首页 > 最新文献

Review of Managerial Science最新文献

英文 中文
Enhancing organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment 加强环境方面的组织公民行为
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00781-x
Nadežda Jankelová, Ildikó Némethová, Marina Dabić, Andreas Kallmuenzer

Organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment (OCBTE) represents an influential tool for environmental policy implementation in local governments. The present study examines this behavior among the immediate managers of local governments as they are considered essential conduits for transmitting environmental values to employees and citizens living in the administered municipal areas. The study's primary purpose is to explore the relationships of instrumental support for the environment (ISE) of mayors and immediate managers’ OCBTE in municipal governments through mediation-moderation analyses and bring original insights to local government governance. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 420 managers. The hypotheses were verified through structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 3.3 software. Findings indicate a direct relationship between the mayors’ ISE and the immediate management employees’ OCBTE in the municipalities. The mediating effects of the stakeholder demand (SD) and person-organization fit (POF) hypotheses were confirmed. A significant positive moderating effect of trust in the mayor was also approved. There was no moderating effect confirmed for commitment towards the mayor. These results extend our understanding of the mechanisms behind the pro-environmental micro-level additional role of employee behavior in local government settings and provide new insights into the factors that positively correlate with these behaviors.

环境组织公民行为(OCBTE)是地方政府实施环境政策的一个有影响力的工具。本研究对地方政府直接管理者的这一行为进行了研究,因为他们被认为是向员工和生活在所管理市政区域内的市民传递环境价值观的重要渠道。本研究的主要目的是通过中介-调节分析,探讨市长对环境的工具性支持(ISE)与市政府直接管理者的 OCBTE 之间的关系,并为地方政府治理带来新的见解。研究以 420 名管理人员为样本进行了横截面研究。使用 SmartPLS 3.3 软件通过结构方程模型对假设进行了验证。研究结果表明,市长的 ISE 与市政当局直属管理人员的 OCBTE 之间存在直接关系。利益相关者需求(SD)和人-组织契合(POF)假设的中介效应得到了证实。对市长的信任也具有明显的正向调节作用。而对市长的承诺则不存在调节效应。这些结果拓展了我们对地方政府中员工行为在微观层面上对环境产生额外作用的机制的理解,并为我们提供了关于与这些行为正相关的因素的新见解。
{"title":"Enhancing organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment","authors":"Nadežda Jankelová, Ildikó Némethová, Marina Dabić, Andreas Kallmuenzer","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00781-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00781-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment (OCBTE) represents an influential tool for environmental policy implementation in local governments. The present study examines this behavior among the immediate managers of local governments as they are considered essential conduits for transmitting environmental values to employees and citizens living in the administered municipal areas. The study's primary purpose is to explore the relationships of instrumental support for the environment (ISE) of mayors and immediate managers’ OCBTE in municipal governments through mediation-moderation analyses and bring original insights to local government governance. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 420 managers. The hypotheses were verified through structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 3.3 software. Findings indicate a direct relationship between the mayors’ ISE and the immediate management employees’ OCBTE in the municipalities. The mediating effects of the stakeholder demand (SD) and person-organization fit (POF) hypotheses were confirmed. A significant positive moderating effect of trust in the mayor was also approved. There was no moderating effect confirmed for commitment towards the mayor. These results extend our understanding of the mechanisms behind the pro-environmental micro-level additional role of employee behavior in local government settings and provide new insights into the factors that positively correlate with these behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond digital transformation: a multi-mixed methods study on big data analytics capabilities and innovation in enhancing organizational performance 超越数字化转型:关于大数据分析能力和创新在提高组织绩效中的作用的多元混合方法研究
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00768-8
Maria Orero-Blat, Daniel Palacios-Marqués, Antonio Luis Leal-Rodríguez, Alberto Ferraris

Digital transformation (DT) and Big Data Analytics Capabilities (BDAC) enable SMEs to adapt to rapidly changing markets, innovate, and maintain relevance in the digital age. This research explores the impact of DT on SME performance through the lens of BDAC and innovation, from a multi-methods approach and applying the dynamic capabilities view. It asserts that simply investing in DT doesn't ensure enhanced performance. Analyzing 183 Spanish SMEs from various sectors, the study highlights the need for creating specific conditions that enable DT to positively impact performance. The integration of PLS-SEM and fsQCA methodologies provides a comprehensive analysis of BDAC as pivotal in optimizing SME performance through DT, emphasizing the necessity of strategic alignment with innovation. This nuanced approach, combining the predictive power of PLS-SEM and the configurational insights of fsQCA, demonstrates that investment in DT alone is insufficient without fostering conditions conducive to innovation. Our empirical insights offer actionable guidance for managers utilizing BDA or contemplating technological investments to elevate firm performance which go in the direction of increasing their innovation capabilities. Additionally, these findings equip policymakers with a nuanced understanding, enabling the design of tailored measures promoting DT in SMEs anchored in the nuances of BDAC and innovation capabilities.

