One of the most common method of eliciting false memories in the laboratory is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995), where participants study a set of items that are all similar to a nonpresented critical lure. A common finding is that false recognition to critical lures is much higher than to other nonpresented items and in some cases is even comparable to true recognition, regardless of whether similarity is semantic or structural (e.g., phonological or orthographic) relations. While there exists a handful of computational models of this paradigm, they have only been applied to semantic but not structural false recognition, they have not been fit at the level of individual participants, and they have not been applied to response times. We present a global matching model that addresses all three of these current gaps. Global similarity of semantic and structural representations drives a pair of linear ballistic accumulators, which are used to produce decisions as well as complete response time distributions. In addition to being able to account for heightened false recognition of critical lures, the model was able to account for differences across both individual participants and items, lower correlations between semantic and structural false recognition than true recognition, differences in false recognition across levels of processing, improved true recognition but not false recognition with higher study time, and heightened false recognition under speed emphasis. The model suggests that semantic and structural false recognition can be explained using only a single retrieval mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
在实验室中，引发错误记忆最常见的方法之一是迪斯-罗迪格-麦克德莫特范式（迪斯，1959；罗迪格和麦克德莫特，1995），参与者研究一组与未呈现的关键诱饵相似的项目。一个常见的发现是，无论相似性是语义关系还是结构关系（如语音或正字法），对关键诱饵的错误识别比对其他未呈现的物品的错误识别要高得多，在某些情况下甚至与正确识别相当。虽然存在一些这种范式的计算模型，但它们只应用于语义错误识别，而不是结构性错误识别，它们不适合个体参与者的水平，也没有应用于响应时间。我们提出了一个全球匹配模型，解决了所有这三个当前的差距。语义和结构表示的全局相似性驱动一对线性弹道累加器，用于产生决策和完整的响应时间分布。除了能够解释关键诱饵的高错误识别之外，该模型还能够解释个体参与者和项目之间的差异，语义和结构错误识别之间的相关性低于真实识别，不同处理水平的错误识别差异，随着学习时间的增加，真实识别得到改善，但错误识别没有改善，以及在速度强调下错误识别增强。该模型表明，语义和结构错误识别可以只用一个单一的检索机制来解释。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"A global matching model of choice and response times in the Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott semantic and structural false recognition paradigms.","authors":"Adam F Osth,Lyulei Zhang,Samuel Williams","doi":"10.1037/rev0000596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000596","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common method of eliciting false memories in the laboratory is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995), where participants study a set of items that are all similar to a nonpresented critical lure. A common finding is that false recognition to critical lures is much higher than to other nonpresented items and in some cases is even comparable to true recognition, regardless of whether similarity is semantic or structural (e.g., phonological or orthographic) relations. While there exists a handful of computational models of this paradigm, they have only been applied to semantic but not structural false recognition, they have not been fit at the level of individual participants, and they have not been applied to response times. We present a global matching model that addresses all three of these current gaps. Global similarity of semantic and structural representations drives a pair of linear ballistic accumulators, which are used to produce decisions as well as complete response time distributions. In addition to being able to account for heightened false recognition of critical lures, the model was able to account for differences across both individual participants and items, lower correlations between semantic and structural false recognition than true recognition, differences in false recognition across levels of processing, improved true recognition but not false recognition with higher study time, and heightened false recognition under speed emphasis. The model suggests that semantic and structural false recognition can be explained using only a single retrieval mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People often rationalize their choices, reassessing selected options as more positive after choosing them. This article proposes that this type of rationalization does not arise from the act or self-perception of choosing (as previously thought), but rather from accepting the outcome, characterized by the degree to which it feels resolved and settled. It builds on a dissonance-reduction account of rationalization, in which unfavorable features of a chosen alternative become inconsistent with the choice, and the resulting cognitive dissonance motivates the chooser to rationalize them (e.g., by downplaying the importance of those features) and form a more favorable view of the chosen alternative. We extend this idea by suggesting that a similar process can motivate this form of rationalization for outcomes that were not personally selected, provided there is acceptance of the outcome. This article introduces acceptance as a critical moderator of this type of rationalization for both choices and assignments, with higher acceptance leading to more rationalization. This conceptualization allows for the exploration of factors that influence acceptance of outcomes. Potential antecedents such as freedom to choose or reject the outcome, finality of the outcome, and consent to the outcome-determining process are discussed. Finally, this perspective broadens the scope of dissonance theory. While choice has been considered a necessary condition for dissonance effects, the results from seven experiments (N = 2,557) challenge this view, bridging dissonance and other theories of rationalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
