Pub Date : 2019-04-29DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2019/1/229
A. Abrahamyan, R. Chilingaryan
The present study investigates the optimization of the operation of the CO2 laser in the acoustoplasma mode (i.e., dependence of the laser radiation power on the composition of the working mixture, pressure, value of the direct component of the discharge current, frequency, and modulation depth). A three-dimensional dependence on the frequency and modulation depth of the discharge current is experimentally obtained for the normalized efficiency of the conversion of the electric power supplied to the discharge tube into laser power. The maximum gain when transition to the acoustoplasma mode exceeds 2.5 times. The optimum depth of the discharge current modulation is 0.5–0.7. The laser radiation power modulation caused by the discharge current modulation is measured. Laser power is not modulated at modulation frequencies of current >1 kHz. Meanwhile, at current modulation frequencies <0.5 kHz, the modulation depth of the laser radiation power nonlinearly depends on the modulation depth of the discharge current and has a threshold character. The modulation depth of the laser radiation power is associated with the creation of an acoustoplasma and not simply with the discharge current modulation.
{"title":"CONTROL OF CO2 LASER POWER BY ACOUSTIC FIELDS","authors":"A. Abrahamyan, R. Chilingaryan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2019/1/229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2019/1/229","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the optimization of the operation of the CO2 laser in the acoustoplasma mode (i.e., dependence of the laser radiation power on the composition of the working mixture, pressure, value of the direct component of the discharge current, frequency, and modulation depth). A three-dimensional dependence on the frequency and modulation depth of the discharge current is experimentally obtained for the normalized efficiency of the conversion of the electric power supplied to the discharge tube into laser power. The maximum gain when transition to the acoustoplasma mode exceeds 2.5 times. The optimum depth of the discharge current modulation is 0.5–0.7. The laser radiation power modulation caused by the discharge current modulation is measured. Laser power is not modulated at modulation frequencies of current >1 kHz. Meanwhile, at current modulation frequencies <0.5 kHz, the modulation depth of the laser radiation power nonlinearly depends on the modulation depth of the discharge current and has a threshold character. The modulation depth of the laser radiation power is associated with the creation of an acoustoplasma and not simply with the discharge current modulation.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78599736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2019/1/227
B. Heidary, T. T. Hashjin, B. Ghobadian, R. Roshandel
Новая гибридная система многостадийной опреснительной (MSF) ректификационной опреснительной установки с использованием солнечного ветра (RO) была изготовлена и испытана в реальных условиях в Иране. Энергия ветра была необходима для обеспечения электрической энергии. Эксергетический анализ может быть использован для разработки более эффективных энергетических систем. Эксергия, задействованная в гибридной системе опреснения RO-MSF солнечного ветра, проанализирована ниже с использованием данных, полученных в результате теоретических и экспериментальных исследований.Системы RO и MSF, работающие от энергии ветра и солнца, гарантируют повышение надежности и гибкости системы. Согласно эксергетическому анализу, необратимые потери от гибридной установки RO-MSF с солнечным ветром сосредоточены в солнечном коллекторе и многоступенчатой испарительной камере. Эти параметры могут быть уменьшены за счет изоляции коллектора, покрытия труб и стен MSF, а также улучшения процесса вспышки. Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы. и улучшение процесса прошивки.Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы. и улучшение процесса прошивки. Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы.