数字化转型(DT)和大数据分析能力(BDAC)使中小企业能够适应快速变化的市场、进行创新并在数字化时代保持相关性。本研究通过 BDAC 和创新的视角,采用多种方法并运用动态能力观点,探讨了数字化转型对中小企业绩效的影响。研究认为,仅仅投资于 DT 并不能确保提高绩效。通过对来自不同行业的 183 家西班牙中小型企业进行分析,该研究强调需要创造特定条件,使 DT 能够对绩效产生积极影响。通过整合 PLS-SEM 和 fsQCA 方法,对 BDAC 进行了全面分析,将其视为通过 DT 优化中小企业绩效的关键,并强调了战略调整与创新的必要性。这种细致入微的方法结合了 PLS-SEM 的预测能力和 fsQCA 的配置洞察力,表明如果不创造有利于创新的条件,仅对 DT 进行投资是不够的。我们的经验见解为利用 BDA 或考虑进行技术投资以提高企业绩效的管理者提供了可操作的指导,这些投资的方向是提高企业的创新能力。此外,这些研究结果还为政策制定者提供了细致入微的理解,使他们能够根据 BDAC 和创新能力的细微差别,设计有针对性的措施,促进中小企业的技术研发。
{"title":"Beyond digital transformation: a multi-mixed methods study on big data analytics capabilities and innovation in enhancing organizational performance","authors":"Maria Orero-Blat, Daniel Palacios-Marqués, Antonio Luis Leal-Rodríguez, Alberto Ferraris","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00768-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00768-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Digital transformation (DT) and Big Data Analytics Capabilities (BDAC) enable SMEs to adapt to rapidly changing markets, innovate, and maintain relevance in the digital age. This research explores the impact of DT on SME performance through the lens of BDAC and innovation, from a multi-methods approach and applying the dynamic capabilities view. It asserts that simply investing in DT doesn't ensure enhanced performance. Analyzing 183 Spanish SMEs from various sectors, the study highlights the need for creating specific conditions that enable DT to positively impact performance. The integration of PLS-SEM and fsQCA methodologies provides a comprehensive analysis of BDAC as pivotal in optimizing SME performance through DT, emphasizing the necessity of strategic alignment with innovation. This nuanced approach, combining the predictive power of PLS-SEM and the configurational insights of fsQCA, demonstrates that investment in DT alone is insufficient without fostering conditions conducive to innovation. Our empirical insights offer actionable guidance for managers utilizing BDA or contemplating technological investments to elevate firm performance which go in the direction of increasing their innovation capabilities. Additionally, these findings equip policymakers with a nuanced understanding, enabling the design of tailored measures promoting DT in SMEs anchored in the nuances of BDAC and innovation capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wine waste valorisation: crushing the research domain 葡萄酒废弃物的价值提升:粉碎研究领域
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00779-5
Stefano Abbate, Piera Centobelli, Maria Di Gregorio

In the past few years, the wine industry has shown an increasing interest in sustainability issues. There is growing agreement that circular economy solutions are essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing circular economy strategies can enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of wine production processes. In this context, waste valorisation and industrial symbiosis are widely discussed circular economy strategies. However, there is a gap between theory and actual practical implementation. The present paper uncovers the state of the art in the field of research by conducting a systematic literature review on a sample of 67 scientific papers, further including grey literature to obtain a more comprehensive overview of the phenomenon under investigation. The results of this study highlight the urgent need for the industry and the scientific community to investigate sustainable and profitable alternatives for wine waste valorisation. The tight ties between academia and business may support the wine industry in addressing this shift. Finally, this study proposes a research agenda for future studies. This includes sustainable practices for valorising raw materials at their maximum potential and the reduction of waste stream disposal. In order to implement circular strategies, including the recovery and recycling of valuable waste, modern wineries should implement technical, managerial, and valorisation strategies.

