Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of zinc-contained endopeptidases, are closely involved in tumor growth, infiltration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. By virtue of the specifically enzymatic hydrolysis, MMPs have been widely used to turn on imaging and/or therapy function of elaborately designed enzyme-responsive nanoprobes, which is expected to realize precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review systematically summarizes the classifications of MMPs, their substrates and recognized sequences, and overexpressed tumor types. The advances of MMPs-responsive nanoprobes for cancer diagnosis and therapy are focused, including trigger mechanism, design principle, and various imaging or therapy modes. Finally, this review analyzes the challenges of MMPs-responsive nanoprobes in clinical application, and provides constructive opinions for future study.
{"title":"Recent advances in matrix metalloproteinases-responsive nanoprobes for cancer diagnosis and therapy","authors":"Qiuye Wang, Hai-Bin Cui, Ning Gan, Xuehua Ma, Wenzhi Ren, Aiguo Wu","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of zinc-contained endopeptidases, are closely involved in tumor growth, infiltration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. By virtue of the specifically enzymatic hydrolysis, MMPs have been widely used to turn on imaging and/or therapy function of elaborately designed enzyme-responsive nanoprobes, which is expected to realize precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review systematically summarizes the classifications of MMPs, their substrates and recognized sequences, and overexpressed tumor types. The advances of MMPs-responsive nanoprobes for cancer diagnosis and therapy are focused, including trigger mechanism, design principle, and various imaging or therapy modes. Finally, this review analyzes the challenges of MMPs-responsive nanoprobes in clinical application, and provides constructive opinions for future study.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76259512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Abd-Elsabour, M. Abou-Krisha, A. G. Alhamzani, T. Yousef
Abstract Herein, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with poly(reduced-o-nitrobenzoic acid [r-o-NBA]) supported in graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was fabricated for the first time. The fabricated electrode’s surface morphology and composition were characterised by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The poly(r-o-NBA)/GQDs/CPE showed high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of naproxen (NPX) using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric methods. The effect of scan rate on the oxidation peak of NPX suggests that the electrode process was typically diffusion-controlled. In addition, the effect of pH reflects the participation of protons in the oxidation process of NPX. The peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of NPX ranging from 1.0 to 100.0 µM, with the correlation coefficient (R 2), sensitivity, limit of detection (3σ), and limit of quantification (10σ) being 0.9995, 0.419 µA·µM−1·cm−2, 0.672, and 2.241 µM, respectively. Using chronoamperometry, the diffusion coefficient of NPX at the poly(r-o-NBA)/GQDs/CPE was estimated to be 5.36 × 10−6 cm2·s−1. The proposed electrode has good reproducibility, stability, and high selectivity for NPX oxidation. The obtained recovery range (96.7–102.0%) means that the proposed sensor performed satisfactorily when applied for the detection of NPX in its pharmaceutical formulations.
{"title":"An effective, novel, and cheap carbon paste electrode for naproxen estimation","authors":"M. Abd-Elsabour, M. Abou-Krisha, A. G. Alhamzani, T. Yousef","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Herein, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with poly(reduced-o-nitrobenzoic acid [r-o-NBA]) supported in graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was fabricated for the first time. The fabricated electrode’s surface morphology and composition were characterised by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The poly(r-o-NBA)/GQDs/CPE showed high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of naproxen (NPX) using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric methods. The effect of scan rate on the oxidation peak of NPX suggests that the electrode process was typically diffusion-controlled. In addition, the effect of pH reflects the participation of protons in the oxidation process of NPX. The peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of NPX ranging from 1.0 to 100.0 µM, with the correlation coefficient (R 2), sensitivity, limit of detection (3σ), and limit of quantification (10σ) being 0.9995, 0.419 µA·µM−1·cm−2, 0.672, and 2.241 µM, respectively. Using chronoamperometry, the diffusion coefficient of NPX at the poly(r-o-NBA)/GQDs/CPE was estimated to be 5.36 × 10−6 cm2·s−1. The proposed electrode has good reproducibility, stability, and high selectivity for NPX oxidation. The obtained recovery range (96.7–102.0%) means that the proposed sensor performed satisfactorily when applied for the detection of NPX in its pharmaceutical formulations.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80577307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miranda F. Kamal, Sohila M. Elonsy, H. Labib, Sameh E. Younis
Abstract Potent muscle relaxant (thiocolchicoside, TCC) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (etoricoxib, ETXB) fixed-dose combination is formulated at relatively high 1:15 and 1:7.5 ratios for TCC and ETXB, respectively. Since the minor component (TCC) has lower absorptivity, assay of TCC/ETXB tablets presents an analytical challenge. The current study presents two novel methods: first is a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Background electrolyte is borate buffer (40 mM, pH 9.2) containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and methanol (ratio 80:20%, v/v), measured at 210 nm. Second is a direct double A max spectrophotometric method; minor component, TCC, is measured directly at its distant λ max (373 nm), at zero absorption of ETXB. Then, a ten-fold dilution step is carried out to eliminate TCC spectral interference and ETXB is determined at its λ max (282 nm). Both drugs’ concentrations disclose obedient linearities at 2–100 μg·mL−1 in MEKC, versus 3–25 and 40–350 μg·mL−1 for TCC and ETXB, respectively, in spectrophotometry. All ICH validation elements have been fulfilled for the developed methods. MEKC and spectrophotometric assays achieve accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness to be recommended for industrial quality control routine analysis of TCC/ETXB pills formulated at cited ratios or even higher.