{"title":"EXERGY OF A HYBRID SOLAR-WIND REVERSE OSMOSIS-MSF DESALINATION SYSTEM","authors":"B. Heidary, T. T. Hashjin, B. Ghobadian, R. Roshandel","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2019/1/227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2019/1/227","url":null,"abstract":"Новая гибридная система многостадийной опреснительной (MSF) ректификационной опреснительной установки с использованием солнечного ветра (RO) была изготовлена и испытана в реальных условиях в Иране. Энергия ветра была необходима для обеспечения электрической энергии. Эксергетический анализ может быть использован для разработки более эффективных энергетических систем. Эксергия, задействованная в гибридной системе опреснения RO-MSF солнечного ветра, проанализирована ниже с использованием данных, полученных в результате теоретических и экспериментальных исследований.Системы RO и MSF, работающие от энергии ветра и солнца, гарантируют повышение надежности и гибкости системы. Согласно эксергетическому анализу, необратимые потери от гибридной установки RO-MSF с солнечным ветром сосредоточены в солнечном коллекторе и многоступенчатой испарительной камере. Эти параметры могут быть уменьшены за счет изоляции коллектора, покрытия труб и стен MSF, а также улучшения процесса вспышки. Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы. и улучшение процесса прошивки.Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы. и улучшение процесса прошивки. Оптимизирующая производительность гибридной системы RO-MSF мощность солнечного ветра должна увеличиваться, а потребление энергии должно снизиться, что должно повысить общую эффективность системы.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74320508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2019/1/228
A. Mkrtchyan, A. Abrahamyan, R. Chilingaryan, A. S. Mikayelyan, Q. G. Sahakyan
Если ток разряда в плазме содержит прямые и переменные компоненты, плазма развивает волнообразную акустическую нестабильность и в результате становится акустоплазмой. Такие неустойчивости приводят к явлениям бистабильности, мультистабильности и гистерезиса вольт-амперных характеристик, вызывая резкие изменения состояния плазменной среды. Эти изменения могут быть представлены как фазовые переходы. В настоящей работе экспериментальные данные плазмы аппроксимируются уравнениями катастроф. После приведения в соответствие уравнения катастрофы к канонической форме соответствуют точке фазовых переходов. Координаты фазового перехода преобразуются в координаты экспериментальной системы с помощью преобразований.В этом случае мы определяем точки Наконец, изменения параметров в акустической плазме получены с помощью решений. Обратная задача экспериментальных данных решается в каждом текущем моменте времени. В окрестностях особых точек неверно поставлены обратные задачи решаются теорией катастрофы. Предлагаемые методы применимы к различным областям науки и техники.
{"title":"THE USE OF INCORRECTLY POSED INVERSE PROBLEMS AND CATASTROPHE THEORY IN ACOUSTOPLASMIC STUDIES","authors":"A. Mkrtchyan, A. Abrahamyan, R. Chilingaryan, A. S. Mikayelyan, Q. G. Sahakyan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2019/1/228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2019/1/228","url":null,"abstract":"Если ток разряда в плазме содержит прямые и переменные компоненты, плазма развивает волнообразную акустическую нестабильность и в результате становится акустоплазмой. Такие неустойчивости приводят к явлениям бистабильности, мультистабильности и гистерезиса вольт-амперных характеристик, вызывая резкие изменения состояния плазменной среды. Эти изменения могут быть представлены как фазовые переходы. В настоящей работе экспериментальные данные плазмы аппроксимируются уравнениями катастроф. После приведения в соответствие уравнения катастрофы к канонической форме соответствуют точке фазовых переходов. Координаты фазового перехода преобразуются в координаты экспериментальной системы с помощью преобразований.В этом случае мы определяем точки Наконец, изменения параметров в акустической плазме получены с помощью решений. Обратная задача экспериментальных данных решается в каждом текущем моменте времени. В окрестностях особых точек неверно поставлены обратные задачи решаются теорией катастрофы. Предлагаемые методы применимы к различным областям науки и техники.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82598056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2019/1/220
R. A. Apreyan, A. Atanesyan, A. M. Petrosyan