人们通常会为自己的选择找理由，在做出选择后重新评估选择是否更积极。这篇文章提出，这种类型的合理化不是来自于选择的行为或自我感知（如之前所认为的），而是来自于接受结果，其特征是感觉得到解决和解决的程度。它建立在合理化的失调减少账户上，其中被选择的选项的不利特征与选择不一致，由此产生的认知失调促使选择者合理化它们（例如，通过淡化这些特征的重要性），并形成对所选择的选项更有利的看法。我们通过提出类似的过程可以激发非个人选择的结果的这种形式的合理化来扩展这一想法，只要结果被接受。本文介绍了接受作为选择和任务的这种类型的合理化的关键调节因素，接受程度越高导致合理化程度越高。这种概念化允许探索影响结果接受度的因素。潜在的先决条件，如自由选择或拒绝结果，结果的终局性，并同意结果决定过程进行了讨论。最后，这一视角拓宽了失调理论的范围。虽然选择被认为是失调效应的必要条件，但七个实验（N = 2557）的结果挑战了这一观点，架起了失调和其他合理化理论的桥梁。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Bounded rationalization: The role of acceptance in postchoice and postassignment rationalization.","authors":"Kurt P Munz,Adam Eric Greenberg,Vicki G Morwitz","doi":"10.1037/rev0000602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000602","url":null,"abstract":"People often rationalize their choices, reassessing selected options as more positive after choosing them. This article proposes that this type of rationalization does not arise from the act or self-perception of choosing (as previously thought), but rather from accepting the outcome, characterized by the degree to which it feels resolved and settled. It builds on a dissonance-reduction account of rationalization, in which unfavorable features of a chosen alternative become inconsistent with the choice, and the resulting cognitive dissonance motivates the chooser to rationalize them (e.g., by downplaying the importance of those features) and form a more favorable view of the chosen alternative. We extend this idea by suggesting that a similar process can motivate this form of rationalization for outcomes that were not personally selected, provided there is acceptance of the outcome. This article introduces acceptance as a critical moderator of this type of rationalization for both choices and assignments, with higher acceptance leading to more rationalization. This conceptualization allows for the exploration of factors that influence acceptance of outcomes. Potential antecedents such as freedom to choose or reject the outcome, finality of the outcome, and consent to the outcome-determining process are discussed. Finally, this perspective broadens the scope of dissonance theory. While choice has been considered a necessary condition for dissonance effects, the results from seven experiments (N = 2,557) challenge this view, bridging dissonance and other theories of rationalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gilad Pessach, Konstantinos Tsetsos, Michel Regenwetter, Marius Usher
{"title":"Within-alternative processing supports transitivity of preferences in multiattribute choice.","authors":"Gilad Pessach, Konstantinos Tsetsos, Michel Regenwetter, Marius Usher","doi":"10.1037/rev0000587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Bounded Rationalization: The Role of Acceptance in Postchoice and Postassignment Rationalization","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000602.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000602.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Development of Risk Behaviors and Their Cultural Transmission","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000599.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000599.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for A Global Matching Model of Choice and Response Times in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott Semantic and Structural False Recognition Paradigms","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000596.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000596.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From basic affordances to symbolic thought: A computational phylogenesis of biological intelligence.","authors":"John E. Hummel, Rachel F. Heaton","doi":"10.1037/rev0000592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000592","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145478477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tanay Katiyar, Adam Hunt, Amy Orben, Nikhil Chaudhary, Adrian V. Jaeggi
{"title":"Digital technologies and evolutionary mismatch: Harming, but also healing mental health.","authors":"Tanay Katiyar, Adam Hunt, Amy Orben, Nikhil Chaudhary, Adrian V. Jaeggi","doi":"10.1037/rev0000593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000593","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The successes and failures of artificial neural networks (ANNs) highlight the importance of innate linguistic priors for human language acquisition.","authors":"Jeffrey S. Bowers","doi":"10.1037/rev0000595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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