在过去几年中,葡萄酒行业对可持续发展问题表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。越来越多的人认为,循环经济解决方案对于实现联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)至关重要。实施循环经济战略可以提高葡萄酒生产过程的环境和经济可持续性。在此背景下,废物价值化和工业共生是被广泛讨论的循环经济战略。然而,理论与实际操作之间存在差距。本文对 67 篇科学论文进行了系统的文献综述,并进一步纳入了灰色文献,以更全面地了解所研究的现象,从而揭示了该领域的研究现状。这项研究的结果突出表明,葡萄酒行业和科学界迫切需要研究可持续且有利可图的葡萄酒废弃物变废为宝替代方案。学术界与企业界之间的紧密联系可以支持葡萄酒行业应对这一转变。最后,本研究为今后的研究提出了一个研究议程。其中包括以可持续的方式最大限度地发挥原材料的价值,以及减少废物流的处理。为了实施循环战略,包括回收和循环利用有价值的废物,现代酿酒厂应实施技术、管理和价值化战略。
{"title":"Wine waste valorisation: crushing the research domain","authors":"Stefano Abbate, Piera Centobelli, Maria Di Gregorio","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00779-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00779-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past few years, the wine industry has shown an increasing interest in sustainability issues. There is growing agreement that circular economy solutions are essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing circular economy strategies can enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of wine production processes. In this context, waste valorisation and industrial symbiosis are widely discussed circular economy strategies. However, there is a gap between theory and actual practical implementation. The present paper uncovers the state of the art in the field of research by conducting a systematic literature review on a sample of 67 scientific papers, further including grey literature to obtain a more comprehensive overview of the phenomenon under investigation. The results of this study highlight the urgent need for the industry and the scientific community to investigate sustainable and profitable alternatives for wine waste valorisation. The tight ties between academia and business may support the wine industry in addressing this shift. Finally, this study proposes a research agenda for future studies. This includes sustainable practices for valorising raw materials at their maximum potential and the reduction of waste stream disposal. In order to implement circular strategies, including the recovery and recycling of valuable waste, modern wineries should implement technical, managerial, and valorisation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141253517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of multiple board directorships in sustainability strategies: symbol or substance? 多个董事会在可持续发展战略中的作用:象征还是实质?
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00778-6
Francisco Bravo-Urquiza, Nuria Reguera-Alvarado

Multiple board directorships are a global phenomenon in the business environment and have come under intense debate from regulators, professionals, and academics alike. At the same time, sustainability has become a major challenge for firms in the current scenario. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether multiple directorships lead firms to symbolic or substantive sustainability strategies. After performing different methodological approaches and robustness tests, our findings highlight that multiple directorships lead to symbolic sustainable development by significantly intensifying environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting practices, although this is not supported by substantial ESG actions. This symbolic behaviour is even more evident in socially and environmentally sensitive industries. Given the ongoing regulatory and professional discussions concerning multiple board directorships, the ever-increasing importance of sustainability and the significant consequences of symbolic ESG strategies, our paper has direct implications for firms in the selection of board members, as well as for regulators and professionals when refining their legislation and recommendations concerning boards.

多重董事身份是商业环境中的一种全球现象,受到监管机构、专业人士和学术界的激烈讨论。与此同时,在当前形势下,可持续发展已成为企业面临的一大挑战。本文的主要目的是研究多重董事职位是导致公司采取象征性还是实质性的可持续发展战略。在采用不同的方法并进行稳健性检验后,我们的研究结果突出表明,多重董事职位通过显著加强环境、社会和治理(ESG)报告实践,导致象征性的可持续发展,尽管这并没有得到实质性 ESG 行动的支持。这种象征性行为在社会和环境敏感行业中更为明显。鉴于监管机构和专业人士正在就多董事职位、可持续发展的日益重要性以及象征性环境、社会和治理战略的重大影响进行讨论,我们的论文对企业选择董事会成员以及监管机构和专业人士完善其有关董事会的立法和建议具有直接影响。
{"title":"The role of multiple board directorships in sustainability strategies: symbol or substance?","authors":"Francisco Bravo-Urquiza, Nuria Reguera-Alvarado","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00778-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00778-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiple board directorships are a global phenomenon in the business environment and have come under intense debate from regulators, professionals, and academics alike. At the same time, sustainability has become a major challenge for firms in the current scenario. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether multiple directorships lead firms to symbolic or substantive sustainability strategies. After performing different methodological approaches and robustness tests, our findings highlight that multiple directorships lead to symbolic sustainable development by significantly intensifying environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting practices, although this is not supported by substantial ESG actions. This symbolic behaviour is even more evident in socially and environmentally sensitive industries. Given the ongoing regulatory and professional discussions concerning multiple board directorships, the ever-increasing importance of sustainability and the significant consequences of symbolic ESG strategies, our paper has direct implications for firms in the selection of board members, as well as for regulators and professionals when refining their legislation and recommendations concerning boards.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Navigating paradoxical tension: the influence of big corporations on startup sustainability performance in asymmetric collaborations 驾驭矛盾的张力:不对称合作中大公司对初创企业可持续发展绩效的影响
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00777-7
Salvatore Ammirato, Alberto Michele Felicetti, Serena Filippelli, Thomas Maran