Физические свойства кристаллов зависят от их химического состава, молекулярной и кристаллической структуры. Присутствие донорных аминогрупп (NH 2 ) и акцепторных нитрогрупп (NO 2 ) в молекуле может повысить нелинейно-оптические (NLO) свойства молекулы. L- нитроаргинин в сильнощелочной среде (МЗ (М = Li, Na, K) кристаллизуется с образованием L – 2 – нитримино – 1,3 – диазепан – 4 – карбоновой кислоты ( L –NIDCA.H 2 O и L). -NIDCA). Мы обнаружили, что медленное испарение раствора L- нитроарганина и щелочи в эквимолярных количествах приводит к образованию соли металла с L–2 – нитримино – 1,3 – диазепан – 4 – карбоксилат-анионы (K ( L –NIDC) .H 2 O, Na ( L –NIDC), L –NaNIDC, Li ( L –NIDC); эта соль демонстрирует сильный NLO В этом исследовании также рассматривались вопросы генерации кристаллов L –KNIDC.H 2 O и L –KNIDC во второй гармонике и влияние их кристаллической и молекулярной структуры на свойства NLO. Инфракрасный и комбинационный спектры K ( L –NIDC) .H Кристаллы 2 O и K ( L –NIDC) были изучены с учетом этих структурных особенностей. Мы обнаружили, что интенсивность генерации второй гармоники в K ( L–NIDC) в 2,75 раза выше, чем в стандартном кристалле KDP, а интенсивность в K ( L –NIDC) .H 2 O значительно ниже.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ON NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS POTASSIUM L-2-NITRIMINO-1,3-DIAZEPANE-4-CARBOXYLATE CRYSTALS","authors":"R. A. Apreyan, A. Atanesyan, A. M. Petrosyan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2019/1/220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2019/1/220","url":null,"abstract":"Физические свойства кристаллов зависят от их химического состава, молекулярной и кристаллической структуры. Присутствие донорных аминогрупп (NH 2 ) и акцепторных нитрогрупп (NO 2 ) в молекуле может повысить нелинейно-оптические (NLO) свойства молекулы. L- нитроаргинин в сильнощелочной среде (МЗ (М = Li, Na, K) кристаллизуется с образованием L – 2 – нитримино – 1,3 – диазепан – 4 – карбоновой кислоты ( L –NIDCA.H 2 O и L). -NIDCA). Мы обнаружили, что медленное испарение раствора L- нитроарганина и щелочи в эквимолярных количествах приводит к образованию соли металла с L–2 – нитримино – 1,3 – диазепан – 4 – карбоксилат-анионы (K ( L –NIDC) .H 2 O, Na ( L –NIDC), L –NaNIDC, Li ( L –NIDC); эта соль демонстрирует сильный NLO В этом исследовании также рассматривались вопросы генерации кристаллов L –KNIDC.H 2 O и L –KNIDC во второй гармонике и влияние их кристаллической и молекулярной структуры на свойства NLO. Инфракрасный и комбинационный спектры K ( L –NIDC) .H Кристаллы 2 O и K ( L –NIDC) были изучены с учетом этих структурных особенностей. Мы обнаружили, что интенсивность генерации второй гармоники в K ( L–NIDC) в 2,75 раза выше, чем в стандартном кристалле KDP, а интенсивность в K ( L –NIDC) .H 2 O значительно ниже. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72450891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/4/216
M. A. Aginian, S. Arutunian, E. G. Lazareva, A. Margaryan
To avoid complex computations based on wide Fourier expansions, the electromagnetic field of synchrotron radiation (SR) was analyzed using Lienard–Wiechert potentials in this work. The retardation equation was solved for ultrarelativistic movement of rotating charge at distances up to the trajectory radius. The radiation field was determined to be constricted into a narrow extended region with transverse sizes approximately the radius of trajectory divided by the particle Lorentz factor (characteristic SR length) cubed in the plane of trajectory and the distance between the observation and radiation emission point divided by the Lorentz factor in the vertical direction. The Lienard–Wiechert field of rotating charge was visualized using a parametric form to derive electric force lines rather than solving a retardation equation. The electromagnetic field of a charging point rotating at superluminal speeds was also investigated. This field, dubbed a superluminal synchrotron radiation (SSR) field by analogy with the case of a circulating relativistic charge, was also presented using a system of electric force lines. It is shown that SSR can arise in accelerators from “spot” of SR runs faster than light by outer wall of circular accelerator vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the mentioned characteristic lengths of SR in orbit plane and in vertical direction are less than the interparticle distances in real bunches in ultrarelativistic accelerators. It is indicating that this phenomenon should be taken into account when calculating bunch fields and involved at least into the beam dynamic consideration.