强效肌肉松弛剂(硫代秋糖苷，TCC)和非甾体抗炎药(依托昔布，ETXB)的固定剂量组合分别以较高的1:15和1:7.5的比例配制。由于微量成分(TCC)的吸光度较低，TCC/ETXB片的分析提出了一个分析挑战。目前研究提出了两种新方法:一是胶束电动毛细管色谱法(MEKC)。背景电解质为硼酸盐缓冲液(40 mM, pH 9.2)，含有30 mM十二烷基硫酸钠和甲醇(比例80:20%，v/v)，在210 nm处测量。二是直接双a max分光光度法;在ETXB的零吸收下，直接测量其远λ max (373 nm)的次要成分TCC。然后，进行10倍稀释步骤以消除TCC光谱干扰，并在λ max (282 nm)处测定ETXB。两种药物在MEKC中的浓度在2-100 μg·mL - 1范围内呈线性，而TCC和ETXB的浓度分别在3-25和40-350 μg·mL - 1范围内呈线性。所开发的方法已满足所有ICH验证要素。MEKC和分光光度测定法具有准确性，精密度，选择性和稳健性，可推荐用于工业质量控制常规分析TCC/ETXB药片在引用比率或甚至更高的配制。
{"title":"Simultaneous MEKC-DAD and smart spectrophotometric assays of thiocolchicoside and etoricoxib in challenging concentration ratio mixtures","authors":"Miranda F. Kamal, Sohila M. Elonsy, H. Labib, Sameh E. Younis","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Potent muscle relaxant (thiocolchicoside, TCC) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (etoricoxib, ETXB) fixed-dose combination is formulated at relatively high 1:15 and 1:7.5 ratios for TCC and ETXB, respectively. Since the minor component (TCC) has lower absorptivity, assay of TCC/ETXB tablets presents an analytical challenge. The current study presents two novel methods: first is a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Background electrolyte is borate buffer (40 mM, pH 9.2) containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and methanol (ratio 80:20%, v/v), measured at 210 nm. Second is a direct double A max spectrophotometric method; minor component, TCC, is measured directly at its distant λ max (373 nm), at zero absorption of ETXB. Then, a ten-fold dilution step is carried out to eliminate TCC spectral interference and ETXB is determined at its λ max (282 nm). Both drugs’ concentrations disclose obedient linearities at 2–100 μg·mL−1 in MEKC, versus 3–25 and 40–350 μg·mL−1 for TCC and ETXB, respectively, in spectrophotometry. All ICH validation elements have been fulfilled for the developed methods. MEKC and spectrophotometric assays achieve accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness to be recommended for industrial quality control routine analysis of TCC/ETXB pills formulated at cited ratios or even higher.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72952002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gurram Beulah, Divya Deepthimahanthi, G. Simhachalam, A. D. Chintagunta, M. Sravya, N. S. S. Kumar
Abstract The aim of this work is to purify and characterise bioactive molecules from various solvent extracts prepared with the leaves of Rhizophora mucronata, a mangrove plant. In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of n-hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol, and aqueous extracts (AEs) against Bacillus subtilis (0.4 ± 0.1, 1.1 ± 0.3, 0.9 ± 0.1, and 1.2 ± 0.7 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (1.2 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.5, 3.2 ± 1.2, and 4.4 ± 1.7 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.5 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.4, 3.9 ± 1.4, and 3.9 ± 0.9 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.2 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.6, 3.7 ± 0.5, and 4.2 ± 1.3 mm) has proven to act as potent similar to that of commercial antibiotic. Corresponding to antibacterial activity result, antioxidant activity was also higher for AE (75.97% ± 0.5%) compared to remaining extracts (73.77% ± 2.5%, 69.99% ± 0.4%, and 65.24% ± 1.8%) at a concentration of 500 μg·mL−1. Considering both the activities, AE was selected for separation of bioactive molecule by deploying two purification techniques – column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography consecutively. After purification, the sample was injected into mass spectrometer and the presence of N-p-coumaroyltyramine and luteolin with excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties (13.1 ± 2.2 mm and 80.9% ± 2.3%, respectively) were recognised. Further, in vivo investigations on Catla catla fingerlings infected with P. aeruginosa indicated that partially purified extracts cured the infection and resulted in a 100% survival rate.