In today's competitive landscape, startups and large corporations increasingly acknowledge the mutual benefits of collaboration. Despite the apparent benefits, collaborations come with their own set of challenges that may affect their success. This research delves into the dynamics of collaborations between startups and large corporations, assuming the startup’s perspective. It aims to explore the paradoxical tensions arising from this asymmetrical relationship and how they impact the sustainability performance of startups. It further investigates how startups manage the pressures of large corporations to prioritise short-term gains over long-term sustainability goals, examining the role of ambidexterity in maintaining a commitment to sustainability when facing these challenges. Through a survey conducted among 189 Born-Sustainable Italian startups engaged in open innovation initiatives with large corporations, this paper seeks to uncover how these pressures influence startups' ability to achieve sustainable performance and balance immediate performance expectations with long-term sustainability goals. The findings are expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that enable startups to navigate the complexities of collaborations, enhancing innovation, resilience, and sustainability performance, thus fostering a more collaborative and productive partnership.

在当今竞争激烈的环境中,初创企业和大型企业越来越多地认识到合作带来的共同利益。尽管合作的好处显而易见,但合作也伴随着一系列挑战,这些挑战可能会影响合作的成功。本研究从初创企业的角度出发,深入探讨了初创企业与大型企业之间的合作动态。研究旨在探讨这种不对称关系所产生的矛盾张力,以及它们如何影响初创企业的可持续发展绩效。研究还进一步探讨了初创企业如何应对大公司将短期收益置于长期可持续发展目标之上的压力,研究了在面对这些挑战时,灵活应变在保持可持续发展承诺方面的作用。本文通过对 189 家与大型企业共同参与开放式创新计划的 "天生可持续 "意大利初创企业进行调查,试图揭示这些压力如何影响初创企业实现可持续绩效的能力,以及如何平衡近期绩效预期与长期可持续目标。本文的研究结果有望帮助人们更深入地了解使初创企业能够驾驭复杂合作的机制,提高创新能力、应变能力和可持续发展绩效,从而促进更具协作性和富有成效的伙伴关系。
{"title":"Navigating paradoxical tension: the influence of big corporations on startup sustainability performance in asymmetric collaborations","authors":"Salvatore Ammirato, Alberto Michele Felicetti, Serena Filippelli, Thomas Maran","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00777-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00777-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In today's competitive landscape, startups and large corporations increasingly acknowledge the mutual benefits of collaboration. Despite the apparent benefits, collaborations come with their own set of challenges that may affect their success. This research delves into the dynamics of collaborations between startups and large corporations, assuming the startup’s perspective. It aims to explore the paradoxical tensions arising from this asymmetrical relationship and how they impact the sustainability performance of startups. It further investigates how startups manage the pressures of large corporations to prioritise short-term gains over long-term sustainability goals, examining the role of ambidexterity in maintaining a commitment to sustainability when facing these challenges. Through a survey conducted among 189 Born-Sustainable Italian startups engaged in open innovation initiatives with large corporations, this paper seeks to uncover how these pressures influence startups' ability to achieve sustainable performance and balance immediate performance expectations with long-term sustainability goals. The findings are expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that enable startups to navigate the complexities of collaborations, enhancing innovation, resilience, and sustainability performance, thus fostering a more collaborative and productive partnership.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Digital platforms and business ecosystems: a multidisciplinary approach for new and sustainable business models 数字平台和商业生态系统:采用多学科方法打造新型可持续商业模式
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00772-y
María-Luz Martín-Peña, Pablo Cabanelas Lorenzo, Natanya Meyer

The development of digital platforms and business ecosystems has led to the emergence of new business models and has transformed the competitive landscape. The exponential growth of digital technologies has created new challenges for managers and academics. A multidisciplinary approach is required to understand and manage digital platforms and business ecosystems, which involve complex and interrelated phenomena. A comprehensive and nuanced understanding of these platforms and ecosystems can lead to more effective and sustainable business models that create value for customers and stakeholders, as well as identify and address potential risks and challenges. This special issue aims to promote a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to the study of these topics, which are a multi-faceted and evolving field of research. This approach provides a holistic understanding of the complex interrelationships between digital platforms, business ecosystems and new and sustainable business models. The findings contribute to both academic research and management practice, providing valuable insights and recommendations for organizations seeking to navigate and thrive in the digital economy. Overall, this special issue aims to provide novel research that can contribute to a more informed debate in the field.