{"title":"SUPERLUMINAL SYNCHROTRON RADIATION","authors":"M. A. Aginian, S. Arutunian, E. G. Lazareva, A. Margaryan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/4/216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/4/216","url":null,"abstract":"To avoid complex computations based on wide Fourier expansions, the electromagnetic field of synchrotron radiation (SR) was analyzed using Lienard–Wiechert potentials in this work. The retardation equation was solved for ultrarelativistic movement of rotating charge at distances up to the trajectory radius. The radiation field was determined to be constricted into a narrow extended region with transverse sizes approximately the radius of trajectory divided by the particle Lorentz factor (characteristic SR length) cubed in the plane of trajectory and the distance between the observation and radiation emission point divided by the Lorentz factor in the vertical direction. The Lienard–Wiechert field of rotating charge was visualized using a parametric form to derive electric force lines rather than solving a retardation equation. The electromagnetic field of a charging point rotating at superluminal speeds was also investigated. This field, dubbed a superluminal synchrotron radiation (SSR) field by analogy with the case of a circulating relativistic charge, was also presented using a system of electric force lines. It is shown that SSR can arise in accelerators from “spot” of SR runs faster than light by outer wall of circular accelerator vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the mentioned characteristic lengths of SR in orbit plane and in vertical direction are less than the interparticle distances in real bunches in ultrarelativistic accelerators. It is indicating that this phenomenon should be taken into account when calculating bunch fields and involved at least into the beam dynamic consideration.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83953996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/4/215
Levon Grigoryan, A. Mkrtchyan, H. Khachatryan, M. L. Grigoryan, A. V. Sargsyan, Petros Hovhannes Mosoyan
The peculiarities of electromagnetic oscillations generated by a charged particle moving rectilinearly and uniformly have been studied when the particle crosses a planar boundary between a conducting medium and a vacuum perpendicular to that boundary. This study is based on the relevant exact analytical solutions of Maxwell equations, and the generalized Drude–Lorentz–Sommerfeld formula has been used for the dielectric function of conducting medium in the numerical calculations. The results of our investigation indicated that a charged particle may generate large amplitude oscillations in an electric field at frequencies wherein the dispersion phenomenon is essential and the real part of the conducting material’s dielectric function is negative. The results further revealed that these oscillations are localized at the planar boundary of the conducting medium and a vacuum. The possibility of using this phenomenon to generate electromagnetic radiation at large distances from the surface of a conducting medium of finite size is also discussed.
{"title":"PECULIARITIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS GENERATED BY A CHARGED PARTICLE CROSSING THE PLANAR BOUNDARY BETWEEN A CONDUCTING MEDIUM AND A VACUUM","authors":"Levon Grigoryan, A. Mkrtchyan, H. Khachatryan, M. L. Grigoryan, A. V. Sargsyan, Petros Hovhannes Mosoyan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/4/215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/4/215","url":null,"abstract":"The peculiarities of electromagnetic oscillations generated by a charged particle moving rectilinearly and uniformly have been studied when the particle crosses a planar boundary between a conducting medium and a vacuum perpendicular to that boundary. This study is based on the relevant exact analytical solutions of Maxwell equations, and the generalized Drude–Lorentz–Sommerfeld formula has been used for the dielectric function of conducting medium in the numerical calculations. The results of our investigation indicated that a charged particle may generate large amplitude oscillations in an electric field at frequencies wherein the dispersion phenomenon is essential and the real part of the conducting material’s dielectric function is negative. The results further revealed that these oscillations are localized at the planar boundary of the conducting medium and a vacuum. The possibility of using this phenomenon to generate electromagnetic radiation at large distances from the surface of a conducting medium of finite size is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89192951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-05DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/4/213
Amit Kumar Rohi, S. Rangnekar
With an increase in the amount of renewable, solar photovoltaic in particular, developing efficient energy storage media will become increasingly important. Batteries are one of the most common storage devices, and the maximum runtime and dynamic behavior of batteries play an important role in various energy storage applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the battery behavior during charging and discharging operation. This study aims to analyze the properties of a lithium polymer battery to support low-power Solar PV applications through experiment and simulation with a goal of understanding its electrical behavior. A simple experimental test procedure was used to determine the various electric parameters required to develop a model of the battery. Simulations results at various C rates captured the dynamic behavior of the lithium polymer battery, revealing an acceptable trade-off between accuracy and complexity.