{"title":"Purification and characterisation of phytochemicals extracted from Rhizophora mucronata: Their efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Catla catla","authors":"Gurram Beulah, Divya Deepthimahanthi, G. Simhachalam, A. D. Chintagunta, M. Sravya, N. S. S. Kumar","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this work is to purify and characterise bioactive molecules from various solvent extracts prepared with the leaves of Rhizophora mucronata, a mangrove plant. In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of n-hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol, and aqueous extracts (AEs) against Bacillus subtilis (0.4 ± 0.1, 1.1 ± 0.3, 0.9 ± 0.1, and 1.2 ± 0.7 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (1.2 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.5, 3.2 ± 1.2, and 4.4 ± 1.7 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.5 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.4, 3.9 ± 1.4, and 3.9 ± 0.9 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.2 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.6, 3.7 ± 0.5, and 4.2 ± 1.3 mm) has proven to act as potent similar to that of commercial antibiotic. Corresponding to antibacterial activity result, antioxidant activity was also higher for AE (75.97% ± 0.5%) compared to remaining extracts (73.77% ± 2.5%, 69.99% ± 0.4%, and 65.24% ± 1.8%) at a concentration of 500 μg·mL−1. Considering both the activities, AE was selected for separation of bioactive molecule by deploying two purification techniques – column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography consecutively. After purification, the sample was injected into mass spectrometer and the presence of N-p-coumaroyltyramine and luteolin with excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties (13.1 ± 2.2 mm and 80.9% ± 2.3%, respectively) were recognised. Further, in vivo investigations on Catla catla fingerlings infected with P. aeruginosa indicated that partially purified extracts cured the infection and resulted in a 100% survival rate.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85742147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor emerges as the latest group of oral hypoglycemic agents, which shows insulin-independent pathology and provides an upper hand to enhance renal glucose elimination. Canagliflozin (CGN) was the number one drug, approved by FDA on 29th March 2013 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. By totting up to its glucose-lowering effects, it exhibits beneficial effects on the heart and potentially on the kidneys. The study aims to summarize various analytical techniques, such as chromatography, spectrophotometry, and hyphenated techniques, such as Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) for the analysis of CGN. In the proposed work, we have reviewed various analytical methods reported for the estimation of CGN in biological matrices and Pharmaceuticals from various databases like ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Web of Science for the estimation of CGN. Various analytical methods adapted were high-performance liquid chromatography, UPLC, LC-MS/MS, high-performance thin-layer liquid chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and UV spectrophotometry. This current review presented the determination of CGN using various analytical techniques and biological matrices either in single or in combination with other hypoglycemic agents, as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Further, some future trends that can be integrated were also suggested.
钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白2抑制剂是最新出现的一类口服降糖药，具有胰岛素不依赖型病理，在促进肾脏葡萄糖消除方面具有优势。Canagliflozin (CGN)是2013年3月29日获FDA批准用于治疗2型糖尿病的头号药物。总的来说，它的降糖作用对心脏和肾脏都有好处。本研究旨在总结各种分析技术，如色谱法、分光光度法和联用技术，如液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS)，用于分析CGN。在本文中，我们回顾了来自ScienceDirect、b施普林格、PubMed、Scopus、Taylor & Francis和Web of Science等不同数据库中用于估算生物基质和药物中CGN的各种分析方法。采用的分析方法有高效液相色谱法、UPLC法、LC-MS/MS法、高效薄层液相色谱法、傅里叶变换红外光谱法、荧光光谱法、紫外分光光度法等。根据国际协调会议的指导方针，本综述介绍了使用各种分析技术和生物基质单独或与其他降糖药联合测定CGN的方法。此外，还提出了一些可以综合的未来趋势。
{"title":"Canagliflozin: A review with specific focus on analytical methods in biological matrices and pharmaceuticals","authors":"Ajitha Azhakesan, Sujatha Kuppusamy","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor emerges as the latest group of oral hypoglycemic agents, which shows insulin-independent pathology and provides an upper hand to enhance renal glucose elimination. Canagliflozin (CGN) was the number one drug, approved by FDA on 29th March 2013 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. By totting up to its glucose-lowering effects, it exhibits beneficial effects on the heart and potentially on the kidneys. The study aims to summarize various analytical techniques, such as chromatography, spectrophotometry, and hyphenated techniques, such as Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) for the analysis of CGN. In the proposed work, we have reviewed various analytical methods reported for the estimation of CGN in biological matrices and Pharmaceuticals from various databases like ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Web of Science for the estimation of CGN. Various analytical methods adapted were high-performance liquid chromatography, UPLC, LC-MS/MS, high-performance thin-layer liquid chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and UV spectrophotometry. This current review presented the determination of CGN using various analytical techniques and biological matrices either in single or in combination with other hypoglycemic agents, as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Further, some future trends that can be integrated were also suggested.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85987101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuhai Wang, Chunxu Wang, Yongling Zhang, Jia Wang, Li Wang
Abstract In this work, we demonstrate a simple method for the fabrication of silver (Ag) nanosheet-assembled film on aluminum (Al) foil based on the galvanic displacement reaction between Al and Ag+. In order to obtain Ag nanosheets with large area and high aggregation density, both F− and H+ ions were introduced into the reaction system to etch the barrier layer Al2O3 on Al foils and promote the increase of the number of Ag nuclei. Therefore, Ag nuclei grew into nanosheets with citrate ions as the shape control agent. By varying the reaction parameters, Ag nanosheet film was optimized for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. The Ag nanosheet film prepared by the presented method exhibit the advantages of controllable morphology, good SERS activity, and distribution in large area, which could be utilized as a promising SERS-active candidate substrate for analytical applications.
{"title":"Preparation of silver nanosheet-assembled film as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate","authors":"Yuhai Wang, Chunxu Wang, Yongling Zhang, Jia Wang, Li Wang","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work, we demonstrate a simple method for the fabrication of silver (Ag) nanosheet-assembled film on aluminum (Al) foil based on the galvanic displacement reaction between Al and Ag+. In order to obtain Ag nanosheets with large area and high aggregation density, both F− and H+ ions were introduced into the reaction system to etch the barrier layer Al2O3 on Al foils and promote the increase of the number of Ag nuclei. Therefore, Ag nuclei grew into nanosheets with citrate ions as the shape control agent. By varying the reaction parameters, Ag nanosheet film was optimized for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. The Ag nanosheet film prepared by the presented method exhibit the advantages of controllable morphology, good SERS activity, and distribution in large area, which could be utilized as a promising SERS-active candidate substrate for analytical applications.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83465411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Teng, Fang Liu, Li Chang, Qiu-xia Yang, Guanglu Che, Shuyu Lai, Yuan Tan, Jiaxin Duan, Yongmei Jiang
Abstract It is very important to detect pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or fungi in a patient’s secretion or body fluid samples as soon as possible to determine the patient’s recovery. For certain pathogens, the amount of ribosomal RNA copies contained is often tens of thousands of times higher than the amount of DNA copies, so the detection of RNA has higher sensitivity. In addition, whether for DNA pathogens or RNA pathogens, the direct detection of ribonucleic acid transcribed by pathogens in vivo can distinguish active infection or past infection, can eliminate the influence of residual DNA of pathogens that have died in the lesions, and can also avoid excessive medical interventions for transient infections, which is of great significance in the field of infectious pathogen detection. Isothermal amplification technology played important roles in molecular diagnosis because of its significant advantages. Highly sensitive RNA detection can be achieved by both direct transcription amplification and indirect amplification based on reverse transcription. Direct transcription amplification technologies relies on reverse transcriptase and T7 RNA polymerase to achieve linear transcription amplification of RNA on one-step; while the indirect amplification technology depends on a reverse transcriptional process at the beginning of the reaction. Both methods have outstanding advantages in clinical application, and commercial kits and commercial all-in-one machines based on these principles have been put into clinical use. This review mainly introduces the clinical application of isothermal amplification technologies in the detection of RNA pathogens and the main difficulties faced at this stage. It is hoped to provide insightful ideas for the construction of pathogen RNA detection technology to meet the needs of point-of-care testing in the future.