数字平台和商业生态系统的发展导致了新商业模式的出现,并改变了竞争格局。数字技术的指数级增长为管理者和学术界带来了新的挑战。数字平台和商业生态系统涉及复杂而又相互关联的现象,需要采用多学科方法来理解和管理它们。对这些平台和生态系统的全面而细致的了解,可以带来更有效、更可持续的商业模式,为客户和利益相关者创造价值,并识别和应对潜在的风险和挑战。本特刊旨在促进采用多学科和跨学科方法来研究这些主题,因为它们是一个多方面且不断发展的研究领域。这种研究方法有助于全面了解数字平台、商业生态系统以及新型可持续商业模式之间复杂的相互关系。研究结果有助于学术研究和管理实践,为寻求在数字经济中航行和发展的组织提供有价值的见解和建议。总之,本特刊旨在提供新颖的研究,为该领域的辩论提供更多信息。
{"title":"Digital platforms and business ecosystems: a multidisciplinary approach for new and sustainable business models","authors":"María-Luz Martín-Peña, Pablo Cabanelas Lorenzo, Natanya Meyer","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00772-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00772-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of digital platforms and business ecosystems has led to the emergence of new business models and has transformed the competitive landscape. The exponential growth of digital technologies has created new challenges for managers and academics. A multidisciplinary approach is required to understand and manage digital platforms and business ecosystems, which involve complex and interrelated phenomena. A comprehensive and nuanced understanding of these platforms and ecosystems can lead to more effective and sustainable business models that create value for customers and stakeholders, as well as identify and address potential risks and challenges. This special issue aims to promote a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to the study of these topics, which are a multi-faceted and evolving field of research. This approach provides a holistic understanding of the complex interrelationships between digital platforms, business ecosystems and new and sustainable business models. The findings contribute to both academic research and management practice, providing valuable insights and recommendations for organizations seeking to navigate and thrive in the digital economy. Overall, this special issue aims to provide novel research that can contribute to a more informed debate in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141166612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are brand preferences inherent, constructed, or a mixture of both? A memory-based dual-process model 品牌偏好是天生的、后天形成的,还是两者兼而有之?基于记忆的双过程模型
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00765-x
Jiang Zhiying, Suman Ann Thomas, Chu Junhong

Understanding whether consumer preferences are inherent or constructed has profound implications for a range of marketing and economic issues, such as demand estimation, consumer education and information, market design and competition. The literature reveals a formidable divide between inherent versus constructed preferences, underscoring a long-standing debate regarding the nature of consumer preferences. In this research, we develop a dual-process structural learning model rooted in cognitive theories, enabling empirical estimation of the extent to which preferences are inherent versus constructed. Our results show that brand preferences are largely constructed, with 76% of brand evaluations across all studied brands being formed at the time of purchase. This finding helps to reconcile the enduring divide that has shaped the field’s evolution. In addition, our analysis reveals that the mode of evaluation significantly influences market competitive dynamics, with 60% of brand-switching resulted from constructed preferences. Furthermore, we also find mode of evaluation has asymmetric impacts on established versus new brands. These findings open up novel avenues for shaping competitive landscapes by strategically altering (e.g., through nudges) consumer’s mode of evaluation, becoming extremely relevant in the digital economy characterized by overwhelming and rapid information exchange.