{"title":"DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR PREDICTION OF LITHIUM POLYMER BATTERY FOR LOW-POWER SOLAR PV APPLICATIONS","authors":"Amit Kumar Rohi, S. Rangnekar","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/4/213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/4/213","url":null,"abstract":"With an increase in the amount of renewable, solar photovoltaic in particular, developing efficient energy storage media will become increasingly important. Batteries are one of the most common storage devices, and the maximum runtime and dynamic behavior of batteries play an important role in various energy storage applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the battery behavior during charging and discharging operation. This study aims to analyze the properties of a lithium polymer battery to support low-power Solar PV applications through experiment and simulation with a goal of understanding its electrical behavior. A simple experimental test procedure was used to determine the various electric parameters required to develop a model of the battery. Simulations results at various C rates captured the dynamic behavior of the lithium polymer battery, revealing an acceptable trade-off between accuracy and complexity.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82040466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-28DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/3/199
D. Mironov, V. Mironov, V. Mazanko, D. Gertsriken, P. V. Peretyatku
The paper studies the penetration of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, argon and krypton into copper, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, iron and different steels under the action of spark discharges in various media based on radioactive indicators using step-by-step radiometric analysis, macro-, micro-, electron-microscopy and activation autoradiography, Mössbauer and Auger spectroscopy, secondary ion-ionic emission, X-ray diffraction and X-ray microanalysis. The study describes distribution features of penetrating atoms and their concentration profiles. Phase composition of near-surface layers is also determined. It is shown that supersaturated solid solutions of iron in copper and copper in iron are formed during simultaneous iron and oxygen penetration in copper and spinel (Fe6Cu3O4)4. Diffusion of iron and carbon results in supersaturated solid solutions of iron and carbon in copper, copper and carbon in iron, graphite and cementite. Inert gases and nitrogen form solid solutions with copper. Phase composition of near-surface layers in Fe is determined. Iron dioxide FeO, a carbon solid solution in iron with fcc lattice γ-Fe, tetragonal martensite and cementite, two iron (III) hydroxide FeOOH modifications, a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Fe4N, solid solutions of inert gases in iron are formed in the diffusion zone. Simultaneous interaction of molybdenum with iron (the anode material) and various gases results in the formation of substitutional solid solutions of iron in molybdenum and molybdenum in iron, a small amount of interstitial solid solutions of nitrogen and carbon in molybdenum and nitrogen in iron, interstitial phases: molybdenum nitrides and carbides and traces of nitrides of iron (Fe4N, Fe2N) and Fe1,9Mo (λ) phases in the form of needles. Treatment of nickel with a nickel anode in the nitrogen medium promotes formation of a solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Ni3N in the matrix with preserved hexagonal symmetry and lattice parameters that are characteristic of this phase under equilibrium conditions. Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and argon are present in the interstitial solid solutions in treatment of nickel in ambient air; however, oxides are not found even on the surface (in the layer ~200 nm). Interaction of titanium with atmospheric gases leads to formation of a solid solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and argon in titanium and titanium nitride Ti2N (ε). Simultaneous saturation of the titanium surface with nickel and nitrogen in the interaction zone causes formation of phases in the following order: nickel nitride; a solid solution of nitrogen and titanium in nickel and a solid solution of both alloying elements in titanium.