{"title":"RNA-based isothermal amplification technology and its clinical application in pathogen infection","authors":"Jie Teng, Fang Liu, Li Chang, Qiu-xia Yang, Guanglu Che, Shuyu Lai, Yuan Tan, Jiaxin Duan, Yongmei Jiang","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is very important to detect pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or fungi in a patient’s secretion or body fluid samples as soon as possible to determine the patient’s recovery. For certain pathogens, the amount of ribosomal RNA copies contained is often tens of thousands of times higher than the amount of DNA copies, so the detection of RNA has higher sensitivity. In addition, whether for DNA pathogens or RNA pathogens, the direct detection of ribonucleic acid transcribed by pathogens in vivo can distinguish active infection or past infection, can eliminate the influence of residual DNA of pathogens that have died in the lesions, and can also avoid excessive medical interventions for transient infections, which is of great significance in the field of infectious pathogen detection. Isothermal amplification technology played important roles in molecular diagnosis because of its significant advantages. Highly sensitive RNA detection can be achieved by both direct transcription amplification and indirect amplification based on reverse transcription. Direct transcription amplification technologies relies on reverse transcriptase and T7 RNA polymerase to achieve linear transcription amplification of RNA on one-step; while the indirect amplification technology depends on a reverse transcriptional process at the beginning of the reaction. Both methods have outstanding advantages in clinical application, and commercial kits and commercial all-in-one machines based on these principles have been put into clinical use. This review mainly introduces the clinical application of isothermal amplification technologies in the detection of RNA pathogens and the main difficulties faced at this stage. It is hoped to provide insightful ideas for the construction of pathogen RNA detection technology to meet the needs of point-of-care testing in the future.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89507303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A simple fluorescent chemosensor, 5-(diethylamino)-2-((2-(pyrazin-2-yl) hydrazono)methyl)phenol, has been synthesized by Schiff-base condensation reaction. The chemosensor exhibited highly selective and sensitive “off-on” fluorescent responses toward Al3+ and Zn2+ but the signal of fluorescence emission varies. The detection limits were found to be 2.33 × 10−7 M for Al3+ and 1.68 × 10−7 M for Zn2+, respectively. The binding mechanisms between chemosensor and Al3+ or Zn2+ ions were supported by Job′s, 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and MS experiments. The sensing behavior was also studied with molecular logic functions of OR, AND, and NOT gates. In addition, the chemosensor was able to detect Al3+ and Zn2+ by producing distinct color changes observed by the naked eye on sensor-coated swabs. Moreover, the chemosensor was successfully applied to effectively detect Al3+ and Zn2+ in actual water and drug samples. Graphical abstract
{"title":"A simple salicylaldehyde-bearing pyrazine as a turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for Al3+ and Zn2+ recognition and its applications","authors":"Yucun Liu, Miao Wu, Jihan Zhao, Yuan Wang, Yongling Zhang","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A simple fluorescent chemosensor, 5-(diethylamino)-2-((2-(pyrazin-2-yl) hydrazono)methyl)phenol, has been synthesized by Schiff-base condensation reaction. The chemosensor exhibited highly selective and sensitive “off-on” fluorescent responses toward Al3+ and Zn2+ but the signal of fluorescence emission varies. The detection limits were found to be 2.33 × 10−7 M for Al3+ and 1.68 × 10−7 M for Zn2+, respectively. The binding mechanisms between chemosensor and Al3+ or Zn2+ ions were supported by Job′s, 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and MS experiments. The sensing behavior was also studied with molecular logic functions of OR, AND, and NOT gates. In addition, the chemosensor was able to detect Al3+ and Zn2+ by producing distinct color changes observed by the naked eye on sensor-coated swabs. Moreover, the chemosensor was successfully applied to effectively detect Al3+ and Zn2+ in actual water and drug samples. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74489588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Paper is the most abundant and inexpensive polymeric structure of cellulose available. Paper has micro-porous capillary-like networks which are responsible for flow of solvents instead of pumps or electronic power, making paper an ideally usable tool. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices use fabricated paper devices on which hydrophilic zones are formed within hydrophobic barriers. Hydrophilic zones act as regions for actual analytical purposes, whereas hydrophobic zones act to demarcate separate zones from one another. Clinically, these devices have been proved to be excellent point-of-care-devices in diagnosis which can bypass use of costly and time-consuming laboratory techniques. In the presented review, the basic principles and components involved in the design of paper-based devices were then summarised in understandable manner. Further, various applications in different fields were also compiled in the form of text under different sections and tables. Paper-based analytical devices may serve as an excellent tool in variety of analytical works as these techniques are simple, rapid, economic, and require less human power or trainings. They have prominent applications in analysis of biological fluids, drugs/metabolites, food stuffs, colorants, biomarkers, and several other fields.