了解消费者偏好是固有的还是建构的,对一系列市场营销和经济问题,如需求估计、消费者教育和信息、市场设计和竞争等,都有着深远的影响。文献揭示了固有偏好与建构偏好之间的巨大鸿沟,凸显了关于消费者偏好本质的长期争论。在这项研究中,我们以认知理论为基础,建立了一个双过程结构学习模型,从而能够对固有偏好与建构偏好的程度进行实证评估。我们的研究结果表明,品牌偏好在很大程度上是构建出来的,在所有研究品牌中,76%的品牌评价是在购买时形成的。这一发现有助于调和影响该领域发展的持久分歧。此外,我们的分析表明,评价模式对市场竞争态势有重大影响,60%的品牌转换是由构建的偏好造成的。此外,我们还发现评价模式对成熟品牌和新品牌的影响是不对称的。这些发现为通过战略性地改变(如通过暗示)消费者的评价模式来塑造竞争格局开辟了新的途径,这在以信息交流量巨大且迅速为特征的数字经济时代变得极为重要。
{"title":"Are brand preferences inherent, constructed, or a mixture of both? A memory-based dual-process model","authors":"Jiang Zhiying, Suman Ann Thomas, Chu Junhong","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00765-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00765-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding whether consumer preferences are inherent or constructed has profound implications for a range of marketing and economic issues, such as demand estimation, consumer education and information, market design and competition. The literature reveals a formidable divide between inherent versus constructed preferences, underscoring a long-standing debate regarding the nature of consumer preferences. In this research, we develop a dual-process structural learning model rooted in cognitive theories, enabling empirical estimation of the extent to which preferences are inherent versus constructed. Our results show that brand preferences are largely constructed, with 76% of brand evaluations across all studied brands being formed at the time of purchase. This finding helps to reconcile the enduring divide that has shaped the field’s evolution. In addition, our analysis reveals that the mode of evaluation significantly influences market competitive dynamics, with 60% of brand-switching resulted from constructed preferences. Furthermore, we also find mode of evaluation has asymmetric impacts on established versus new brands. These findings open up novel avenues for shaping competitive landscapes by strategically altering (e.g., through nudges) consumer’s mode of evaluation, becoming extremely relevant in the digital economy characterized by overwhelming and rapid information exchange.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does the economic motivation of firms to address the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote the SDGs or merely SDG-washing? Critical empirical evidence from Japan and Vietnam 企业实现联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)的经济动机是促进可持续发展目标的实现,还是仅仅是为可持续发展目标 "洗白"?来自日本和越南的重要经验证据
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00755-z
Kimitaka Nishitani, Thi Bich Hue Nguyen, Katsuhiko Kokubu

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on all firms to apply their creativity and innovation to solving sustainable development challenges. There is then an argument that firms should address the SDGs by applying the creating shared value (CSV) framework. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that this is nothing more than “business as usual” implemented in the name of the SDGs, or so-called SDG-washing, thereby limiting firm contributions to the SDGs. Although the SDG Compass, the most referenced business guideline on SDGs, currently encourages firms to address the SDGs using their economic motivation, it is uncertain whether it provides the right direction for achieving them. The purpose of this study is to address whether the economic motivation of firms to achieve the SDGs is practically preferable in contrast to the ethical motivation. Using data on Japanese and Vietnamese firms, we empirically analyse whether the degree of a firm’s proactiveness to address the SDGs depends on its economic and/or ethical motivations from a stakeholder management perspective. Our estimation results clarify that an ethical motivation continues to play a more significant role for firms in addressing the SDGs. Put differently, while CSV appears an attractive framework for firms to address the SDGs, its actual contribution remains partial and tentative, and it has thus been criticized for overemphasizing any economic motivation that potentially promotes SDG-washing. It is important to note that this could also ultimately decrease economic value by harming the firm’s reputation.

联合国的可持续发展目标(SDGs)呼吁所有企业将其创造力和创新力用于解决可持续发展挑战。因此,有一种观点认为,企业应采用创造共享价值(CSV)框架来实现可持续发展目标。然而,我们不能排除这样一种可能性,即这不过是以可持续发展目标的名义实施的 "一切照旧",或所谓的 "可持续发展目标洗礼",从而限制了企业对可持续发展目标的贡献。尽管《可持续发展目标指南》(SDG Compass)是可持续发展目标方面参考最多的商业指南,它目前鼓励企业利用其经济动机来实现可持续发展目标,但它是否为实现可持续发展目标提供了正确的方向尚不确定。本研究的目的是探讨企业实现可持续发展目标的经济动机与道德动机相比,在实践中是否更可取。我们利用日本和越南企业的数据,从利益相关者管理的角度,实证分析了企业积极应对可持续发展目标的程度是否取决于其经济和/或道德动机。我们的估计结果表明,在应对可持续发展目标的过程中,企业的道德动机仍然发挥着更重要的作用。换句话说,虽然 CSV 似乎是企业应对可持续发展目标的一个有吸引力的框架,但它的实际贡献仍然是片面的和暂时的,因此它被批评为过分强调任何经济动机,从而可能促进可持续发展目标的冲洗。值得注意的是,这最终也会损害公司的声誉,从而降低经济价值。
{"title":"Does the economic motivation of firms to address the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote the SDGs or merely SDG-washing? Critical empirical evidence from Japan and Vietnam","authors":"Kimitaka Nishitani, Thi Bich Hue Nguyen, Katsuhiko Kokubu","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00755-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00755-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on all firms to apply their creativity and innovation to solving sustainable development challenges. There is then an argument that firms should address the SDGs by applying the creating shared value (CSV) framework. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that this is nothing more than “business as usual” implemented in the name of the SDGs, or so-called SDG-washing, thereby limiting firm contributions to the SDGs. Although the SDG Compass, the most referenced business guideline on SDGs, currently encourages firms to address the SDGs using their economic motivation, it is uncertain whether it provides the right direction for achieving them. The purpose of this study is to address whether the economic motivation of firms to achieve the SDGs is practically preferable in contrast to the ethical motivation. Using data on Japanese and Vietnamese firms, we empirically analyse whether the degree of a firm’s proactiveness to address the SDGs depends on its economic and/or ethical motivations from a stakeholder management perspective. Our estimation results clarify that an ethical motivation continues to play a more significant role for firms in addressing the SDGs. Put differently, while CSV appears an attractive framework for firms to address the SDGs, its actual contribution remains partial and tentative, and it has thus been criticized for overemphasizing any economic motivation that potentially promotes SDG-washing. It is important to note that this could also ultimately decrease economic value by harming the firm’s reputation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
E-service failure and recovery strategy in times of crisis: effect on peer attitudes, expectation and future intention 危机时期的电子服务失败与恢复策略:对同伴态度、期望和未来意向的影响
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00762-0
Pantea Foroudi, S. Asieh Hosseini Tabaghdehi, Valentina Cillo, Maria Teresa Cuomo