{"title":"Interaction of metals and alloys with gas media under spark discharges","authors":"D. Mironov, V. Mironov, V. Mazanko, D. Gertsriken, P. V. Peretyatku","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/3/199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/3/199","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies the penetration of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, argon and krypton into copper, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, iron and different steels under the action of spark discharges in various media based on radioactive indicators using step-by-step radiometric analysis, macro-, micro-, electron-microscopy and activation autoradiography, Mössbauer and Auger spectroscopy, secondary ion-ionic emission, X-ray diffraction and X-ray microanalysis. The study describes distribution features of penetrating atoms and their concentration profiles. Phase composition of near-surface layers is also determined. It is shown that supersaturated solid solutions of iron in copper and copper in iron are formed during simultaneous iron and oxygen penetration in copper and spinel (Fe6Cu3O4)4. Diffusion of iron and carbon results in supersaturated solid solutions of iron and carbon in copper, copper and carbon in iron, graphite and cementite. Inert gases and nitrogen form solid solutions with copper. Phase composition of near-surface layers in Fe is determined. Iron dioxide FeO, a carbon solid solution in iron with fcc lattice γ-Fe, tetragonal martensite and cementite, two iron (III) hydroxide FeOOH modifications, a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Fe4N, solid solutions of inert gases in iron are formed in the diffusion zone. Simultaneous interaction of molybdenum with iron (the anode material) and various gases results in the formation of substitutional solid solutions of iron in molybdenum and molybdenum in iron, a small amount of interstitial solid solutions of nitrogen and carbon in molybdenum and nitrogen in iron, interstitial phases: molybdenum nitrides and carbides and traces of nitrides of iron (Fe4N, Fe2N) and Fe1,9Mo (λ) phases in the form of needles. Treatment of nickel with a nickel anode in the nitrogen medium promotes formation of a solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Ni3N in the matrix with preserved hexagonal symmetry and lattice parameters that are characteristic of this phase under equilibrium conditions. Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and argon are present in the interstitial solid solutions in treatment of nickel in ambient air; however, oxides are not found even on the surface (in the layer ~200 nm). Interaction of titanium with atmospheric gases leads to formation of a solid solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and argon in titanium and titanium nitride Ti2N (ε). Simultaneous saturation of the titanium surface with nickel and nitrogen in the interaction zone causes formation of phases in the following order: nickel nitride; a solid solution of nitrogen and titanium in nickel and a solid solution of both alloying elements in titanium.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90152487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-27DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/3/198
P. A. Aleksandrov, S. Fanchenko, S. G. Schemardov
Abstract. The paper considers processes of electron capture by fast ions scattered from metal surfaces at grazing incidence angles. It discusses the possibilities of excitation of high atomic levels in neutralization process and laser generation. The Doppler compression effect for ion beams is shown to be rather essential for laser generation in the ion energy range of several tens keV. It is shown that the four-level laser generation scheme is the preferable one. The values of critical currents for laser generation are evaluated. The experimental setup for ion beam neutralization is observed. The experimental results on nitrogen ion beam neutralization on silicon (001) wafers at grazing incident angles are presented. The dependence of the neutralization coefficient on the grazing incidence angle is measured, a good coincidence between peak maximum and Lindhard angles is demonstrated. It is shown that in case of neutralization without special vacuum surface cleaning the neutralization coefficient makes approximately 30% for ion energy of 40 keV. The one-electron resonant neutralization to nitrogen 2P1/2, 2D3/2, 4S3/2 atomic terms is discussed. The mechanism of resonant coherent excitation of fast nitrogen atoms in front of a Si (001) surface is observed, the resonant energy being estimated about 70 keV.