{"title":"Paper-based microfluidic devices: Fabrication, detection, and significant applications in various fields","authors":"S. Das, Gagandeep, R. Bhatia","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Paper is the most abundant and inexpensive polymeric structure of cellulose available. Paper has micro-porous capillary-like networks which are responsible for flow of solvents instead of pumps or electronic power, making paper an ideally usable tool. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices use fabricated paper devices on which hydrophilic zones are formed within hydrophobic barriers. Hydrophilic zones act as regions for actual analytical purposes, whereas hydrophobic zones act to demarcate separate zones from one another. Clinically, these devices have been proved to be excellent point-of-care-devices in diagnosis which can bypass use of costly and time-consuming laboratory techniques. In the presented review, the basic principles and components involved in the design of paper-based devices were then summarised in understandable manner. Further, various applications in different fields were also compiled in the form of text under different sections and tables. Paper-based analytical devices may serve as an excellent tool in variety of analytical works as these techniques are simple, rapid, economic, and require less human power or trainings. They have prominent applications in analysis of biological fluids, drugs/metabolites, food stuffs, colorants, biomarkers, and several other fields.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75013902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. M. Salem, Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef, Mohamed A. Abdel Hamid, Hany A. Batakoushy
Abstract An anthelmintic, rafoxanide (RF), is frequently used in veterinary medicine to cure fascioliasis in cattle and sheep. A sensitive, quick, and selective detection of RF in its pharmaceutical preparation and in human urine was achieved through developing a new electrochemical sensor. The suggested method relied on the electro-oxidation of RF that used a modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, which acts as an anionic surfactant. Voltammetric types were utilized in RF analysis, and these methods were cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse techniques. The suggested electro-analytical method’s validity is verified using the International Council on Harmonization (ICH/Q2) rules. The calibration curve for RF quantification was done in the concentration range from 2.9 × 10−6 to 3.1 × 10−4 M at cadmium sulfide modified carbon paste electrode. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification LOQ were found to be 6.7 × 10−7 M and 2.01 × 10−6 M, respectively. This study could be applied to the examined drug in QC-laboratory units, and also RF could be assayed in its pharmacokinetic studies. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Fabrication of ultra-sensitive carbon paste electrode with nanocomposite CdS modification for electroanalysis of rafoxanide in dosage form and biological fluids","authors":"W. M. Salem, Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef, Mohamed A. Abdel Hamid, Hany A. Batakoushy","doi":"10.1515/revac-2022-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An anthelmintic, rafoxanide (RF), is frequently used in veterinary medicine to cure fascioliasis in cattle and sheep. A sensitive, quick, and selective detection of RF in its pharmaceutical preparation and in human urine was achieved through developing a new electrochemical sensor. The suggested method relied on the electro-oxidation of RF that used a modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, which acts as an anionic surfactant. Voltammetric types were utilized in RF analysis, and these methods were cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse techniques. The suggested electro-analytical method’s validity is verified using the International Council on Harmonization (ICH/Q2) rules. The calibration curve for RF quantification was done in the concentration range from 2.9 × 10−6 to 3.1 × 10−4 M at cadmium sulfide modified carbon paste electrode. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification LOQ were found to be 6.7 × 10−7 M and 2.01 × 10−6 M, respectively. This study could be applied to the examined drug in QC-laboratory units, and also RF could be assayed in its pharmacokinetic studies. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81133016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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