This study analyses the impact of the critical issues on Travel and Tourism e-service failure and explores specifically how peer-to-peer accommodation business can cope with the potential collapse in demand caused by global crises. The purpose is to examine the impact of peer-to-peer accommodation’s recovery offer on revisiting intentions and relationships termination in light of justice-, fairness-, and attribution theory. In this vein, the main aim is to develop a theoretical model which is underpinned by an understanding of the consequences of e-service failure and the effectiveness of recovery strategies for business competitiveness. To gauge peer perceptions of peer-to-peer accommodations, we employed a mixed-method approach. Alongside 17 interviews with peers and industry experts, a survey involving 404 peer-to-peer accommodation users was conducted. Structural equation modelling was applied to unravel the intricate relationships and influences at play. The findings suggest that managers and service providers need to focus on timely recovery and building stronger relationships with peers, to increase repurchase intention and post-recovery satisfaction and to better front the crises times. This could be implemented efficiently via the platform of social media. This study offers specific theoretical and practical implications by providing a fair recovery strategy to result in the satisfaction of both parties.

本研究分析了关键问题对旅行和旅游电子服务失败的影响,并具体探讨了同行住宿企业如何应对全球危机造成的潜在需求崩溃。目的是根据正义、公平和归因理论,研究点对点住宿企业的恢复提议对重访意图和关系终止的影响。本着这一思路,主要目的是建立一个理论模型,该模型的基础是对电子服务失败的后果以及恢复战略对企业竞争力的有效性的理解。为了评估同行对同行间住宿的看法,我们采用了一种混合方法。在对同行和行业专家进行 17 次访谈的同时,我们还对 404 名同行住宿用户进行了调查。我们采用结构方程模型来揭示其中错综复杂的关系和影响因素。研究结果表明,管理者和服务提供者需要把重点放在及时恢复和与同伴建立更牢固的关系上,以提高再次购买意愿和恢复后的满意度,并更好地应对危机时期。这可以通过社交媒体平台有效实现。本研究通过提供公平的恢复策略,为双方提供了具体的理论和实践意义。
{"title":"E-service failure and recovery strategy in times of crisis: effect on peer attitudes, expectation and future intention","authors":"Pantea Foroudi, S. Asieh Hosseini Tabaghdehi, Valentina Cillo, Maria Teresa Cuomo","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00762-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00762-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study analyses the impact of the critical issues on Travel and Tourism e-service failure and explores specifically how peer-to-peer accommodation business can cope with the potential collapse in demand caused by global crises. The purpose is to examine the impact of peer-to-peer accommodation’s recovery offer on revisiting intentions and relationships termination in light of justice-, fairness-, and attribution theory. In this vein, the main aim is to develop a theoretical model which is underpinned by an understanding of the consequences of e-service failure and the effectiveness of recovery strategies for business competitiveness. To gauge peer perceptions of peer-to-peer accommodations, we employed a mixed-method approach. Alongside 17 interviews with peers and industry experts, a survey involving 404 peer-to-peer accommodation users was conducted. Structural equation modelling was applied to unravel the intricate relationships and influences at play. The findings suggest that managers and service providers need to focus on timely recovery and building stronger relationships with peers, to increase repurchase intention and post-recovery satisfaction and to better front the crises times. This could be implemented efficiently via the platform of social media. This study offers specific theoretical and practical implications by providing a fair recovery strategy to result in the satisfaction of both parties.</p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Artificial intelligence enabled product–service innovation: past achievements and future directions 人工智能支持产品服务创新:过去的成就与未来的方向
IF 5.5 3区 管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11846-024-00757-x
Rimsha Naeem, Marko Kohtamäki, Vinit Parida