{"title":"Potentialities of fast ion neutralization at grazing incidence angles from crystal surfaces for development of new generation of uv laser sources","authors":"P. A. Aleksandrov, S. Fanchenko, S. G. Schemardov","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/3/198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/3/198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The paper considers processes of electron capture by fast ions scattered from metal surfaces at grazing incidence angles. It discusses the possibilities of excitation of high atomic levels in neutralization process and laser generation. The Doppler compression effect for ion beams is shown to be rather essential for laser generation in the ion energy range of several tens keV. It is shown that the four-level laser generation scheme is the preferable one. The values of critical currents for laser generation are evaluated. The experimental setup for ion beam neutralization is observed. The experimental results on nitrogen ion beam neutralization on silicon (001) wafers at grazing incident angles are presented. The dependence of the neutralization coefficient on the grazing incidence angle is measured, a good coincidence between peak maximum and Lindhard angles is demonstrated. It is shown that in case of neutralization without special vacuum surface cleaning the neutralization coefficient makes approximately 30% for ion energy of 40 keV. The one-electron resonant neutralization to nitrogen 2P1/2, 2D3/2, 4S3/2 atomic terms is discussed. The mechanism of resonant coherent excitation of fast nitrogen atoms in front of a Si (001) surface is observed, the resonant energy being estimated about 70 keV.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79451300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-27DOI: 10.18799/24056537/2018/3/195
A. Mkrtchyan, L. Grigoryan, H. Khachatryan, M. L. Grigoryan, A. V. Sargsyan
Abstract. The paper investigates some characteristic features of the electromagnetic field of a relativistic charged particle that uniformly rotates about a conductive ball in its equatorial plane. It is assumed that the braking of the particle due to radiation is compensated by an external influence (e.g. the electric force) that compels the particle to turn uniformly in a circle. The magnetic permittivity of the ball is assumed to be one. The work is based on the corresponding exact analytic solutions of Maxwell’s equations. The generalized Drude-Lorentz-Sommerfeld formula for the dielectric function of the conductive ball is used in numerical calculations. It is shown that localized oscillations of a high-amplitude electromagnetic field can be generated at a given harmonic inside the ball at a certain (resonant) particle rotation frequency at a small distance from the surface of the ball. Herewith, at large distances from the trajectory of the particle, these localized oscillations are accompanied by intense radiation at the same harmonic, which is many times more intense than the analogous radiation in the case when the ball is absent. The possibilities of using this phenomenon to develop sources of quasi-monochromatic electromagnetic radiation in the range from giga- to terra hertz frequencies are discussed.
{"title":"Peculiarities of electromagnetic field oscillations of a charged particle rotating about a conductive ball","authors":"A. Mkrtchyan, L. Grigoryan, H. Khachatryan, M. L. Grigoryan, A. V. Sargsyan","doi":"10.18799/24056537/2018/3/195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2018/3/195","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The paper investigates some characteristic features of the electromagnetic field of a relativistic charged particle that uniformly rotates about a conductive ball in its equatorial plane. It is assumed that the braking of the particle due to radiation is compensated by an external influence (e.g. the electric force) that compels the particle to turn uniformly in a circle. The magnetic permittivity of the ball is assumed to be one. The work is based on the corresponding exact analytic solutions of Maxwell’s equations. The generalized Drude-Lorentz-Sommerfeld formula for the dielectric function of the conductive ball is used in numerical calculations. It is shown that localized oscillations of a high-amplitude electromagnetic field can be generated at a given harmonic inside the ball at a certain (resonant) particle rotation frequency at a small distance from the surface of the ball. Herewith, at large distances from the trajectory of the particle, these localized oscillations are accompanied by intense radiation at the same harmonic, which is many times more intense than the analogous radiation in the case when the ball is absent. The possibilities of using this phenomenon to develop sources of quasi-monochromatic electromagnetic radiation in the range from giga- to terra hertz frequencies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21019,"journal":{"name":"Resource-Efficient Technologies","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84642767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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