00040
Heramb Shahane, Rani Ghosalkar, Kedar Bavaskar, Ashish Jain
The aim of the present work was the preparation and optimization of mouth-dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Ivabradine hydrochloride by using natural super disintegrants. The tablets were prepared using microcrystalline cellulose as diluent and aspartame as a sweetening agent along with Natural super disintegrants. The natural super disintegrants used in this study were Guar Gum and Banana powder. By using natural superdisintegrants we had saved the environment and protected our bodies from the harmful effect of synthetic superdisintegrants. The tablet was prepared by the direct compression method. The 6mm of punch was used and the tablet weight is 110 mg. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegration time (DT), and dissolution study. Different concentration of superdisintegrants was used in this formulation as 6%, 8%, and 10%. The three batches of guar gum and 3 batches of banana powder were prepared i.e., a Total of six batches were prepared. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the tablet formulation prepared with 10% banana powder i.e., 10 mg showed fast and higher drug release (98.66%) during in vitro dissolution study. Also, the hardness, friability, dissolution rate, and assay of prepared tablets (batch F6) were found to be acceptable according to standard limits. The result was the F6 batch was optimized batch from all the batches.
本研究的目的是利用天然超级崩解剂制备和优化盐酸伊伐布雷定口腔崩解片(MDTs)。片剂的制备使用了微晶纤维素作为稀释剂,阿斯巴甜作为甜味剂以及天然超级崩解剂。本研究中使用的天然超级崩解剂是瓜尔胶和香蕉粉。通过使用天然超级崩解剂,我们拯救了环境,保护了我们的身体免受合成超级崩解剂的危害。片剂采用直接压片法制备。片剂重量为 110 毫克。对片剂的重量变化、硬度、易碎性、润湿时间、崩解时间(DT)和溶出度进行了评估。该配方中使用了不同浓度的超微崩解剂,分别为 6%、8% 和 10%。共制备了三批瓜尔胶和三批香蕉粉,即六批。从所得结果可以得出结论,在体外溶解研究中,用 10%香蕉粉(即 10 毫克)制备的片剂显示出较快和较高的药物释放率(98.66%)。此外,制备的片剂(批次 F6)的硬度、易碎性、溶出率和化验结果均符合标准限值。结果表明,F6 批次是所有批次中最优化的批次。
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引用次数: 0
Nourishing Hair Oil 滋养发油
Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2023.00046
Pratik B. Dandare, Puja. N. Gayke, Ankush B. Thorat, Aniket. R. Pawar, Sandip P. Narale, Prathamesh M. Bhadane, Priynka. M. Salve, B. M. Narwate
Hair plays a very important role in the personality of humans and for their cure by using lots of cosmetic products. Herbal formulations always have activity and comparatively lesser or no side effects with synthetic. Hair formulation of Embica officinalis (Fruits), Bacopa monnieri (Leaves), Trigonella foenum graecum (Seeds), Murraya koenigii (Leaf), Hibiscus rosasinensis (Flowers) in different concentrations in the form of herbal oil were studied for their hair growth activity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value.. Admirable results of hair growth were seen in formulation prepared by different methods of oils preparation technique.
头发对人的个性起着非常重要的作用,为了治疗头发,人们使用了大量的化妆品。草药配方总是具有活性,而且与合成药物相比副作用较小或没有副作用。研究了不同浓度的 Embica officinalis(果实)、Bacopa monnieri(叶片)、Trigonella foenum graecum(种子)、Murraya koenigii(叶片)和 Hibiscus rosasinensis(花朵)的生发配方,研究了它们的生发活性、折光率、酸值、皂化值。通过不同的生发油制备技术制备的配方都取得了令人满意的生发效果。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology
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