This study intends to scrutinize the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Product-Service Innovation (PSI). The literature on AI enabled PSI, other related innovation business models, product-service systems, and servitization has grown significantly since 2018; therefore, there is a need to structure the literature in a systematic manner and add to what has been studied thus far. Product-service innovation is used to represent the relevance of achieving innovation in business models dealing with innovation outcomes including artificial intelligence. This study used bibliographic coupling to analyze 159 articles emerging from the fields of computer sciences, engineering, social sciences, decision sciences, and management. This review depicts structures of the literature comprising five (5) clusters, namely, (1) technology adoption and transformational barriers, which depicts the barriers faced during the adoption of AI-enabled technologies and following transformation; (2) data-driven capabilities and innovation, which highlights the data-based capabilities supported through AI and innovation; (3) digitally enabled business model innovation, which explained how AI-enabled business model innovation occurs; (4) smart design changes and sustainability, which reveals the working of AI in product service environments with different design changes and transformations based on sustainability; and (5) sectorial application, which highlights industry examples. Each cluster is comprehensively analyzed based on its contents, including central themes, models, theories, and methodologies, which help to identify the gaps and support suggestions for future research directions.

本研究旨在仔细研究人工智能(AI)在产品服务创新(PSI)中的作用。自2018年以来,有关人工智能支持的PSI、其他相关创新商业模式、产品服务系统和服务化的文献显著增加;因此,有必要以系统的方式构建文献,并对迄今为止的研究内容进行补充。产品服务创新用来表示在处理包括人工智能在内的创新成果的商业模式中实现创新的相关性。本研究采用书目耦合法分析了计算机科学、工程学、社会科学、决策科学和管理学领域的 159 篇文章。本综述描绘了由五(5)个集群组成的文献结构,即(1)技术采用和转型障碍,描绘了在采用人工智能技术和转型过程中面临的障碍;(2)数据驱动的能力和创新,强调了通过人工智能和创新支持的基于数据的能力;(3) 数字驱动的商业模式创新,阐释了人工智能驱动的商业模式创新是如何发生的;(4) 智能设计变更和可持续性,揭示了人工智能在产品服务环境中的作用,以及基于可持续性的不同设计变更和转型;以及 (5) 行业应用,重点介绍行业实例。每个集群都根据其内容进行了全面分析,包括中心主题、模型、理论和方法,这有助于找出差距并为未来研究方向提供支持建议。
{"title":"Artificial intelligence enabled product–service innovation: past achievements and future directions","authors":"Rimsha Naeem, Marko Kohtamäki, Vinit Parida","doi":"10.1007/s11846-024-00757-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00757-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study intends to scrutinize the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Product-Service Innovation (PSI). The literature on AI enabled PSI, other related innovation business models, product-service systems, and servitization has grown significantly since 2018; therefore, there is a need to structure the literature in a systematic manner and add to what has been studied thus far. Product-service innovation is used to represent the relevance of achieving innovation in business models dealing with innovation outcomes including artificial intelligence. This study used bibliographic coupling to analyze 159 articles emerging from the fields of computer sciences, engineering, social sciences, decision sciences, and management. This review depicts structures of the literature comprising five (5) clusters, namely, (1) technology adoption and transformational barriers, which depicts the barriers faced during the adoption of AI-enabled technologies and following transformation; (2) data-driven capabilities and innovation, which highlights the data-based capabilities supported through AI and innovation; (3) digitally enabled business model innovation, which explained how AI-enabled business model innovation occurs; (4) smart design changes and sustainability, which reveals the working of AI in product service environments with different design changes and transformations based on sustainability; and (5) sectorial application, which highlights industry examples. Each cluster is comprehensively analyzed based on its contents, including central themes, models, theories, and methodologies, which help to identify the gaps and support suggestions for future research directions. </p>","PeriodicalId":20992,"journal":{"name":"Review of Managerial Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Review of Managerial Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1